ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Qualification TEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing

Unit number and title Unit 43: Internet of Things

Submission date 16/02/2003 Date Received 1st submission

Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission

Student Name Nguyen Hoang Duc Student ID BH00295

Class PBIT17103 Assessor name Nguyen Thai Cuong

Student declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.

Student’s signature Duc

Grading grid

P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 M3 M4 D1 D2
❒ Summative Feedback: ❒ Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Internal Verifier’s Comments:

Signature & Date:

Table of Contents
Table of Figures............................................................................................................................................................................................6
A.Explore various forms of IoT functionality on electronic platform (P1)...................................................................................................7
I.What is IOT?...........................................................................................................................................................................................7
II.History of IOT........................................................................................................................................................................................7
III. Characteristics of IOT..........................................................................................................................................................................9
1. Data Sharing...................................................................................................................................................................................10
2. Self-adapting..................................................................................................................................................................................10
3. Intelligence.....................................................................................................................................................................................10
4. Dynamic Changes...........................................................................................................................................................................11
5. Strong Connectivity........................................................................................................................................................................11
6. Scalable..........................................................................................................................................................................................11
 7. Sensors...........................................................................................................................................................................................11
8. Communication..............................................................................................................................................................................11
IV. Why use IOT?....................................................................................................................................................................................12
V. Application of IOT..............................................................................................................................................................................12
B. Review standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and APIs available for use in IoT development (P2)............................14
I. Architecture of IOT.............................................................................................................................................................................14
II. Frameworks of IOT.............................................................................................................................................................................16
1. What is IoT framework?................................................................................................................................................................16
2. Main Components of IoT framework............................................................................................................................................17
3. Top open source IoT frameworks..................................................................................................................................................18
III. Describe how Arduino/Raspberry Pi board and end device............................................................................................................24
IV. Sensor...............................................................................................................................................................................................27

1. Temperature Sensors ..................................................................................................................................................28

2. Humidity Sensors .........................................................................................................................................................28

3. Pressure Sensors ..........................................................................................................................................................28

 4. Proximity Sensors ..........................................................................................................................................................29

5. Level Sensors .................................................................................................................................................................29

6. Accelerometers .............................................................................................................................................................29

7. Gyroscope ....................................................................................................................................................................30

8. Gas Sensors ...................................................................................................................................................................30

9. Infrared Sensors ..........................................................................................................................................................30

10. Optical Sensors ...........................................................................................................................................................31

V. API for use in IOT development.........................................................................................................................................................31
1.SOAP...............................................................................................................................................................................................31
2.JSON and XML.................................................................................................................................................................................31
 3.Rest.................................................................................................................................................................................................32
C. Investigate architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and API techniques available to develop IoT applications (P3)....................32
D. Determine a specific problem to solve using IoT (P4)...........................................................................................................................32
E.Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................................................................36
F.References..............................................................................................................................................................................................37

Table of Figures
Figure 1:Characteristics of IoT.....................................................................................................................................................................9
Figure 2: IoT Architecture..........................................................................................................................................................................14
Figure 3:Layer of IoT..................................................................................................................................................................................15
Figure 4:IoT framework.............................................................................................................................................................................16
Figure 5:Main components of IoT framework...........................................................................................................................................17
Figure 6:Arduino UNO...............................................................................................................................................................................25
Figure 7:Sensors.........................................................................................................................................................................................27

Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnected network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. The goal
of IoT is to provide a seamless exchange of information between objects and systems to improve efficiency, safety, and comfort in
our daily lives. So in this assignment, I will present to you the fully above of Iot, include definion,characteristics and the application.
A.Explore various forms of IoT functionality on electronic
platform (P1)
I.What is IOT?
The internet of things (IoT) is a set of technologies that uses sensors and actuators to inform us about the status of everyday items
such as vehicles, tools and even living beings. It allows us to interact with them, enabling connectivity with platforms in the cloud
that receive and process information for posterior analysis. This analyzed data is then used to make decisions.

II.History of IOT
The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a modified Coca-Cola vending machine
at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first ARPANET-connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether
newly loaded drinks were cold or not. Mark Weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the 21st
Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the contemporary vision of the IOT. In 1994,
Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrum as "[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate
and automate everything from home appliances to entire factories". Between 1993 and 1997, several companies proposed
solutions like Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. The field gained momentum when Bill Joy envisioned device-to-device
communication as a part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.
The concept of the "Internet of things" and the term itself, first appeared in a speech by Peter T. Lewis, to the Congressional
Black Caucus Foundation 15th Annual Legislative Weekend in Washington, D.C, published in September 1985.[19] According
to Lewis, "The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of people, processes and technology with connectable devices and
sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation and evaluation of trends of such devices."
The term "Internet of things" was coined independently by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later of MIT's Auto-ID Center,
in 1999, though he prefers the phrase "Internet for things". At that point, he viewed radio-frequency identification (RFID) as
essential to the Internet of things, which would allow computers to manage all individual things. The main theme of the
Internet of things is to embed short-range mobile transceivers in various gadgets and daily necessities to enable new forms
of communication between people and things, and between things themselves.
In 2004 Cornelius "Pete" Peterson, CEO of NetSilicon, predicted that, "The next era of information technology will be
dominated by [IoT] devices, and networked devices will ultimately gain in popularity and significance to the extent that they
will far exceed the number of networked computers and workstations." Peterson believed that medical devices and industrial
controls would become dominant applications of the technology.
Defining the Internet of things as "simply the point in time when more 'things or objects' were connected to the Internet
than people", Cisco Systems estimated that the IoT was "born" between 2008 and 2009, with the things/people ratio growing
from 0.08 in 2003 to 1.84 in 2010.
III. Characteristics of IOT

Figure 1:Characteristics of IoT

1. Data Sharing
Since IoT is made up of interconnected devices, they share data with each other that can make each other more efficient and hence
improve their performance. Due to data sharing capabilities, IoT are able to understand your patterns, schedule and requirements
more accurately. This characteristic of Internet of Things is evident in devices such as smart refrigerators, thermostats, and smart
cars. Based on the collected data, they can even predict future events.

2. Self-adapting
Since these devices are smart due to the use of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in them, they dynamically adapt to
different conditions. For example, there are cameras that change their settings according to the lighting and shading. Complex
software, protocols and algorithm are used for connecting IoT devices to networks and processing data from millions of data nodes.
These devices are able to upgrade their software as per the requirement with the least interaction with the user. These devices can
up the network and allow the addition of new devices to an existing network.

Explore free artificial intelligence courses and machine learning courses

3. Intelligence
Another important characteristic of IoT is their intelligence. Simple object-level interactions contribute to the collective intelligence
in IoT networks. The collected data must be converted into information that can be utilized by the devices. This intelligence must be
maintained and upgraded by these devices as they keep on collecting information.

These devices are intelligent since they combine algorithms and processing, software and hardware. Along with that, the ambient
intelligence improves the capabilities of IoT devices. Due to this intelligence, they respond intelligently to situations ad assist IoT in
fulfilling specified tasks.

4. Dynamic Changes
One of the important characteristics of Internet of Things is data collection from their environment. This is achieved through
dynamic changes that occur in the environment around these devices. The state of these devices changes dynamically as well as the
number of devices with people, place and time.
5. Strong Connectivity
It is an important characteristic of IoT due to which anyone at any time can connect from anywhere. This allows network
connectivity and device interoperability. IoT can also connect manufacturing devices with identification, sensing, actuation, and
network capabilities. The connectivity allows these devices to be controlled remotely. If businesses neglect the IoT connectivity, it
can lead to project failures since strong connectivity ensures that these devices are working properly.

6. Scalable
IoT are capable of massive expansion with the ability to grow without affecting their performance. By adding more hardware or
software to the existing system, IoT devices can be scaled, and more data can be handled without compromising their performance.

7. Sensors
IoT works due to its sensors which can precisely assess changes in the environment. This sensing information is the analog input
from the physical world that provides a better understanding of complex world. This helps in accurate data collection, which not only
makes the device more intelligent but also makes them more useful for the user.

8. Communication
As Internet of Things are increasing in number, these devices are becoming more interconnected. Hence, they must communicate
with each other in order to work more efficiently and smoothly. Through cloud service, these devices are connected to the internet.
This allows communication among devices. The gateway connects with other devices so that they can connect with each other.

One device uses another device’s connectivity to establish network connectivity even when the other device is not connected to the
internet. This advantage increases efficiency in IoT and makes them more scalable. They can communicate data that can be
analyzed. Communication can occur over short/ long to very long range.

IV. Why use IOT?

IoT wants to connect all potential objects to interact each other on the internet to provide secure, comfort life for human.
 Internet of Things (IoT) makes our world as possible as connected together. Nowadays we almost have internet
infrastructure wherever and we can use it whenever. Embedded computing devices would be exposed to internet influence.
Common instances for embedded computing devices are MP3 players, MRI, traffic lights, microwave ovens, washing
machines and dishwashers, GPS even heart monitoring implants or biochip and etc.
IoT trys to establish advanced connectivity (with the aid of internet) among these mentioned device or systems or services in
order to little by little makes automation in all areas. Image that all thing are connected to gather and all information would
be interacted to each other over standard and different protocol domain and applications.
Recent researches shows by 2020 we have over 20 billion devices which uses IoT. IoT does that because of controlling on
device and lower expense on radio. But these huge fields makes challenges such as lacking IP address, developing compatible
and useful protocol and environment.

V. Application of IOT
At Ferrovial, industrial mainly use IoT technology with connected cars, wearables, collaborative robotics, sensors in industrial plants
(industry 4.0) and to efficiently manage energy.

They have developed a wide variety of projects in areas such as mobility, construction, highways, airports and industry. Some
examples of initiatives carried out by their Digital Hub include:

Monitoring the Zity vehicle fleet, acquiring real-time telemetry and positioning data, carrying out bidirectional communication with
drivers, and creating accident and harsh driving alerts — all to reduce the occurrence of accidents.

Using sensors in lineal construction machinery, which identify work events and optimize the production cycle.

Implementing markers on national highways and roads to analyze vehicle transit and users, characterizing and quantifying trip
profiles to learn more about their end users and to better understand their behavior.

Designing and using push-button terminals at airports where users can express their levels of satisfaction and record voice messages
with their opinions about their service. Analyzing this information is used to improve passenger satisfaction levels.

Acquiring information about water treatment plants via integration with SCADAs (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) to
facilitate the ability to analyze and optimize production aspects.
Their Digital Hubtechnology specialists support businesses by identifying which technology solutions (IoT devices) are best for each
case, analyzing its technical viability within the correct context, providing support during economic analysis and, if needed, executing
the entire project (from device installation and management, field testing, sending information and posterior analysis).

In addition, their Digital Hub started an IoT platform that assists different Ferrovial companies and serves as the central piece of all
applications and use cases of this type. It integrates different field elements and is the base over which vertical solutions are
developed, which add value to businesses via data analysis techniques and automatic learning.

The main advantage of this platform is that, as new sensors are added, data integration capacities can be re-used by other
departments and business lines for other use cases that install the same type of sensor, therefore accelerating the implantation
process for these types of solutions.
B. Review standard architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware
and APIs available for use in IoT development (P2)
I. Architecture of IOT

Figure 2: IoT Architecture

oT architecture refers to the tangle of components such as sensors, actuators, cloud services, Protocols, and layers that make up IoT
networking systems. In general, it is divided into layers that allow administrators to evaluate, monitor, and maintain the integrity of
the system.
Figure 3:Layer of IoT
 Sensing Layer − The first stage of IoT includes sensors, devices, actuators etc. which collect data from the physical
environment, processes it and then sends it over the network.
Network Layer − The second stage of the IoT consists of Network Gateways and Data Acquisition Systems. DAS converts the
analogue data (collected from Sensors) into Digital Data. It also performs malware detection and data management.
Data Processing Layer − The third stage of IoT is the most important stage. Here, data is pre-processed on its variety and
separated accordingly. After this, it is sent to Data Centres. Here Edge IT comes into use.
Application Layer − The fourth stage of IoT consists of Cloud/Data Centres where data is managed and used by applications
like agriculture, defence, health care etc.

II. Frameworks of IOT

1. What is IoT framework?
The IoT framework is what makes it possible for the connected devices to have smooth communication over the Internet. It is no
wonder, then, that it is referred to as the ‘Internet of Things’ framework, or in other words, the framework that facilitates the
interaction of ‘Things’ (devices) over the Internet.

Figure 4:IoT framework

The IoT framework is a very important element of technology in the modern world, finding application in almost every sector. For
instance, one of the major applications of the IoT is in the designing of smart homes.
2. Main Components of IoT framework

Figure 5:Main components of IoT framework

Device Hardware

The device hardware component of the IoT framework requires some basic knowledge on architecture. The user is also
required to have an idea on the working of the different micro-controllers, as well the sensors.

Examples of hardware devices that form part of this IoT framework component are sensors, micro-controllers and
controllers.

Device Software
 In order for the device software of the IoT framework to function properly, the included writing applications are required to
configure the controller, then operate them remotely. The user is required to have a basic understanding of how an API
works inside the micro-controllers, as well how libraries are usually made for programming.

Communication and Cloud Platform

The cloud platform is one of the most crucial parts of the IoT framework. It calls for the basic knowledge of all
communication, whether wireless or wired. The user is also required to have a good understanding of IoT integration, as well
as the working of the cloud technology.

In summary, we can say the communication and Cloud Platform of the IoT Framework is where all communications happen.

Cloud Application

The cloud application is a type of software program, which mainly consists of components that can be accessed quite easier
and faster. These components can be either local or even cloud-based. The cloud application works to improve the system,
such that its maximum potential is realized.

In other words, the cloud application can be defined as the written application of an IoT framework, that binds all the local
hardware devices, as well as the cloud-based devices.

3. Top open source IoT frameworks

KAA IoT
 Kaa IoT cloud platform is one the most efficient and rich open-source Internet of Things cloud platforms
where anyone has a free way to materialize their smart product concepts. On this platform, you can manage an unlimited
number of connected devices with cross-device interoperability.

You can achieve real-time device monitoring with the possibility of remote device provisioning and configuration. It is one of
the most flexible IoT platforms for your business which is fast, scalable, and modern.

MACCHINA.io

macchina.io IoT platforms provide a web-enabled, modular, and extensible JavaScript and C++ runtime
environment for developing IoT gateway applications. It also supports a wide variety of sensors and connection technologies
including Tinkerforge, bricklets, Xbee, and many others including accelerometers.

This platform is able to develop and deploy device software for automotive telematics and V2X, building and home
automation, industrial edge computing and IoT gateways, smart sensors, or energy management systems.

ZETTA
 Zetta is a server-oriented platform that has been built around NodeJS, REST, and a flow-based reactive
programming development philosophy linked with the Siren hypermedia APIs. They are connected with cloud services after
being abstracted as REST APIs. People believe that the Node.js platform is best to develop IoT frameworks.

These cloud services include visualization tools and support for machine analytics tools like Splunk. It creates a zero-
distributed network by connecting endpoints such as Linux and Arduino hacker boards with platforms such as Heroku.

GE PREDIX

GE’s platform as a service software for industrial IoT is based on the concept of cloud foundry. It adds asset
management, data collection, device security, and real-time, predictive analytics that also supports heterogeneous data
acquisition, access, and storage.

GE predix was developed by GE for its own operations and consequently has become one of the most successful of the
enterprise IoT platforms and with the recent partnering of GE and HPE, the future looks even better.

ThingSpeak
 ThingSpeak is another IoT platform that lets you analyze and visualize the data in MATLAB and eliminates the
need to buy a license for the same. It helps you to collect and store sensor data in private channels while giving you the
freedom to share them in public channels.

It works with Arduino, particle photon and electron, and many more applications. It is used mostly for sensor logging,
location tracking, and alerts and analysis. It also has a worldwide community which is quite helpful in itself.

DeviceHive

DeviceHive is yet another feature-rich open-source IoT platform that is currently distributed under the
Apache 2.0 license and is free to use and change. It provides Docker and Kubernetes deployment options and can be
downloaded and use with both public and private cloud.

It allows you to run batch analytics and machine learning on top of your device data and more. Various libraries, including
Android and iOS libraries, are supported in DeviceHive.

Distributed Services Architecture

 DSA is an open-source IoT that unifies the separate devices, services, and applications in the structured and
real-time data model and facilitates decentralized device inter-communication, logic, and applications.

Distributed service links are a community library that allows protocol translation and data integration to and from 3rd part
data sources. All these modules are lightweight making them more flexible in use. It implements DSA query DSL and has
inbuilt hardware integration support.

Eclipse

Eclipse IoT platform is built around the java/OSGi-based Kura API container and aggregation platform for
M2M applications running on service gateways. Kura is an open-source framework based on Eurotech’s everywhere cloud
IoT framework and is often integrated with the Apache Camel.

Some of its major sub-projects include the PAho messaging protocol framework and the Eclipse SmartHome framework.

Open Connectivity Foundation

 Open Connectivity Foundation platform is an amalgamation of the intel and Samsung backed open
interconnect consortium organization and the UPnP forum which is working hard to become the leading open-source
standard group for IoT and its OCF IoTivity depends on RESTful, JSON and CoAp.

OIC was created in July 2014. The first version of OCF 1.0 was released in September 2015 for the core framework, smart
home device, resource type, security, and remote access capabilities

OpenHAB

OpenHAB IoT framework is capable of running on any device that is capable of running a JVM. All the IoT
technologies are abstracted by the modular stack into “items”, and offer rules, scripts, and supports for persistence—the
ability to retain device states for a period of time.

It offers a variety of web-based UIs and is supported by major Linux hacker boards. It is deployed on-premise and connects to
devices and services from different vendors.

III. Describe how Arduino/Raspberry Pi board and end device.

The Arduino UNO is a standard board of Arduino. Here UNO means 'one' in Italian. It was named as UNO to label the first release of
Arduino Software. It was also the first USB board released by Arduino. It is considered as the powerful board used in various
projects. Arduino.cc developed the Arduino UNO board.
Arduino UNO is based on an ATmega328P microcontroller. It is easy to use compared to other boards, such as the Arduino Mega
board, etc. The board consists of digital and analog Input/Output pins (I/O), shields, and other circuits.

The Arduino UNO includes 6 analog pin inputs, 14 digital pins, a USB connector, a power jack, and an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header. It is programmed based on IDE, which stands for Integrated Development Environment. It can run on both
online and offline platforms.

The IDE is common to all available boards of Arduino.

The components of Arduino UNO board are shown below:

 Figure 6:Arduino UNO

Let's discuss each component in detail.

ATmega328 Microcontroller- It is a single chip Microcontroller of the ATmel family. The processor code inside it is of 8-bit. It
combines Memory (SRAM, EEPROM, and Flash), Analog to Digital Converter, SPI serial ports, I/O lines, registers, timer, external and
internal interrupts, and oscillator.
ICSP pin - The In-Circuit Serial Programming pin allows the user to program using the firmware of the Arduino board.

Power LED Indicator- The ON status of LED shows the power is activated. When the power is OFF, the LED will not light up.

Digital I/O pins- The digital pins have the value HIGH or LOW. The pins numbered from D0 to D13 are digital pins.

TX and RX LED's- The successful flow of data is represented by the lighting of these LED's.

AREF- The Analog Reference (AREF) pin is used to feed a reference voltage to the Arduino UNO board from the external power
supply.

Reset button- It is used to add a Reset button to the connection.

USB- It allows the board to connect to the computer. It is essential for the programming of the Arduino UNO board.

Crystal Oscillator- The Crystal oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz, which makes the Arduino UNO a powerful board.

Voltage Regulator- The voltage regulator converts the input voltage to 5V.

GND- Ground pins. The ground pin acts as a pin with zero voltage.

Vin- It is the input voltage.

Analog Pins- The pins numbered from A0 to A5 are analog pins. The function of Analog pins is to read the analog sensor used in the
connection. It can also act as GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins.

IV. Sensor
Sensors are everywhere. They’re in our homes and workplaces, our shopping centers and hospitals. They’re embedded in smart
phones and an integral part of the Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors have been around for a long time. The first thermostat was
introduced in the late 1880s and infrared sensors have been around since the late 1940s. The IoT and its counterpart, the Industrial
Internet of Things (IIoT), are bringing sensor usage to a new level.
 Figure 7:Sensors

1. Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors measure the amount of heat energy in a source, allowing them to detect temperature changes and convert
these changes to data. Machinery used in manufacturing often requires environmental and device temperatures to be at specific
levels. Similarly, within agriculture, soil temperature is a key factor for crop growth.
2. Humidity Sensors
These types of sensors measure the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere of air or other gases. Humidity sensors are commonly
found in heating, vents and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in both industrial and residential domains. They can be found in many
other areas including hospitals, and meteorology stations to report and predict weather.

3. Pressure Sensors
A pressure sensor senses changes in gases and liquids. When the pressure changes, the sensor detects these changes, and
communicates them to connected systems. Common use cases include leak testing which can be a result of decay. Pressure sensors
are also useful in the manufacturing of water systems as it is easy to detect fluctuations or drops in pressure.

4. Proximity Sensors
Proximity sensors are used for non-contact detection of objects near the sensor. These types of sensors often emit electromagnetic
fields or beams of radiation such as infrared. Proximity sensors have some interesting use cases. In retail, a proximity sensor can
detect the motion between a customer and a product in which he or she is interested. The user can be notified of any discounts or
special offers of products located near the sensor. Proximity sensors are also used in the parking lots of malls, stadiums and airports
to indicate parking availability. They can also be used on the assembly lines of chemical, food and many other types of industries.
5. Level Sensors
Level sensors are used to detect the level of substances including liquids, powders and granular materials. Many industries including
oil manufacturing, water treatment and beverage and food manufacturing factories use level sensors. Waste management systems
provide a common use case as level sensors can detect the level of waste in a garbage can or dumpster.

6. Accelerometers
Accelerometers detect an object’s acceleration i.e. the rate of change of the object’s velocity with respect to time. Accelerometers
can also detect changes to gravity. Use cases for accelerometers include smart pedometers and monitoring driving fleets. They can
also be used as anti-theft protection alerting the system if an object that should be stationary is moved.

7. Gyroscope
Gyroscope sensors measure the angular rate or velocity, often defined as a measurement of speed and rotation around an axis. Use
cases include automotive, such as car navigation and electronic stability control (anti-skid) systems. Additional use cases include
motion sensing for video games, and camera-shake detection systems.

8. Gas Sensors
These types of sensors monitor and detect changes in air quality, including the presence of toxic, combustible or hazardous gasses.
Industries using gas sensors include mining, oil and gas, chemical research andmanufacturing. A common consumer use case is the
familiar carbon dioxide detectors used in many homes.

9. Infrared Sensors
These types of sensors sense characteristics in their surroundings by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation. They can also
measure the heat emitted by objects. Infrared sensors are used in a variety of different IoT projects including healthcare as they
simplify the monitoring of blood flow and blood pressure. Televisions use infrared sensors to interpret the signals sent from a
remote control. Another interesting application is that of art historians using infrared sensors to see hidden layers in paintings to
help determine whether a work of art is original or fake or has been altered by a restoration process.

10. Optical Sensors

Optical sensors convert rays of light into electrical signals. There are many applications and use cases for optical sensors. In the auto
industry, vehicles use optical sensors to recognize signs, obstacles, and other things that a driver would notice when driving or
parking. Optical sensors play a big role in the development of driverless cars. Optical sensors are very common in smart phones. For
example, ambient light sensors can extend battery life. Optical sensors are also used in the biomedical field including breath analysis
and heart-rate monitors.

V. API for use in IOT development

APIs in IoT is usually the web services application programming interfaces, and it comes in several forms like SOAP, XML/JSON, or
REST. Web services are software that gives access to the services via web address which is URL. Then the web service provides its
information so that other apps can parse through or understand it. Some major examples are APIs of Google maps, Flickr, etc.
Moreover, HTTP requests also keep information in the top part and the message’s body. These requests include various metadata
types like content type while the body contains data formats like JSON and XML.
1.SOAP
It is the protocol that defined a communication method between server and client-side. The data transfer happens in XML format.
The web service using a definition language publishes its interface definition in the machine-readable document.

2.JSON and XML

JSON and XML are older methods compared to SOAP. Rather than using a specific data transfer format, these methods utilize a
much simpler approach for calling and use less bandwidth.

3.Rest
Representation State Transfer helps for establishing the communication of your electronic devices with the world. REST APIs are
architectural principles and not just a protocol. Certain features required for REST services include interfaces simplicity, resources
identification in the request. It also can manipulate the specific interface.

C. Investigate architecture, frameworks, tools, hardware and API

techniques available to develop IoT applications (P3)
Architecture:

A typical IoT architecture consists of three main components: devices, gateways, and the cloud. The heat sensor would be one of the
devices in the architecture.

Framework:

Arduino IDE which can use for code on hardware, and it’s have its own framework for support code to Arduino Uno as a hardware

Hardware:

I will use the arduino Uno for hardware, heat sensor for heat warning and the wireless card to connect to phones
API techniques:

RESTful APIs are commonly used for IoT applications as they allow for easy communication between devices and the cloud. For
example, the heat sensor could send data to a cloud-based server using a RESTful API. The server would then process the data and
provide it to any applications that need it.

D. Determine a specific problem to solve using IoT (P4)

I.Plan/Logbook
Date Location To do
January 1st, 2023 Home Today, I started planning an IoT project to
create a smart plant monitoring system
that will measure soil moisture,
temperature, and light levels and send
me alerts if any of the values go out of
range. I plan to use an Arduino board, soil
moisture sensor, temperature sensor,
light sensor, and a Wi-Fi module to
connect the system to the internet.

January 15th, 2023 Home I finalized the design of the project and
started developing the hardware
components. I ordered the necessary
components online, and they should
arrive in a few days. I also created a
project timeline to ensure that I stay on
 track with the development and testing
process.

January 20th, 2023 Home The components for the project arrived,
and I started developing the hardware
components. I connected the sensors to
the Arduino and tested them using
sample code. I also tested the Wi-Fi
module and made sure that it could
connect to my home network.

February 1st, 2023 Home I developed the software components of

the project, including a program that
reads the sensor data and sends it to a
cloud service. I also created a web-based
dashboard to visualize the data and set
up email alerts to notify me when the
values go out of range. I tested the entire
system and made some minor
adjustments.

February 15th, 2023 Home I assembled the hardware components

and tested the system in real-world
conditions. I made some minor
adjustments to the hardware and
software and finalized the design of the
enclosure for the system.

February 15th, 2023 Home I assembled the hardware components

and tested the system in real-world
 conditions. I made some minor
adjustments to the hardware and
software and finalized the design of the
enclosure for the system.

February 28th, 2023 Home I prepared the system for deployment by

making sure that it was securely enclosed
and had a stable power supply. I also
created a user manual to make it easier
for others to use the system. I tested the
system one final time and made some
final adjustments.

March 1st, 2023 Home I deployed the system to my indoor plant

and started monitoring the data. The
system worked as expected, and I
received email alerts when the values
went out of range. I made some minor
adjustments based on the data and
continued to monitor the system.

March 15th, 2023 Home The system has been running for a few
weeks, and I am satisfied with the results.
I have seen an improvement in the health
of my plant, and I plan to continue using
the system to monitor and optimize its
growth.
II.Purpose of Project
The purpose of this project was to create a smart plant monitoring system using IoT technology. The system was designed to
measure soil moisture, temperature, and light levels and send alerts if any of the values go out of range. The goal of the project was
to help optimize the growth of a plant and improve its health.

III.Function of Project
Sensing temperature: The IoT project would need to sense the temperature of your home or a specific location in real-time.
This can be done using a temperature sensor, such as a thermistor or a digital temperature sensor.
Communication with cloud service: The IoT device would need to communicate with a cloud service, such as Microsoft Azure
or Amazon Web Services, to send temperature data to the cloud. This can be done using a wireless communication
technology, such as Wi-Fi or cellular.
Data processing and analysis: The temperature data sent to the cloud would need to be processed and analyzed to check if it
is above the specified threshold. This can be done using a cloud-based software, such as Microsoft Azure IoT Hub or Amazon
Kinesis.
Sending alerts: If the temperature is above the specified threshold, the cloud service would need to send an alert to your
email or mobile phone. This can be done using a notification service, such as Amazon SNS or Microsoft Azure Notification
Hubs.
User interface: Finally, the IoT project would need a user interface, such as a web or mobile app, that allows you to view the
temperature data and set the threshold. This can be developed using a front-end framework, such as React or Angular, and
connected to the cloud service using APIs.

E.Conclusion
The smart plant monitoring IoT project was successful in developing a system that can monitor soil moisture, temperature, and light
levels and send alerts when values go out of range. The system utilized an Arduino board, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor,
light sensor, and Wi-Fi module to connect to the internet and a cloud service to store and visualize data. The system was tested in
real-world conditions and was found to be effective in improving the health of the plant. The system can be further optimized and
used to monitor other plants or applications.

F.References
Ferrovial. (n.d.). The Internet of Things: definition and examples of how it is used. [online] Available at:
https://www.ferrovial.com/en/innovation/technologies/internet-of-things/#:~:text=The%20internet%20of%20things
%20is.
Wikipedia. (2022). Internet of things. [online] Available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things#:~:text=The%20Internet%20of%20things%20(IoT.
TutorialsPoint. (n.d.). What is the Architecture of Internet of Things (IoT)? [online] Available at:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-is-the-architecture-of-internet-of-things-iot [Accessed 2 Feb. 2023].
BehrTech. (2019). Top 10 IoT Sensor Types & How They’re Being Used | BehrTech Blog. [online] Available at:
https://behrtech.com/blog/top-10-iot-sensor-types/.
dzone.com. (n.d.). Popular APIs for the IoT Systems - DZone IoT. [online] Available at:
https://dzone.com/articles/popular-apis-for-the-internet-of-things-iot-system.