CDI 1

 The concept of Investigation

INVESTIGATION

• examination, inquiry, research express the idea of an active effort to find out something.

• is a systematic, minute, and thorough attempt to learn the facts about something complex or
hidden; it is often formal and official.

•It is a method of getting vital information, facts, circumstances and evidence for the purpose of
knowing the truth.

KINDS OF INVESTIGATION

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - is an art that deals with the identity and location of the
offender and prove his guilt in a criminal proceeding. Is the systematic process of identifying,
preserving, and evaluating information for the purpose of bring a criminal offender to justices.

INVESTIGATION- is the collection of facts to accomplish a Three fold aim to identify and to
locate the suspect and to provide evidence of his guilt

CUSTODIAL INVESTIGATION – Investigation conducted by law enforcement

officers after a person has been arrested or deprived of his freedom of action. It includes
invitation to a person who is being investigated in connection with an offense.

JURISPRUDENCE – The groundwork of the written law. The science of law; the particular
science of giving a wise interpretation to the laws and making a just application of them to all
cases as they arise. In an unethical sense, the term sometimes means Cases Law.

MODES OF INVESTIGATION

REACTIVE RESPONSE- address crimes that have already occurred.

PROACTIVE RESPONSE- this anticipates criminal activity, as with many vice and organized
crime investigations.

PREVENTIVE RESPONSE- prevention through deterrence is sometimes achieved by

arresting the criminal and by aggressive prosecution.

TYPES OF INVESTIGATORS
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR- is a person who is charged with the duty of conducting
criminal investigation when a crime is committed.

THE PRIMARY JOB OF AN INVESTIGATOR- discover whether or not an offense has

been committed under the law

QUALITIES OF A GOOD INVENSTIGATOR - Persevere, Intelligence,Honest,

Understanding of the people and the the environment in which he lives,Power of observations
and accurate description.

PRINCIPLES OF INVESTIGATION

PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

PHASE I IDENTIFY THE SUSPECT/S THROUGH ( PRELIM. INVES.)

*Confession - is an express acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the

truth of his guilt as to the offense charge. Statement of guilt.

*Admission - this is a declaration or statement of facts not directly constituting an

acknowledgement of guilt. Statement of facts. Kinds: * Extra Judicial confession/ Admission,
*Judicial Admission/ Admission

*Eyewitness testimony- all persons who can perceive, and perceiving can make their known
perception to others maybe witnesses. *Portrait of parle (verbal description), *Rogue Gallery
( mug file ), * Cartography ( artist assistance ), * Police line up (show up) or identification
Parade ( 7-10 suspected persons to be identified by 1 witness.

*Circumstantial evidence- is the proof of a fact or facts from which taken either singly or
collectively, the existence or a particular fact in dispute maybe interfered as a necessary or
probable consequences.

Cumulative Evidence- similar evidences which pointing to one .

Corroborative Evidence- different evidences pointing to one crime

PHASE II TRACE, LOCATE AND APPREHEND SUSPECT/S ( FOLLOW UP INVES. )

*Physical Evidence maybe considered as:

Circumstantial Evidence- which indirectly infers a particular conclusion regarding the

crime.

Trace Evidence- is a subtitle category of physical evidence that is minute and transient but
measurable
Associative Evidence- evidence that use to link the suspect to a crime scene or the identify
of the suspect . Ex. Fingerprint, ballistics evidences.

PHASE III GATHER AND PROVIDE EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH THE GUILT OF

THE ACCUSED. ( FINAL INVES. )

* Combining phase 1 and 2 ( Establishing proof of guilt against the accused.

TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION

3 I’s of Investigation - Information

Interrogation/ interview
Instrumentation

HISTORY OF INTELLIGECE

According to Government - Commission Task Force - It means the collection, processing,

collation, interpretation, evaluation and dissemination of information, with references to national
security.

According to Military Terminologies - Intelligence is the end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information which
my have immediate or potential significance to the development and execution of plans, policies
and programs of the users.

According to Police Parlance - The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation,
analysis, integration and interpretation of al available information regarding the activities of
criminal and other law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals and other law violators for
the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit crime

Functions of Intelligence in General-

Today all counties have their intelligence services. They maybe different in their
organization, efficiency and method but they all have the basic functions such as:

 the collection or procurement of information

 the evaluation of the information which then become intelligence
 the dissemination of intelligence to those who need it.
counter intelligence or negative intelligence, which is dedicated to the concealment and
protection of one’s own information from the adversary intelligence operation. It is a
defensive function of intelligence.

KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE
A. Strategic Intelligence – as defined earlier, it is an intelligence data that are not of an
immediate value. It is usually descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical description of
personalities, modus operandi. It does not have immediate operational value but rather long
range that may become relevant to future police operations.

B. Line Intelligence – It is the kind of intelligence required by the commander to provide

for planning and conduct tactical and administrative operation in counter insurgency. This
pertains to knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain (PWET) used in planning and
conducting tactical and administrative operation in a counter insurgency.

Intelligence information to be determined in Line Intelligence are:

People - living condition of the people, sources of income, education of the people,
government livelihood projects, extent of enemy influence to the people

Weather – visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation , rain and wind

Enemy - location of the enemy, strength of the enemy, disposition, tactical capability,
enemy vulnerability

Terrain - relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface material, man made features.
There are military aspects of terrain which includes cover and concealment, obstacle,
critical key terrain features, observation and fields of fire, and avenues of approach.

C. Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind of intelligence covers the activity devoted in
destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against
espionage, subversion and sabotage. Hence, the three activities of CI are: protection of
information against espionage; protection of personnel against subversion; and protection of
installations and material against sabotage.
Counter Intelligence is also known as Negative Intelligence - a generic term meaning three
different things;

Security Intelligence – means that the total sum of efforts to counsel the national policies,
diplomatic decisions, military data, and any other information of a secret nature affecting the
security of the nation from unauthorized persons. It is an effort to deny information to
unauthorized persons by restricting to those who are explicitly authorized to possess it.
Counter-Intelligence - counter intelligence is the organized effort to protect specific data
that might be of value to the opponent’s own intelligence organization. Some of its functions
are:
Censorship – of the following: correspondence, broadcast, telecast, telephone conversations,
telegrams and cables, etc., prevention of the dissemination of any information that might aid an
opponent; maintenance of files of suspect; surveillance of suspects; mail reading, wire tapping
and recording; infiltration of the enemy intelligence organized to procure information about its
method, personal, specific operations and interest.

Counter-Espionage - In counter-espionage, negative intelligence becomes a dynamic and

active effort. Its purpose is to investigate actual or theoretical violation of espionage laws, to
enforce those laws and to apprehend any violators.