LESSON 1: ELEMENTS OF FICTION

CHARACTERIZATION

 A character is one of the most significant elements in fiction. A character is the “who” of
the story.
 “The successful development of the main character is the most vital element of the
work.” (Brown and Stephen, 2007)
 Characters include the people and animals that are featured in the narrative. Every
character is specially designed based on the function in the story, thus, every single
character is essential. The characterizations are developed through dialogues and
descriptions of the authors.

MAIN CHARACTERS

PROTAGONIST
 is the hero in the story, while the antagonist is the villain or someone whose function is
to oppose the Hero or has the qualities opposite of the hero.
ANTAGONIST
 is someone who has evil ulterior motives and the plot to destroy the protagonists.

SUPPORTING CHARACTERS

 are people who serve as a backdrop to the main characters’ story. Supporting
characters are usually the allies of the protagonists who provide support they create a
particular interest provide Comic Relief or enhance the main characters.

ROUND CHARACTERS

 A round character is defined as one in which the writer has fully developed the
character’s personality. Like real people, round characters have a fully developed
personality because the writer has given these characters depth and dimension.

FLAT CHARACTERS

 is a character with little to no complex emotions, motivations, or personality. They also

don't undergo any kind of change to make them more well-rounded. In other words,
they're the opposite of a "round character," who has a fully fleshed out profile and
changes throughout the story.

STATIC CHARACTERS

 is a type of character who remains largely the same throughout the course of the
storyline. Their environment may change, but they retain the same personality and
outlook as they had at the beginning of the story. It’s common for secondary characters
in stories to be static.

STOCK CHARACTERS

 is a fictional character based on common social or literary stereotypes. These characters

usually rely on stereotypes for their names, mannerisms, and characteristics.

FOIL CHARACTERS

 is a device used by writers to contrast or reflect another character – often your

protagonist (main character)- by highlighting their traits, appearance, personality or
morals.

DEUTERAGONIST AND CONFIDANTES

 Are secondary characters of importance. They are also close to the main characters and
share the same intention with them or play neutral. Confidantes help the protagonist to
make decisions, handle situations, analyze problems, and recover.
SETTING

 Every story occurs in a geographical location during a certain period. This is called
the setting. The setting can be introduced by directly stating the place and the time the
story takes place.
 Setting can be revealed through the characters eyes, manners, and orientations. A
setting generally describes the time and place where the story takes place.
 Setting can be an integral part or serve as a backdrop. Backdrop setting creates a visual
charm but is not significant to the whole plot.

PLOT

 Is a narrative or the logical order of the vents in a story

 Consists of five parts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution
a) Exposition – introduces the setting and provides a background for major characters
b) Rising action – complications are introduced and tension builds among the characters
c) Resolution – final part of the story

CONFLICT

 is the main challenge to the characters. The main types of conflict include man versus
himself, man versus nature, man versus man, man versus society.
a) Man vs. himself – inner conflict of the character
b) Man vs. nature – struggle of main character against nature
c) Man vs. man – conflict between protagonist and antagonist
d) Man vs. society – struggle between norms, culture and society itself

THEME

 is a central idea or a hidden meaning of the story. It is always related to the subject yet
can be distinguished from the subject. Themes are ideas or opinions on the subject
which are written in statement form.

MORAL

 refers to the piece of wisdom that the authors want to convey. Morals are deducted at
the end of the story. It is a suggested lesson that could be explicitly written at the end of
the story, like that of fables or implied.

POINT OF VIEW

 is a perspective that determines who tells the story. It could be the first-person point of
view or the point of view of the main character, telling the story, the second point of view
where the readers are involved in the story, or the third point of view where the author is
directly telling the story.
a) Alternating Point of View – told from point of view of two characters or more
b) Third Person Omniscient Point of View – all knowing narrator being aware of
everything
c) Third Person Limited Point of View – allows readers to get to know the character
deeply
d) Objective Point of View – narrates as an observer or reporter

MOOD

 As a literary element, mood is the emotive atmosphere within the story conveyed through
the use of language, setting and physical location, feelings of the main characters, or music.

TONE

 For fiction, tone refers to the author’s attitude towards a subject that serves as the backdrop
of the story. It is conveyed through the use of expressions or the author’s choice of words
and syntax.
STYLE

 Style is an element that is very personal to the author. It has to do with how the author
writes rather than what the author writes. It reflects the author’s choice of diction, literary
techniques, figurative language, sentence structures, rhythm, and symbolism.

LESSON 2: ELEMENTS OF POETRY: SOUNDS

RHYTHM

 Rhythm is the repetition of sound patterns.

 It describes the beat or sound that the poem produces.
 Rhythm is created in stressing the syllables.
 Rhythms are created mainly by using letters that produce the same sounds at the end of
every line.

ALLITERATION

 Alliteration is referred to as the initial or head rhyme.

 It is the use of conspicuous repetition of consonant sounds in a sequential pattern.

ASSONANCE

 Assonance refers to the repetition of vowel sounds.

 The internal vowel sounds are usually repeated. This is used to emphasize important
words in the poem as well as create a recognizable rhythm.
 It allows the writers to create a lyrical effect and enhance the mood.

CONSONANCE

 While assonance is referred to as the repetition of vowel sounds, consonance refers to

the repetition of consonant sounds or the presence of identical consonants in a
sequence of words, the vowels of which are different such as “bed and bad” or “tip and
tap”.

CACOPHONY

 In literature or poetry, cacophony uses words that give an unmelodious sound to achieve
the desired outcome or create a different rhythmic effect to enhance the listening
experience.

EUPHONY

 Euphony is the opposite of cacophony.

 It is the use of vowels and consonant sounds that blend and create a pleasant effect
 The semi-vowels and vowels, when combined with the consonants “l, m, n, r, and y”
create euphonious sounds.

ONOMATOPOEIA

 Onomatopoeia is a sound device that is the careful use of words that phonetically
mimics and resembles the sound of nature or the sound that the author intends to
describe.
LESSON 3: LITERARY ELEMENTS: IMAGERY
IMAGERY

• It is a technique used by authors, poets and novelists to communicate feelings translate

ideas and explore thoughts by creating images in the minds of the readers.

VISUAL IMAGERY (sight)

• It is a form literary imagery which uses different visuals and descriptive elements that
appeal to the Reader's sense of sight.

AUDITORY IMAGERY (hearing)

• Through the use of auditory imagery, the readers hear the sound that the author wants
to convey.

GUSTATORY IMAGERY (taste)

• It is the poetic imagery that seeks the Reader's savor the taste such as sourness, the
saltiness, the sweetness, the spiciness of the described images.

TACTILE IMAGERY (touch)

• It describes what the readers touch or feel When Reading.

• It appeals to the sense of touch of the readers.

OLFACTORY IMAGERY (smell)

• It is the use of poetic imagery to allow the readers to smell.

KINESTHETIC IMAGERY (motion)

• It is the use of imagery to allow the reader to feel the sense of motion.

• It is the cognitive creation of the sense of movements that makes the readers feel the
physical motion when reading.

ORGANIC IMAGERY (emotion)

• It is the poetic use of words or expressions to make the reader feel and experience
different emotions.

• Authors can communicate internal sensation to the readers.

LESSON 4: POETRY FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
POETRY

 A genre of literature that utilizes an artistic use of sound devices and figurative language
to paint meaningful pictures and meaning.
 It evokes an emotional response through the use of creative language and symbolism.
Poets usually hide meanings in words and images.

General Characteristics of Poetry includes:

 creative way of writing and expressing and does not necessarily follow strict grammatical
structures
 deliberate rhythmical patterns and metric structures (in traditional poetry)
 stronger visual characteristics with a deliberate line break
 apparent use of sound devices

TYPES OF POETRY FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

NURSERY RHYME
 are part of the oral traditions presented in short verses or songs that are often
memorized or sung by children.
 mostly marked by rhymes and rhythm but vary in style, tone, and theme.
 popularity of children's literature, especially during the 18th and 19th centuries.
 Nursery rhymes are ubiquitous parts of children's literature.
 To introduce sounds and syllables in developing their listening or familiarization with
words in a creative way, learning the alphabet, and improving the children's speaking
skills.
 It shows an effective approach in language learning and acquisition and in teaching
nursery rhymes

HAIKU

 is a traditional Japanese poetry written in tight syllabic structures with seventeen

syllables in three lines. Five syllables in the first line, seven syllables in the second line,
and five syllables in the third.
 Haiku poems do not usually rhyme and are written primarily in the present tense.
Juxtaposition is usually the technique used in writing Haiku embedded in the metaphor
and personification

LIMERICK

 can be traced back to the early 17th century as preserved folk songs whose popularity
increased during the 18th century. It was popularized by the British poet Edward Lear
who is considered the father of limerick. He featured language seventy-two limericks in
his published book "The Book of Nonsense."
 is a humorous type of short poem; it seeks to entertain readers. It has five lines with
the rhyming scheme "aabba." The dominant meter for limerick is anapestic
 In telling the story, the portrayed character is expected to be mentioned on the first line.
 When training students to write a limerick, teachers need to ask the students to tell a
story that is absurd or humorous. In telling the story, the portrayed character is expected
to be mentioned on the first line.

CALLIGRAM POEMS

 is a type of poem created not only to be read and spoken, but also viewed and admired.
 Calligram was invented by Guillaume Apollinaire in 1918, anchored on Greek words
"calli" or beautiful, and "gram" means "something written."
 are poems that use creative arrangement of words to create a visual impact.
 The verses are designed in different shapes and forms that manifest the message of the
poem.
 allows them to process information and understand meaning easily
 link visual and literary art
NARRATIVE POEMS

 is a type of poem that narrates a story. Like a story, it contains a beginning. It is a story
told by a narrator.
 includes characters, conflict, plot and theme, written in verse and contains meter and
rhyme; although some narrative poems are written in blank verse, the traditional
narrative poem uses the ABCB rhyme scheme
 also includes poetic elements such as figurative language. Narrative poems are
designed to be read aloud and with emotion.

KENNING POEMS

 are children's literature originally from the Old Norse verse. It features poetic compounds
or the combination of two words to form
 a poetic expression that points to a thing or a person poetic compounds used in our daily
speeches are "ankle biter," "bookworm,” “brown noser," etc.
 The compounds of kenning poems are associated with the attributes of the original
nouns or related to the metaphorical meaning of the words' thus a kenning poem is
referred to as "compressed metaphor."
 contain two words that are joined by a hyphen. The two words are usually a combination
of noun and noun or noun and verb. generally describe an object in detail, the
characteristics of which is similar to riddles

FREE VERSE

 are free in form translated from the French word "vers libre."
 Walt Whitman, who wrote poems with irregular meters Whitman's poetic style became a
standard in the 20th century
 It do not follow specific rhythmic patterns or rhyme schemes. Regular pauses and
irregular line length can be observed in free verse poems.
 Writing free verse gives students more freedom to structure their poems and choose
their words and more opportunity in conveying their message.
 It allows the students to and develop practice using poetic devices and patterned
elements of sounds, choices of words, phrases, and sentences

SONNET

 Originated in Italy in the 13th century by the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch and
popularized by English poets Shakespeare, Milton, and Donne.
 Sonnet poems are one of the eldest and most traditional types of creative writing.
 The main types are the Petrarchan, the Shakespearean, and the Spencerian sonnets.
 It consist of fourteen lines, a combination of octave or two quatrains of 8 lines, and a
sestet or a stanza of six lines.
 The rhyme scheme is "abab, cdcd, efef, gg." The final part of a sonnet is two lines long
called the couplet, which is rhymed "gg."