Mech 314 - Finals - Module 2

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 11: Trusses; Frames and Machines; Internal Forces
LEARNING Module
11: Trusses;
Frames and
Machines; Internal
Forces
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
Prepared by:
ENGR. AUGUSTINE E. BUENAVENTURA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page Time allotment
SIMPLE TRUSSES 5 10 mins
METHOD OF JOINT 7 30 mins
LEARNING ACTIVITY #1 15 40 mins
METHOD OF SECTIONS 16 15 mins
FRAMES AND MACHINES. 23 20 mins
TECHNICAL REPORT 11 30 60 mins
Formative Assessment: 120 mins
Residential quiz on the topics of Trusses; Frames and n/a
Machines
Video Links
Title Video Link
Structural Analysis https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5-
(comprehensive lecture) rj23AEMNh3cnllXWPtCb9Bgav6fBhe
Introduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PftThd8ev0o
Method of Joints https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVCIQfFzguk
Method of Sections https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6P8jBcT8ks
Zero force members https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dE6oBRNDOkU
Tips in solving Structural https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0eXgTXZ554
analysis
Frames and machines https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtdGj-Jq3Yk
introduction
Frames problem https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIuRRV-NzKA
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TABLE OF REFERENCES
References No.
Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey: Pearson
1
Prentice Hall
Beer, Johnson, Maruzel, & Cornwell. (2010). Vector Mechanics for
2
Engineers: Statics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
List of Figures
Figures Reference
1,2,4 – 12 Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey:
15,16 Pearson Prentice Hall
3,13,14,17,18 Beer, Johnson, Maruzel, & Cornwell. (2010). Vector Mechanics for
List of Examples
Example Reference
1 – 3 , 6,7 Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey:
Pearson Prentice Hall
4,5,8 Beer, Johnson, Maruzel, & Cornwell. (2010). Vector Mechanics for
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This module discusses the difference between truss, frames, and machines in terms
of force application, solving structural analysis thru the method of joint and method of
sections
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]
CLO 9. Analyze the stresses of trusses,

beams and frames Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]
CLO 11. Accomplish tasks analysis of
problem at data. Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
CLO 12. Produce a systematic and MLO 1. Compute reactions and internal
accurate solution for every problem so forces in two-dimensional trusses
that it can be solve in a limited amount MLO 2. Compute reactions and internal TLO 3. Distinguishing differences
of time. forces in frames and machines between trusses, frames and machines
through the presence/absence of
CLO 13. Demonstrate critical analysis in
multisource members.
the solution of a problem and
application to engineering. TLO 4. Examine the forces in the
members of a truss using the method of
joints and method of sections
TLO 5. Analyze the forces acting on the
members of frames and machines
composed of pin-connected members
HONESTY CLAUSE
As individuals of the academic community, students are expected to understand and

uphold requirements of intellectual and educational integrity. The college assumes
as a simple and minimal standard of conduct in academic matters, that students be
truthful and that they submit credit of their personal efforts.
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒
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TRUSSES
The truss is one of the most significant types of structural structures. It provides both
a realistic and an economical solution for many engineering situations, especially in
bridge and building design. A truss is a structure consisting of slender members at
their endpoints linked together. The members widely used in building are wooden
struts or metal bars.
Assumptions for Design.

In order to design the members and the connections of a truss, it is first important to
determine the force produced in each member when the truss is subjected to a
particular loading.
 All loadings shall be applied to joints.
o This statement is valid in most cases, such as for bridge and roof
trusses. The weight of the members is frequently ignored since the
force that each member serves is generally much greater than its
weight. If the weight is to be used in the study, however, it is generally
reasonable to use it as a vertical power, with half of its magnitude
added at each end of the member.
 The members are connected by smooth pins.
o Typically the joint connections are created by bolting or welding the
ends of the members to a common plate called a gusset plate, as
shown in Fig 1a, or simply by passing a large bolt or pin through each
of the members, Fig 1b. We may presume that these links serve as
pins provided the joining members' center lines are concurrent.
Figure 1
Because of these two assumptions, each truss member will

act as a member of two forces, and therefore the force
acting at either end of the member will be directed along the
member's axis. If the force tends to lengthen the member,
then it is a tensile force (T), Fig 2a; while if the force tends
to shorten the member, it is a compressive force (C), Fig
2b. It is necessary to state in the actual design of a truss
whether the force is tensile or compressive in nature. Often
members of compression must be made thicker than
members of tension due to the buckling or column effect that
happens while a member is in compression.
Figure 2
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Figure 3 Types of Trusses
Simple Truss.
If at its ends three members are pin-connected, they form a rigid triangular truss. The
truss that is supposed to be rigid means the truss isn't going to collapse. Attaching
two additional members and linking them to a new joint D creates a wider truss. This
process can be replicated as many times as needed in order to shape a truss even
bigger. If a truss can be designed by so extending the basic triangular truss, it is
called a simple truss.
Figure 4
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THE METHOD OF JOINTS

In order to evaluate or construct a truss, the force in each of its members needs to
be calculated. One way to do this is to use the method of joints. This method is
based on the idea that if the whole truss is in equilibrium then each of its joints is
also in equilibrium. Thus, if the free-body diagram of each joint is drawn, then the
equations of force equilibrium can be used to obtain the forces of the member acting
on each joint. Since the members of a plane truss are straight members of two
forces lying in a single plane, each joint is subjected to a coplanar and concurrent
force system.
As a result, only 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 and 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 need to be satisfied for equilibrium.
Consider, for example, the truss pin at Joint B in Fig

5a. There are three forces acting on the pin, namely
the 500-N force and the forces by members BA and
BC.
The free-body diagram of the pin is shown in Fig. 5b.

Here, 𝑭𝐵𝐴 is “pulling” on the pin, which means that
member BA is in tension; whereas 𝑭𝐵𝐶 is “pushing” on
the pin, and consequently member BC is in
compression. These effects are illustrated clearly by
isolating the joint with small member segments
attached to the pin, Fig 5c. The push or pull on these
small segments indicates whether the member is in
compression or tension.
When using the joint method, always start with a joint Figure 5
that has at least one known force and at most two
unknown forces. That is the application of 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 and 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0 provides two
algebraic equations which the two unknowns can solve. The correct meaning of an
unknown member force can be calculated by applying these equations using one of
two possible methods.
 The correct path of an unknown member force can be determined by

inspection in many cases.
For example, 𝑭𝐵𝐶 in Fig. b must push on the pin

(compression) since its horizontal component,
𝐹𝐵𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45°, must balance the 500-N force
(𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0). Likewise, 𝑭𝐵𝐴 is a tensile force since
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it balances the vertical component, 𝐹𝐵𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45° (𝐸𝐹𝑦 = 0).
In more complicated cases, the sense of an unknown member force can be

assumed; then, the assumed sense can be checked from the numerical
results after applying the equilibrium equations. A positive response indicates
that the interpretation is right, while a negative response indicates that the
interpretation shown on the free-body diagram must be reversed.
 Always assume that the unknown member forces acting on the free-body
diagram of the joint are in tension; that is, the forces "pull" on the pin. If this is
achieved, the numerical solution of the equilibrium equations will yield positive
scalars for tension members and negative scalars for compressed members.
Upon finding an unknown member force, use the correct magnitude and
meaning (T or C) on subsequent free-body diagrams.
Procedure for Analysis

The procedure below provides a way for evaluating a truss using the method of
joints.
 Draw a free-body diagram of a joint that has at least one known force and two
unknown forces at most. (If this joint is on one of the supports, then it might be
necessary to determine the external support reactions first.)
 Use one of the two methods above to evaluate the sense of an unknown
force.
 Place the x and y axes in such a way that the forces on the free-body diagram
can be quickly resolved into their x and y components and then apply the two
equations of force equilibrium 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0 and 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0. Solve for the two
unknown member forces and check their proper sense.
 Continue analyzing each of the other joints using the calculated results. Note
that a member "pushes" on the joint in compression, and a member "pulls" on
the joint in tension. Be sure to pick a joint with a maximum of two unknowns
and at least one known force.
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EXAMPLE 1
Determine the force in each member of the truss shown in
Fig. 6a and indicate whether the members are in tension or
compression.
SOLUTION
Since we should have no more than two unknown forces at
the joint and at least one known force acting there, we will
begin our analysis at joint B.
Joint B.
The free-body diagram of the joint at B is shown in Fig.6b. Applying
the equations of equilibrium, we have
Since the force in member BC has been calculated, we can

proceed to analyze joint C to determine the force in member CA and the support
reaction at the rocker.
Joint C.
From the free-

body diagram of joint C, Fig. 6c, we have
Joint A.
Although it is not necessary, we can determine the
components of the support reactions at joint A using the
results of FCA and FBA. From the free-body diagram, Fig.
6d, we have
The results of the analysis are summarized in Fig. 6e. Note

that the free-body diagram of each joint (or pin) shows the
effects of all the connected members and external forces
applied to the joint, whereas the free-body diagram of each
member shows only the effects of the end joints on the
member.
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Figure 6
EXAMPLE 2
Determine the force in each member of the truss

shown in Fig. 7a. Indicate whether the members
are in tension or compression.
SOLUTION
Figure 7a
Support Reactions. No joint can be analyzed until
the support reactions are determined, because each
joint has at least three unknown forces acting on it. A
free-body diagram of the entire truss is given in Fig. 7b.
Applying the equations of equilibrium, we have
Figure 7b
The analysis can now start at either joint A or C. The choice is arbitrary since there
are one known and two unknown member forces acting on the pin at each of these
joints.
Joint A.
As shown on the free-body diagram, FAB is assumed to be
compressive and FAD is tensile. Applying the equations of
equilibrium, we have
Figure 7c
Joint D.
Using the result for FAD and summing forces in the horizontal
direction, Fig. d, we have
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The negative sign indicates that FDB acts in the opposite sense to that shown in Fig.
d.* Hence,
Figure 7d
To determine FDC, we can either correct the sense of FDB on the
free-body diagram, and then apply 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0, or apply this
equation and retain the negative sign for FDB, i.e.,
Joint C.
(Fig. e)
The analysis is summarized in Fig. 7f, which shows the free- Figure 7
body diagram for each joint and member.
Figure 7
ZERO-FORCE MEMBERS
Truss analysis using the joints approach is greatly simplified if we can first classify
those members that don't support loading. These zero-force members are used
during construction to improve truss stability and to provide additional support if the
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loading changes. In general, the zero force members of a truss can be identified by
examining each of the joints.
Take the truss shown in Fig 8a for example. If at joint A, Fig 8b, a free-body pin
diagram is drawn, then it is shown that members AB and AF are members of zero
force. (We could not have come to this conclusion if we had found the free-body
diagrams of joints F or B simply because at each of these joints there are five
unknowns)
Figure 8a Figure 8b
Consider similarly the joint D free-body diagram, Fig

8c. Here again DC and DE are part of zero-force.
Figure 8c
We may conclude from these observations that if only

two non-collinear members form a truss joint and no external load or support
reaction is applied to the joint, the two members must be members of zero force.
Thus, only five members support the load on the

truss in Fig 8a as seen in Fig 8d.
Figure 8d
Now consider the truss depicted in Fig 9a. Figure 9b displays the free-body diagram
of the pin at joint D.
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Figure 9a Figure 9b
By orienting the y axis along DC and DE

members, and the x axis along member DA, it is
shown that DA is a member of zero force.
Notice that this also applies to member CA, Fig
9c.
Figure 9c
In general, then, If three members form a truss joint for which two of the members
are collinear, the third member shall be a zero-strength member provided that no
external force or support reaction has a part acting alongside that member.
The truss shown in Fig. 9d is therefore suitable for supporting the load P.
Figure 9d
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EXAMPLE 3
Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-
force members of the Fink roof truss shown.
Assume all joints are pin connected.
SOLUTION
Look for joint geometries that have three
members for which two are collinear. We have Figure 10a
Figure 10b
Figure 10b
Realize that we could not conclude that GC is a zero-force member by considering

joint C, where there are five unknowns. The fact that GC is a zero-force member
means that the 5-kN load at C must be supported by members CB, CH, CF, and CD.
Figure 10c
Figure 10c
Figure 10d
Figure 10d
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LEARNING ACTIVITY #1
Solve the following problem systematically and box the final answer with its
appropriate units. Write the question and the complete solution on the prescribed
format. Submit your scanned work on the provided link on Google Classroom.
1. Determine the force in each member of the truss. State if the members are in
tension or compression.
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THE METHOD OF SECTIONS
If we need to find the strength of only a few truss members we can examine the truss
using the method of section. It is based on the theory that if the truss is in
equilibrium then any section of the truss is also in equilibrium.
Consider for example the two truss members

shown on the left, Fig 11. If the forces within the
members are to be calculated then an imaginary
section, shown by the blue line, can be used to
split each member into two sections and thus
"expose" each internal force as "external" to the
free-body diagrams shown on the right. Clearly, it
can be seen that equilibrium needs a "pull" of the
member in tension (T), whereas a "push" of the
member in compression (C).
Figure 11
The method of section approach may also be used
for "cutting" or sectioning the members of a whole
truss. If the section passes through the truss and the free-body diagram of one of its
two sections is drawn, the equations of equilibrium can then be applied to that part to
decide the member forces in the "cut section".”
Since only three independent equilibrium equations(𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝛴𝑀𝑂 = 0)

can be applied to any segment's free-body diagram, then we should try to pick a
section that, in general, passes through not more than three members in which the
forces are unknown.
When applying the equations of equilibrium, we can consider carefully ways of

writing the equations so as to have a straightforward solution for each of the
unknowns, rather than having to solve simultaneous equations.
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For example, using the truss segment in Fig.12 and summing moments about C
would yield a direct solution for FGF since FBC and FGC create zero moment about C.
Figure 12
Also, FBC can be obtained directly by summing up moments about G. Finally, FGC can
be identified in the vertical direction directly from a force summation, since FGF and
FBC have no vertical components.
This ability to directly assess the force of a given truss member is one of the key
benefits of using the method of section.
As in the method joints, there are two ways we can decide the correct sense of an
unknown member force:
 The correct sense of an unknown member force can in many cases be

determined “by inspection.”
For example, FBC is a tensile force as
represented in Fig. 12b since moment
equilibrium about G requires that FBC create
a moment opposite to that of the 1000-N
force. Also, FGC is tensile since its vertical
component must balance the 1000-N force
which acts downward. In more complicated
cases, one can assume the sense of an
unknown member force. If the solution yields Figure 12b
a negative scalar, it shows that the sense of
force is opposite to that shown on the free-body diagram.
 Always assume that tensile forces are the unknown member forces at the cut
portion, i.e. "pulling" the member on. In doing so, the numerical solution of the
equilibrium equations would yield positive scalars for tension members and
negative scalars for compressed members.
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
Free-Body Diagram.
 Make a decision about "cutting" or sectioning the truss through the members
where the forces are to be determined.
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 It may be important, first, to evaluate the support reactions of the truss before
isolating the appropriate section. If this is achieved then the three equilibrium
equations for the member forces in the section will be available.
 Draw the free-body diagram of the sectioned truss segment that has the least
number of forces acting on it.
 Using one of the above two approaches to assess the sense of the unknown
member forces.
Equations of Equilibrium.
 Moments should be summarized around a point that lies at the intersection of

two unknown forces' lines of action, so that the third unknown force can be
calculated directly from the moment equation.
 If two of the unknown forces are parallel, the forces can be summed
perpendicular to those unknowns in order to directly evaluate the third
unknown force.
EXAMPLE 4
Determine the force in members EF
and GI of the truss shown.
SOLUTION
Free-Body: Entire Truss. Figure 13
free-body diagram of the entire truss is

drawn; external forces acting on this free body consist of the applied loads and the
reactions at B and J. We write the following equilibrium equations.
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Force in Member EF.

Section nn is passed through the truss so that it
intersects member EF and only two additional
members. After the intersected members have been
removed, the left-hand portion of the truss is chosen
as a free body. Three unknowns are involved; to
eliminate the two horizontal forces, we write
The sense of FEF was chosen assuming member EF

to be in tension; the negative sign obtained indicates
that the member is in compression.
𝐹𝐸𝐹 = 5 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (𝐶)
Force in Member GI.

Section mm is passed through the truss so that it
intersects member GI and only two additional
members. After the intersected members have been
removed, we choose the right-hand portion of the
truss as a free body. Three unknown forces are
again involved; to eliminate the two forces passing
through point H, we write
𝐹𝐺𝐼 = 10.4 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (𝐶)
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EXAMPLE 5
Determine the force in members FH, GH, and GI of the roof truss shown.
SOLUTION Figure 14
Free Body: Entire Truss. From the free-

body diagram of the entire truss, we find the
reactions at A and L:
Force in Member GI. Section nn is passed through the truss as shown. Using the
portion HLI of the truss as a free body, the value of FGI is obtained by writing
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Force in Member FH. The value of FFH is obtained from the equation Σ𝑀𝐺 = 0. We
move FFH along its line of action until it acts at point F, where it is resolved into its x
and y components. The moment of FFH with respect to point G is now equal to
(𝐹𝐹𝐻 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎)(8 m).
Force in Member GH. We first note that
The value of FGH is then determined by resolving the force FGH into x and y
components at point G and solving the equation 𝛴𝑀𝐿 = 0.
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1. Determine the force in members BC, CF, and FE. State if the members are in
2. Determine the force in members LK, KC, and CD of the Pratt truss. State if
the members are in tension or compression.
3. Determine the force in members EF, CF, and BC of the truss. State if the
members are in tension or compression.
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FRAMES AND MACHINES

Frames that are often built to carry loads, and are typically fixed, entirely restricted
structures as well. However, frames often involve at least one multi-force member,
i.e. a member applied by three or more forces that are not usually directed along the
member.
Machines designed for transmitting and manipulating forces, and structures

containing moving parts. Machines, like frames, often contain at least one member of
multiple forces.
The forces acting at the joints and supports can be calculated by applying equations
of equilibrium to each of its members, provided a frame or machine requires no more
supports or members than are required to prevent its collapse. If these forces are
obtained, the size of the members, connections and supports can then be designed
using the theory of material mechanics and a suitable code of engineering design.
Free-Body Diagrams.
The structure must be disassembled and the free-body diagrams of its parts drawn
to establish the forces acting at the joints and supports of a frame or machine. Take
note of the following relevant points:
 Isolate each part by drawing its sketched-out shape. Then show all of the
powers and/or couple moments acting on the part. Ensure that each known
and unknown force and couple moment is labeled or marked in reference to
an established system of x , y coordinates. Indicate some dimensions used to
take moments, as well. Most often the equations of equilibrium are simpler to
implement if their rectangular components represent forces. As normal, one
can assume the sense of an unknown force or a couple moments.
 Identify all the two-force members in the structure, and depict their free-body
diagrams as having two equal but opposite colinear forces acting at their
application points. By knowing the members of two forces, we can avoid
solving an unnecessary number of equilibrium equations.
 The common forces of any two contacting members act on the respective
members with similar magnitudes but with opposite sense. If the two
members are viewed as a "system" of connected members, then these forces
are "internal" and are not shown on the system's free-body diagram; however,
if each member's free-body diagram is drawn, the forces are "external" and
must be shown on each of the two free-body diagrams as being equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.
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EXAMPLE 6
For the frame shown in Fig. 15a draw the free-body diagrams of (a) the entire frame
including the pulleys and cords, (b) the frame without the pulleys and cords, and (c)
each of the pulleys.
Figure 15a
Part (a). When the entire frame including the pulleys and cords is considered, the
interactions at the points where the pulleys and cords are connected to the frame
become pairs of internal forces which cancel each other and therefore are not shown
on the free-body diagram
Figure 15b
Part (b). When the cords and pulleys are

removed, their effect on the frame must be
shown, Fig. 15c.
Figure 15c
Part (c). The force components Bx, By, Cx, Cy

of the pins on the pulleys, Fig. 15d, are equal
but opposite to the force components exerted
by the pins on the frame, Fig. 15c.
Figure 15d
EXAMPLE 7
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Draw the free-body diagrams of the members of the
backhoe, shown in the photo, Fig. 16a. The bucket and its
contents have a weight W.
Figure 16a
SOLUTION
By inspection, members AB, BC, BE, and HI are all two-force members since they
are pin connected at their end points and no other forces act on them.
The free-body diagrams of the bucket and the

stick are shown in the figure below.
Figure 16b
Note that pin C is subjected to only two forces,

whereas the pin at B is subjected to three forces
Figure 16c
The free-body diagram of the entire assembly is shown in

Fig.15d.
Figure 16d
PROCEDURE OF ANALYSIS
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The joint reactions on frames or machines (structures) consisting of representatives
of multiple forces can be calculated using the following procedure.
Free-Body Diagram.
 Draw the complete frame or machine's free-body diagram, a part of it or either
of its members. The decision should be made so that the problem is solved the
most directly.
 Identify the two-force members. Note that whatever their shape, they have the
same yet opposite colinear forces at their ends.
 If the free-body diagram is taken from a group of members of a frame or
machine, the forces between the connected parts of this group are internal
forces and are not seen in the group's free-body diagram.
 Forces common to two members who are in contact act on the members'
respective free-body diagrams with equal magnitude but with opposite sense.
 In certain cases, it is possible to say the proper sense of the unknown forces
acting on a member by inspection; however, if this seems complicated, the
sense can be presumed.
 Note that once the free-body diagram has been drawn a couple of moments is
a free vector and can act on the diagram at any time. A force is also a sliding
wave, and can move anywhere in its course of action.
Equations of Equilibrium.
 Count the number of unknowns and compare them to the total number of
equations required for the equilibrium. There are three equilibrium equations in
two dimensions, which can be written for each member.
 Sum moments about a point that lies at the intersection of the lines of action of
as many of the unknown forces as possible.
 If the solution of a force or magnitude of a couple of moments is found to be
negative, this means that the sense of force is the opposite of that seen in the
free-body diagram.
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EXAMPLE 8
In the frame shown, members ACE and BCD are
connected by a pin at C and by the link DE. For the
loading shown, determine the force in link DE and
the components of the force exerted at C on
member BCD.
SOLUTION
Figure 17
Free Body: Entire Frame. Since the external

reactions involve only three unknowns, we compute
the reactions by considering the free-body diagram
of the entire frame.
Members. We now dismember the frame. Since only two members are connected at
C, the components of the unknown forces acting on ACE and BCD are, respectively,
equal and opposite and are assumed directed as shown. We assume that link DE is
in tension and exerts equal and opposite forces at D and E, directed as shown.
Free Body: Member BCD. Using the free body BCD,

we write
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EXAMPLE 9
Determine the components of the forces acting on each
member of the frame shown.
SOLUTION
Free Body: Entire Frame. Since the external reactions

involve only three unknowns, we compute the reactions by
considering the free-body diagram of the entire frame.
Figure 18
Mem
bers.
The
frame is now dismembered; since only two members are connected
at each joint, equal and opposite component are shown on each
member at each joint.
Free Body: Member BCD
Free Body: Member ABE
Free Body: Member BCD. Returning now to member BCD,

we write
28 | P a g e
1. The two planks in Fig. 6–30a are connected together by cable BC and a
smooth spacer DE. Determine the reactions at the smooth supports A and F,
and also find the force developed in the cable and spacer.
2. The 75-kg man in Fig. 6–31a attempts to lift the 40-kg uniform beam off the
roller support at B. Determine the tension developed in the cable attached to
B and the normal reaction of the man on the beam when this is about to
occur.
3. The frame in Fig. 6–33a supports the 50-kg cylinder. Determine the horizontal
and vertical components of reaction at A and the force at C.
29 | P a g e
TECHNICAL REPORT 11: Trusses; Frames and Machines
1. Determine the force in each member of the Howe roof truss shown. State
whether each member is in tension or compression.
2. Determine the force in members CD and DF of the truss shown.
3. A Warren bridge truss is loaded as shown. Determine the force in members

CE, DE, and DF.
30 | P a g e
4. For the frame and loading shown, determine the components of all forces
acting on member ABC.
31 | P a g e

Mech 314 - Finals - Module 2

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Mech 314 - Finals - Module 2

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

CLO 9. Analyze the stresses of trusses,

As individuals of the academic community, students are expected to understand and

Assumptions for Design.

Because of these two assumptions, each truss member will

Figure 3 Types of Trusses

THE METHOD OF JOINTS

Consider, for example, the truss pin at Joint B in Fig

The free-body diagram of the pin is shown in Fig. 5b.

 The correct path of an unknown member force can be determined by

For example, 𝑭𝐵𝐶 in Fig. b must push on the pin

In more complicated cases, the sense of an unknown member force can be

Procedure for Analysis

Since the force in member BC has been calculated, we can

From the free-

The results of the analysis are summarized in Fig. 6e. Note

Determine the force in each member of the truss

Consider similarly the joint D free-body diagram, Fig

We may conclude from these observations that if only

Thus, only five members support the load on the

By orienting the y axis along DC and DE

Realize that we could not conclude that GC is a zero-force member by considering

THE METHOD OF SECTIONS

Consider for example the two truss members

Since only three independent equilibrium equations(𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0, 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0, 𝛴𝑀𝑂 = 0)

When applying the equations of equilibrium, we can consider carefully ways of

 The correct sense of an unknown member force can in many cases be

 Moments should be summarized around a point that lies at the intersection of

Free-Body: Entire Truss. Figure 13

free-body diagram of the entire truss is

Force in Member EF.

The sense of FEF was chosen assuming member EF

Force in Member GI.

𝐹𝐺𝐼 = 10.4 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (𝐶)

Free Body: Entire Truss. From the free-

Force in Member GH. We first note that

FRAMES AND MACHINES

Machines designed for transmitting and manipulating forces, and structures

Part (b). When the cords and pulleys are

Part (c). The force components Bx, By, Cx, Cy

The free-body diagrams of the bucket and the

Note that pin C is subjected to only two forces,

The free-body diagram of the entire assembly is shown in

Free Body: Entire Frame. Since the external

Free Body: Member BCD. Using the free body BCD,

Free Body: Entire Frame. Since the external reactions

Free Body: Member BCD

Free Body: Member ABE

Free Body: Member BCD. Returning now to member BCD,

2. Determine the force in members CD and DF of the truss shown.

3. A Warren bridge truss is loaded as shown. Determine the force in members

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