TOP 10 LEADING CAUSE OF MATERNAL AND INFANT MORBIDITY

AND MORTALITY RATE IN THE PHILIPPINES AND BY

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Top 10 Leading cause of Maternal and infant Mortality and Morbidity in the Philippines 2017
RATE/per 1000 live births AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION
PERCENT
CAUSES RATE IMPLICATIONS
*
Eclampsia frequently accompanies preeclampsia, which is
defined by high blood pressure during pregnancy and, in
rare cases, afterwards. Other results may also be present
such as protein in the urine. You have eclampsia if your
Eclampsia 0.1 16.6
preeclampsia progresses and damages your brain,
producing seizures. Eclampsia affects around one out of
every 200 women with preeclampsia. Even if you have no
history of seizures, you can develop eclampsia.
Gestational hypertension, commonly known as pregnancy-
induced hypertension (PIH), is a disorder that causes high
blood pressure during pregnancy. Preeclampsia, commonly
known as Toxemia, is a dangerous illness caused by
gestational hypertension. Pregnancy hypertension affects
approximately 6-8 percent of pregnant women. There are 3
common types of gestational hypertension;
Gestation Hypertension  Chronic Hypertension, Women who have high blood
with significant 0.1 16.2 pressure (more than 140/90) before to pregnancy,
proteinuria early in pregnancy (before 20 weeks), or after birth.
 Gestational hypertension and
 Preeclampsia After week 20 of pregnancy, both
chronic hypertension and gestational hypertension
can progress to this severe disease. High blood
pressure and protein in the urine are symptoms.
This can lead to major consequences for both mom
and baby if not handled swiftly.
Abnormality of forces 0.1 9.8 A forceps delivery occurs when a health care worker uses
of labor forceps to the baby's head, a tool fashioned like a pair of big
spoons or salad tongs, to help guide the infant out of the
birth canal. Typically, this is done during a contraction as the
woman pushes. Pain in the perineum the tissue between
your vagina and your anus after delivery, Lower genital tract
tears, Difficulty urinating or emptying your bladder, Short-
term or long-term urinary or fecal incontinence (involuntary
urination or defecation) if a severe tear occurs, Injuries to

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 the bladder or urethra the tube that connects the bladder
to the outside of the body, Uterine rupture, Uterine rupture
occurs when the uterine wall tears, allowing the baby or
placenta to be propelled into the mother's abdominal
cavity.
Weakening of the muscles and ligaments that support your
pelvic organs, and resulting in pelvic organs dropping lower
in the pelvis (pelvic organ prolapse).
Once a baby is delivered, the uterus generally continues to
contract and expels the placenta. After the placenta is
released, these contractions assist compress the blood
arteries in the region where the placenta was connected.
Postpartum 7.8
0.0 When the uterus does not contract vigorously enough, a
hemorrhage
condition known as uterine atony, these blood vessels flow
freely, resulting in hemorrhage. The most prevalent cause of
postpartum bleeding is this. Bleeding is also possible if little
portions of the placenta remain connected.
When amniotic fluid or fetal material enters the mother's
circulation, it causes amniotic fluid embolism. A disruption
in the placental barrier, such as from trauma, is a possible
cause. When this occurs, the immune system reacts by
releasing molecules that produce an inflammatory
response, which causes abnormal clotting in the mother's
lungs and blood vessels. This can lead to disseminated
intravascular coagulation, a dangerous blood-clotting
illness. There are between one and 12 cases every 100.000
deliveries of obstetric embolism because of its rareness and
Obstetric embolism 0.0 4.0
some risk factors of it are;
 Advanced maternal age
 Placenta problems
 Preeclampsia
 Medically induced labor
 Operative delivery
 Polyhydramnios
And it can cause serious complications to the mother and
the baby like Brain injury, Length hospital stay, maternal
Death and infants’ death.
Ectopic pregnancy 0.0 3.4 In an ectopic or tubal pregnancy, the zygote/embryo is most
typically implanted in the fallopian tubes. The pregnancy
cannot culminate in the delivery of a baby because the
development of an ectopic pregnancy in the fallopian tubes
would burst the tubes before the conclusion of the first
trimester. In reality, an untreated ectopic pregnancy is a
medical emergency that can be deadly if not treated
promptly. An ectopic pregnancy is a dangerous pregnancy
complication that can risk the mother's health if not
diagnosed in time. As a result, in the case of any unusual

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 bleeding, acute waist pain, fainting, severe cramping, and so
on. Most ectopic pregnancies end in miscarriage
spontaneously, that is, without medical or pharmaceutical
intervention. The embryo is not capable of growing outside
of the uterus. However, difficulties emerge if the ectopic
pregnancy does not terminate normally. Rupture of the
fallopian tubes is possible and should be treated quickly by
a physician. Although it is possible, this issue is uncommon.
Female reproductive issues are another complication of an
ectopic pregnancy.
Sepsis is a potentially fatal medical illness induced by the
body's immune reaction to an infection. Sepsis in infants
can result in widespread edema and organ failure. The most
Bacterial sepsis of
2.0 16.1 prevalent cause of sepsis is bacterial infection. Sepsis, on
newborn
the other hand, can be caused by fungi, parasites, or
viruses. The infection can be found in a variety of locations
throughout the body.
There are different risk factors that causes pneumonia to
newborns and Complicated pregnancies and maternal
disorders disrupt the creation of a natural protective barrier
the placenta; abnormal deliveries, caesarean sections, and
the use of obstetric forceps all raise the risk of secondary
infection. Chronic or acute infectious diseases of the mother
Pneumonia 1.5 11.7 with lesions of the reproductive system and urinary tract
increase the risk of infection during passage through the
birth canal, meconial aspiration in childbirth; the use of
resuscitative measures for a child or ventilation,
prematurity, birth trauma, or central nervous system injury,
and an unsanitary and epidemiological situation in the
family
Low or high birth weight for gestational age; infections,
either congenital or acquired during passage through the
Respiratory distress birth canal; complications during pregnancy or birth;
1.4 11.2
of newborn congenital lung or heart defects; and having a mutation in
the genes that control surfactant production are all risk
factors for neonatal respiratory diseases.
Congenital 0.9 7.0 The heart is split into four hollow chambers, two on each
malformation of the side, two on each side. The heart employs its left and right
heart sides for various activities in order to pump blood
throughout the body. The right side of the heart sends
blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Blood picks
up oxygen in the lungs before returning to the heart's left
side through the pulmonary veins. The blood is then
pumped by the left side of the heart via the body's major
artery, or aorta, and out to the rest of the body. What
causes the heart congenital malformation could be because
the mother has Rubella or Diabetes or due to her

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 Medications or Drinking alcohol during pregnancy or
Smoking and it also includes the family history or the
genetics of the parents and the complications that could
happen are Congestive heart failure, heart infections,
hearth rhythm problems, slower growth and developments
and some could cause stroke and mental health disoders.

Top 10 Leading cause of Maternal and infant Mortality and Morbidity in the World health
Organization 2000 - 2017
CAUSES PERCENT* IMPLICATIONS
Indirect Indirect causes of mortality include the impact of pre-
existing illnesses, such as HIV infection when the mother
28% has AIDS/HIV, which can pose a major risk to the newborn
and the mother throughout pregnancy, mental illness, and
diabetes, which are exacerbated by pregnancy.
Hemorrhage the possible risks of uncontrolled bleeding during
pregnancy are as assisted delivery such as with a forceps or
vacuum or excess amniotic fluids, episiotomy, infants with
27%
macrosomia and the complications associated with
hemorrhage are anemia or low blood levels, it could also
cause dizziness due to the blood lost and fatigue.
Hypertension High blood pressure could be triggered pr the complications
are pre-eclampsia also known as toxemia of pregnancy and
could also cause eclampsia which is very risky during
14%
pregnancy that could lead to kidney failure, seizures, and
coma during pregnancy and proteinuria also called protein
in the urine and sudden weight gain.
Sepsis This is related to poor hygiene and also infection control
11% during delivery or could be cause of possible untreated
sexual transmitted infections during pregnancy.
Direct Maternal mortality causes Haemorrhage, infection, high
10% blood pressure, unsafe abortion, and obstructed labor are
the most direct causes of maternal morbidity and death.
Abortion 8% Every year, unsafe abortion accounts for 4.7–13.2 percent
of maternal fatalities. It is estimated that 30 women die in
affluent countries for every 100,000 unsafe abortions. In
underdeveloped countries, the figure jumps to 220 fatalities
for every 100,000 unsafe abortions. According to 2012
estimates, 7 million women per year were treated in
hospital facilities for complications of unsafe abortion in

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 developing countries alone. Physical health risks associated
with unsafe abortion include: incomplete abortion (failure
to remove or expel all pregnancy tissue from the uterus),
haemorrhage (heavy bleeding), infection, uterine
perforation (produced by a sharp instrument piercing the
uterus), and the genital tract and internal organs are
damaged as a result of introducing harmful items into the
vagina or anus.
Embolism Pregnant women are more likely to develop blood clots for
a variety of reasons. During pregnancy, a woman's blood
clots more quickly in order to reduce blood loss during
labor and delivery. As the baby grows, it puts increasing
pressure on the woman's pelvic, reducing blood supply to
the legs. Because of the combination of faster clotting and
decreased blood circulation, blood clotting in the lower
body is a genuine concern during pregnancy. Aside from
3%
embolism, additional dangers connected with blood clots
include:
 The heart attack
 Stroke
 Miscarriage
 Premature childbirth
 Preeclampsia
 Restriction of intrauterine growth

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 Low birth weight When the infant has a lower birth weight than normal it
could lead to different complications like difficulty in
sucking and swelling - Some low birthweight newborns
have trouble sucking and swallowing, which might worsen
your baby's health. Our therapists provide feeding therapy
to you and your baby to ensure that he or she receives
enough nutrition to grow.
low oxygen at birth - If your kid was born with low oxygen
levels, he or she might develop significant illnesses such as
cerebral palsy, autism, seizures, and behavioral issues. Our
therapists work with children who have these and other
comparable disorders. Our work supports your kid to
16.8%
operate at his or her best and to acquire skills for a self-
sufficient existence.
gastrointestinal issues Your infant may be unable to digest
the milk he or she is getting. If your infant has necrotizing
enterocolitis and still has digestive problems, we will work
with your health care team to help your baby with feeding
therapy.
even development delays - If your infant is experiencing
physical or neurological developmental delays, our skilled
therapists will use speech and/or occupational therapy
procedures to help your kid achieves his or her full potential
in all areas.
Accidents Accidents happen and It is common to infants and one of
the top complications that causes death to infants is
accidentally suffocating the infant by overlying the infant or
5.9% pushing the infant into dangerous location and it is due to
bedsharing or sharing of sleep surfaces, given that infants
have a very sensitive body it is most likely to cause
accidental miscarriage or care for babies.
Diseases of the The oxygen the infant breathe is blended with the blood in
Circulatory system the lungs, and the heart then circulates this blood
throughout the body. Each pulse is caused by the heart
contracting as it pumps blood around the body. The heart is
divided into four chambers: the left atrium, the right
2%
atrium, the right ventricle, and the left ventricle. They are
all divided by one-way valves, which allow blood to flow
exclusively in one direction. The veins transport blood to
the heart while the arteries transport blood back to the rest
of the body.

References:
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