ASSIGNMENT 1

Rock-support interactions and Stress controlled instability

TA4121 – Underground Stability
Lecturer:
Prof. Ir. Ridho Kresna Wattimena, M.T, Ph.D.
Ir. Simon Heru Prassetyo, S.T, M.Sc., Ph.D.

Present by:
12120072 – Muhamad Syahrul Aziz
12120115 – Muhammad Adzan Aulia Amin
12120125 – Febi Ibrena Ginting
12120128 – Evangeline Tan

MINING ENGINEERING STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF MINING AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2023
Background
A mine access tunnel with a radius of 5 m and at a depth of 150 m will be excavated through poor
rock mass with the following properties:

Your main task is to recommend a suitable tunnel support system with a minimum FoS = 1.5 using
the concept of rock-support interactions. To get this recommendation, you must answer questions
1-4 and complete the tables and figures that appeared in each question.
Question 1
Construct GRC and plastic zone radius Rp curves in Figure 1. Show your calculation data by filling
in Table 2-Table 3 (You can freely specify the number of data points).

𝑅(1 + 𝑣)
𝑢𝑟 = (𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑖 ) 𝑬𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕
𝐸
𝑅(1 + 𝑣) 𝑅𝑝 2
𝑢𝒓 = [2(1 − 𝑣)(𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑐𝑟 ) ( ) − (1 − 2𝑣)(𝑝0 − 𝑝𝑖 )] 𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕
𝐸 𝑅

(2𝑝0 − 𝑐𝑚 ) (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )

𝑝𝑐𝑟 = 𝑘=
1+𝑘 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )
1
2(𝑝0 (𝑘 − 1) + 𝑐𝑚 ) 𝑘−1
𝑅𝑝 = 𝑅 [ ]
(1 + 𝑘)((𝑘 − 1)𝑝𝑖 + 𝑐𝑚 )

𝑐𝑚 = (2𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )/(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 )

Based on the provided data and the calculations using the equation above, the results obtained are
as follows

No Parameter Symbol Value Unit

1 Tunnel radius R 5 m
2 Tunnel depth h 150 m
3 Density Gamma 20 kN/m3
4 In situ stress (hydrostatic) p_o 3 MPa
5 Internal pressure p_i 3 MPa
6 Critical support pressure p_cr 1.066 MPa
7 Maximum plastic zone radius R_pmax 8.267 m
8 Maximum radial displacement u_rmax 4.439 cm
9 rpmax/ro R_p* 1.653 -
10 Ur0/urmax u_r0* 0.260 -
11 Radial displacement at the face u_r0 1.155 cm

Next, based on the data obtained from the table above, calculations of radial displacement at
each internal pressure point are carried out to generate the GRC curve.
 Deformation Point λ 1-λ pi (MPa) Rp (m) ur (cm)
1 0 1 3 5 0.000
Elastic
2 0.64 0.36 1.07 5.00 1.289
3 0.66 0.34 1.02 5.06 1.321
4 0.68 0.32 0.96 5.14 1.368
5 0.7 0.3 0.90 5.23 1.420
6 0.72 0.28 0.84 5.33 1.479
7 0.74 0.26 0.78 5.43 1.545
8 0.76 0.24 0.72 5.54 1.619
9 0.78 0.22 0.66 5.66 1.704
10 0.8 0.2 0.60 5.78 1.800
11 0.82 0.18 0.54 5.92 1.910
Plastic
12 0.84 0.16 0.48 6.07 2.037
13 0.86 0.14 0.42 6.24 2.183
14 0.88 0.12 0.36 6.43 2.352
15 0.9 0.1 0.3 6.63 2.552
16 0.92 0.08 0.24 6.87 2.790
17 0.94 0.06 0.18 7.14 3.077
18 0.96 0.04 0.12 7.45 3.428
19 0.98 0.02 0.06 7.82 3.870
20 1 0 0.00 8.27 4.439

From the data in the table above, the GRC curve obtained is as follows.

Ground Reaction Curve (GRC)

3 9
2.8
8
Internal support pressure, pi (MPa)

2.6
2.4
Radius plastic zone, Rp (m)

7
2.2
2 6
1.8
1.6 5
1.4
GRC
4
1.2 Rp
1 3
0.8
0.6 2
0.4 1
0.2
0 0
0.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000
Radial displacement, ur (cm)
Question 2
Construct LDP curve in Figure 2. Show your calculation data by filling in Table 4 (You can freely
specify the number of data points).
Based on the equation above, the parameters used to generate the LDP curve were obtained.

Location Point x* = x/R exp(x/R) exp(-3/2(x*/R_p*)) x (m) ur (m)

1 -3 0.05 -15 0.057
2 -2.8 0.06 -14 0.070
3 -2.6 0.07 -13 0.086
4 -2.4 0.09 -12 0.105
5 -2.2 0.11 -11 0.128
6 -2 0.14 -10 0.156
7 -1.8 0.17 -9 0.191
Ahead of the face 8 -1.6 0.20 -8 0.233
9 -1.4 0.25 -7 0.285
10 -1.2 0.30 -6 0.348
11 -1 0.37 -5 0.425
12 -0.8 0.45 -4 0.519
13 -0.6 0.55 -3 0.634
14 -0.4 0.67 -2 0.774
15 -0.2 0.82 -1 0.945
At the face 16 0 1 1 0 1.155
17 0.2 0.83 1 1.700
18 0.4 0.70 2 2.154
19 0.6 0.58 3 2.534
20 0.8 0.48 4 2.850
21 1.2 0.34 6 3.334
22 1.6 0.23 8 3.670
23 2 0.16 10 3.904
24 2.4 0.11 12 4.067
Behind the face 25 2.8 0.08 14 4.180
26 3.2 0.05 16 4.259
27 3.6 0.04 18 4.314
28 4 0.03 20 4.352
29 4.4 0.02 22 4.379
30 4.8 0.01 24 4.397
31 5.2 0.01 26 4.410
32 5.6 0.01 28 4.419
33 6 0.00 30 4.425
From the table, the obtained LDP curve is as follows.

Longitudinal Displacement Profile

Radial displacement, ur (cm)

LDP

Tunnel Face
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Distance from tunnel face, x (m)
Question 3

Construct the GRC, LDP, and SRC curves in Figure 3. Show the SRC curves for the rockbolt, steel
set, and/or shotcrete that you choose to analyze. Complete Table 5 for each support that you choose.
Show in Figure 3: Distance from the tunnel face that the supports are placed, and the magnitude
of the support pressure required.

In determining the type of ground support, the required suppport pressure can be determined first,
using the equation:

𝑃𝑒𝑞 = 0.3 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑃𝑖 ) = 𝐹𝑜𝑆 × 𝑃𝑒𝑞 = 1.5 × 0.3 = 4.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The required support pressure is 4.5 MPa, thus, in determining the type of ground support, use the
graph below.
Based on the graph above, the types of ground support obtained are for curves number 1, 13, and
16.
 1. Steelset

The highest support pressure 𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 of the sets is.

𝐴𝑠 𝑦𝑠
𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖 𝑟0

The stiffnes Kss of the sets is.

𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑝𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖 𝑟02

H-Beam W310 x 97
Spacing between steel sets s 1m
Section depth H_set 0.307 m
Cross-sectional area A_set 0.0123 m^2
1 Moment inertia I_set m^4
Young's modulus E_set 207 GPa
Compressive strength sigma_cset 245 MPa
Stiffness k_set 101.8440 MPa/m
Maximum support pressure p_smax,set 0.6027 MPa

Therefore, values of pi and ur were obtained at each point

Point p_i (MPa) u_r (cm)

1 0 2.552
2 0.6027 3.14379
3 0.6027 4.5

2. Shotcrete (0.1 m of diameter)

The highest support pressure 𝑝𝑠𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 is

𝑐𝑐 (𝑟0 − 𝑡𝑐 )2
𝑝𝑠𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥= [1 − ]
2 𝑟02

The stiffness Ksc is

𝐸𝑐 (𝑟02 − (𝑟0 − 𝑡𝑐 )2 )
𝐾𝑠𝑐 =
2(1 − 𝑣 2 )(𝑟0 − 𝑡𝑐 )𝑟02
 Shotcrete
Thickness t_shot 0.1 m
Cross-sectional area A_shot 0.1 m^2
Moment inertia I_shot 0.0000833 m^4
2 Young's modulus E_shot 30 GPa
Poisson's ratio v_shot 0.2
Compressive strength sigma_shot 35 MPa
Stiffness K_shot 126.3 MPa/m
Maximum support pressure p_smax,shot 0.693 MPa

Therefore, values of pi and ur were obtained at each point.

Point p_i (MPa) u_r (cm)

1 0 2.552
2 0.693 3.1008
3 0.693 4.5

3. Rockbolts (25 mm of diameter)

The maximum support pressure provided by a rockbolt pattern is.

𝑇𝑏𝑓
𝑝𝑠𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑠𝑙 𝑠𝑐

The elastic stiffness is.

𝐸𝑠 𝑑𝑏2
𝐾𝑠𝑏 =
4𝑙𝑠𝑙 𝑠𝑐

Rockbolts
Diameter of the bolt d_b 25 mm
Length of the bolt l_b 3 m
Ultimate load from pull-out test T_bf 0.354 MN
3 Young's modulus of bolt E_b 207 GPa
Bolt spacing in longitudinal direction s_l 1 m
Bolt spacing in circumferential direction
s_c 0.75 m
Stiffness K_b 45.160 MPa/m
Maximum support pressure of bolt p_smax,bolt 0.472 MPa
 Therefore, values of pi and ur were obtained at each point.

Point p_i (MPa) u_r (cm)

1 0 2.552
2 0.472 3.60
3 0.472 4.5

The following are the curves for GRC, LDP, and SRC.

GRC, LDP, SRC Curves

4 30
3.8
3.6 25
3.4
Internal support pressure, pi (MPa)

3.2 20
3
2.8 15 GRC
2.6
2.4 10 Steelset
2.2
2 5 Shotcrete
1.8
1.6 0 Rockbolts
1.4
1.2 -5 LDP
1
0.8 -10
0.6
0.4 -15
0.2
0 -20
0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000
Radial displacement, ur (cm)

Among the three types of ground support, the respective factor of safety (FoS) values obtained are
as follows.

Support FoS
Steelset 2.01
Shotcrete 2.31
Rockbolts 1.57
Question 4

What type of support did you choose?

There are three types of ground support that have been considered. In choosing the ground support
type, several parameters are taken into consideration, namely the factor of safety and internal
support pressure. Based on the obtained results, we have selected shotcrete as the ground support
to be used because among the other three types, shotcrete yields the highest factor of safety value
at 2.31. This complies with the applicable requirement where FoS > 1.5. Additionally, shotcrete
has the highest support pressure (Pi) compared to the other types, which is at 0.693 MPa. This can
effectively address lateral displacement in the tunnel, making it stronger and more stable.
Economically speaking, shotcrete also has a lower cost compared to steel sets and rock bolts.