Mech 314 - Prelim - Module 4

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Learning Module 04: Moment of a Force
LEARNING
MODULE 4:
Moment of a Force
STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
Prepared by:
ENGR. AUGUSTINE E. BUENAVENTURA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Time
Title Page
Allotment
MOMENT OF A FORCE – (SCALAR FORMULATION) 5 14 mins
MOMENT OF A FORCE – (VECTOR FORMULATION) 10 14 mins
PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS (VARIGNOM’S THEOREM) 14 10 mins
LEARNING ACTIVITY #1 17 45 mins
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT SPECIFIED AXIS 18 20 mins
LEARNING ACTIVITY #2 22 45 mins
TECHNICAL REPORT 4 24 45 mins
Video Links
Title Video Link
Moment of a Force in 2D https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIu8CuYPCck&list=PLGu
eTK9Crnm8waePZO5Jg-__5PZTPYMkG
2D Moment Example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clWdpRQxDQo&list=PLG
ueTK9Crnm8waePZO5Jg-__5PZTPYMkG&index=2
3D moment and the Cross https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmfXVCqX5qc&list=PLG
Product ueTK9Crnm8waePZO5Jg-__5PZTPYMkG&index=3
3D moment Example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbKxkc4n_K4&list=PLGu
eTK9Crnm8waePZO5Jg-__5PZTPYMkG&index=5
Moment of a Force about https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K51k67lsWyU&list=PLGu
a Specified Axis eTK9Crnm9BzDv61FA965mUytRrgU7X
Example: Moment about https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7zyyftUnq8&list=PLGue
an Specified Axis TK9Crnm9BzDv61FA965mUytRrgU7X&index=2
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TABLE OF REFERENCES
References No.
Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey: Pearson
1
Prentice Hall
Beer, Johnson, Maruzel, & Cornwell. (2010). Vector Mechanics for
2
Engineers: Statics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
List of Figures
Figures Reference
1 - 23 Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey:
Pearson Prentice Hall
List of Examples
Example Reference
1-9 Hibbler. (2016). Engineering Mechanics, Statics. New Jersey:
Pearson Prentice Hall
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This module tackles the concept of moment of a force about a point, solving moment
of a force about a point thru scalar and vector formulation, calculation of
nonconcurrent force systems thru Varignom’s theorem and moment of a force about
specified axis.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]
CLO 4. Determine forces of 2D and 3D Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

structures;
CLO 11. Accomplish tasks analysis of Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
problem at data. MLO 1. Show how to find the moment
of force thru scalar and vector TLO 1. Apply understanding on
CLO 12. Produce a systematic and formulation. introduction to the basic quantities,
accurate solution for every problem so idealizations of mechanics and the
MLO 2. Applying the varignom’s
that it can be solve in a limited amount systems of units (SI and English) by
of time. theorem when finding the moment in numerical calculation and dimensional
2D. analysis
CLO 13. Demonstrate critical analysis
in the solution of a problem and MLO 3. Applying a method for finding TLO 4. Introduce the concept of the
application to engineering. the moment of a force about a specified free-body diagram for a particle and to
axis (3D). show how to solve particle equilibrium
problems using the equations of
equilibrium
TLO 7. Demonstrate comprehension on
the concept of moment of a force in 2D
and 3D by solving moment problems.
HONESTY CLAUSE
As individuals of the academic community, students are expected to understand and

uphold requirements of intellectual and educational integrity. The college assumes
as a simple and minimal standard of conduct in academic matters, that students be
truthful and that they submit credit of their personal efforts.
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒
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MOMENT OF A FORCE — SCALAR FORMULATION
As a force is applied to a body it can cause a tendency for the body to rotate around
a point that is not on the force's line of action. Often this tendency to rotate is called a
torque, but most often it's called the moment of a force or simply the moment.
Imagine, for example, a wrench used to turn the bolt off in Fig 1a.
Figure 1a
When a force is applied to the wrench handle it tends to turn the bolt around point O
(or the z axis). The moment magnitude is directly proportional to F magnitude and
the perpendicular distance or moment arm d. The greater the force, or the longer the
arm of the moment, the greater the moment or the impact of a turn.
Note that if the force F is applied at an 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ≠ 90, as shown in the figure, Fig 1b
then turning the bolt would be more difficult as the moment arm 𝑑′ = 𝑑 sin 𝜃 will be
less than d. When F is inserted along the
wrench,
Figure 1b
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We can generalize the discussion above and consider the force F and point O that
lies in the shaded plane as shown in Fig. 2. The moment MO about point O, or an
axis that passes through O and perpendicular to the plane, is a quantity of vectors as
it has a defined magnitude and direction.
Figure 2a
Magnitude
The magnitude of MO is
Where d is the moment arm or perpendicular distance between the axis at point O
and the force line of action. Units of moment magnitude consist of distance from
force times, e.g., 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡.
Direction.
The direction of MO is determined by its axis of moment, which is perpendicular to

the plane containing force F and its arm moment d. The rule on the right is used to
create MO's sense of direction. According to this law, the normal curl of the right
hand fingers, as they are drawn towards the palm,
reflects the rotation or, if no motion is possible,
there is a propensity for rotation induced by the
moment.
Note that a curl around an arrow represents the
moment vector in three-dimensional terms. This
vector is defined in two dimensions only by the curl
as shown in Fig 2b.
Since the moment in this case appears to cause a
counter-clockwise rotation, the moment vector is Figure 2b
actually directed outside the page.
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Resultant Moment.
The resulting moment (MR)O around point O (the z axis) can be calculated by finding
the algebraic sum of the moments induced by all the forces in the system for two-
dimensional problems, where all the forces are inside the x – y plane.
We would generally consider positive moments as counterclockwise as a
convention because they are directed along the positive z axis (out of page).
Moments in the clockwise direction will be negative. Doing so, a plus or minus sign
may represent the directional sense of each moment. Therefore, using this sign
convention and a symbolic curl to describe the positive direction, the resulting
moment in the figure below is
Figure 3
If a positive scalar is the numerical consequence of this number, (MR)O will be a

counterclockwise moment (out of the page); and if the result is negative, (MR)O will
be a clockwise moment (into the page).
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Example 1
For each case illustrated in, determine the moment of the force about point O.
Figure 4
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EXAMPLE 2.
Figure 5
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Figure 6
MOMENT OF A FORCE—VECTOR FORMULATION
The moment of force F around point O, or indeed

the moment axis passing through O and
perpendicular to the plane containing O and F,
Figure 7a, can be expressed using the vector cross
product, that is,
𝑀𝑂 = 𝒓 × 𝑭
Here r represents a position vector that is directed
from O to any point on F's action line. We can now
demonstrate that the moment MO actually has the
right magnitude and direction as calculated by this
cross-product.
Magnitude .
Cross-product magnitude is defined from MO =
𝒓𝑭 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, where the angle u is determined in between
the r and F tails. To establish this angle, r must be
viewed as a sliding vector, so that u can be properly
constructed, Figure 7b. Since the moment arm
𝑑 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, then
Direction.
The path and sense of MO in is determined by the
law of the right, as it relates to the cross-product.
Thus, sliding r to the dashed position and curling the
right fingers from r to F, "r cross F," the thumb is
directed upwards or perpendicular to the plane
containing r and F, in the same direction as MO, the
moment of force at point O, Figure 7b.
Note that, like the curl around the moment vector, Figure 7
the "curl" of the fingers shows the sense of rotation
induced by force. Since the cross product does not comply with the commutative
law, the order of r * F must be preserved in order to give MO the correct sense of
direction.
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Principle of Transmissibility.
We can use any position vector r calculated
between point O and any point on the force line F,
Fig 8,
Since F can be extended along its line of action at

any point and still establish this same moment
about point O, F can then be called a sliding vector.
This property is termed a force's transmissibility
principle.
Figure 8
Cartesian Vector Formulation.

If we set x, y, z coordinate axes, then vector
position r and force F can be represented as
cartesian vectors, Fig 9.
Figure 9
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Resultant Moment of a System of

Forces.
If a body is acting on by a force method, Fig 10,
the resulting moment of the forces over point O
can be calculated by adding the moment of each
force to the vector. This can be symbolically
written as
EXA
MPLE 3
Figure 10
Determine the moment produced by the force F in
Fig. 11a about point O. Express the result as a
Cartesian vector.
Figure 11
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EXAMPLE 4
Two forces act on the rod shown in Fig. 12a. Determine the resultant moment they
create about the flange at O. Express the result as a Cartesian Vector.
Figure 13
Figure 13
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PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
(VARIGNOM’S THEOREM)
A term often used in mechanics is the theory of moments, often referred to as the
theorem of Varignon because it was originally developed by the French
mathematician Pierre Varignon (1654–1722).
It states that the moment of force over a point is equal to the sum of the moments of
the force components over the point. This theorem can be easily proved with the
vector cross product as the cross product obeys distributive law.
𝑴𝑂 = 𝒓 × 𝑭 = 𝒓 = (𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐) = 𝒓 × 𝑭𝟏 + 𝒓 × 𝑭𝟐
For two-dimensional problems, Fig 13, we can use the theory of moments by solving
the force into its rectangular components and then use a scalar analysis to calculate
the time.Thus,
𝑀𝑂 = 𝐹𝑋 𝑦 − 𝐹𝑌 𝑥
Figure 14
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EXAMPLE 5
Determine the moment of the force in Fig 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
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EXAMPLE 6
Force 𝑭 acts at the end of the angle bracket in Fig. 17a. Determine the moment of
the force about point 𝑂.
Figure 17
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LEARNING ACTIVITY # 1
Solve the following problem systematically and box the final answer with its
appropriate units. Write the question and the complete solution on the prescribed
format. Submit your scanned work on the provided link on Google Classroom.
1. Determine the moment of the force about point O
2. Determine the moment of the force about point O. Neglect the thickness of the
member.
3. Determine the moment of force F about point O. Express the result as a

Cartesian vector.
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MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A

SPECIFIED AXIS
Scalar Analysis.
In the case of lug nut in Fig 18, to use a
scalar analysis, the moment arm, or
perpendicular distance from the axis to the
force action line, is dy = d cos u. So the
moment of F is My = F dy = F(d cos u)
along the y axis. According to the rule of the
right hand My is directed along the positive
y axis as shown in the figure. In general, for
any axis a, the moment is
Figure 18: Moment about a Specified axis (Scalar)
Vector Analysis.
In order to find the moment of force F on the y axis in
Fig 19 using a vector analysis, we must first evaluate
the moment of force of any point O on the y axis by
applying MO = r*F.The component My along the y axis is
the projection of MO onto the y axis. It can be found
using the dot product, so that 𝑀𝑦 = 𝒋 ∙ 𝑴𝑂 = 𝒋 ∙
(𝒓 ∗ 𝑭), where j is the unit vector for the y axis.
This approach can be generalized by letting ua be the Figure 19:Moment about a Specified axis (Vector)
unit vector which specifies the direction of the axis
shown in Fig 20. Then F's moment of point O on the
axis is MO = r * F, and this moment's projection onto
the axis is 𝑀𝑎 = 𝑢𝑎 (𝑟 × 𝐹). This combination is
called triple scalar product.
Figure 20
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If the vectors are written in Cartesian form, we have
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EXAMPLE 7
Determine the moment 𝑀𝐴𝐵 produced by the force 𝐹 in Fig. 21, which tends to rotate
the rod about the 𝐴𝐵 axis.
Figure 21
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EXAMPLE 8
Determine the magnitude of the moment of force 𝐹 about segment 𝑂𝐴 of the pipe
Figure 22
assembly in Fig. 22.
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EXAMPLE 9
Determine the resultant moment of the three forces in Fig. 23 about the x-axis, the y-
axis and the z-axis.
Figure 23
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LEARNING ACTIVITY #2
1. If the two forces F1 = {100i - 120j + 75k} lb and F2 = { -200i + 250j + 100k} lb
act at A, determine the resultant moment produced by these forces about
point O. Express the result as a Cartesian vector.
2. Determine the magnitude of the moment of the 200-N force about the x axis.
Solve the problem using both a scalar and a vector analysis.
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3. Determine the magnitude of the moment of the force about the y axis.
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TECHNICAL REPORT 4: Moment of a Force
1. A crate of mass 80 kg is held in the position shown. Determine (a) the
moment produced by the weight W of the crate about E, (b) the smallest force
applied at B that creates a moment of equal magnitude and opposite sense
about E.
2. A 300-N force P is applied at point A of the bell crank shown. (a) Compute the
moment of the force P about O by resolving it into horizontal and vertical
components. (b) Using the result of part a, determine the perpendicular
distance from O to the line of action of P.
3. Knowing that the tension in cable AB is 570 N, determine the moment about
each of the coordinate axes of the force exerted on the plate at B.
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4. A small boat hangs from two davits, one of which is shown in the figure. It is
known that the moment about the z axis of the resultant force RA exerted on
the davit at A must not exceed 279 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 in absolute value. Determine the
largest allowable tension in line ABAD when 𝑥 = 6 𝑓𝑡.
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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

CLO 4. Determine forces of 2D and 3D Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

As individuals of the academic community, students are expected to understand and

MOMENT OF A FORCE — SCALAR FORMULATION

The direction of MO is determined by its axis of moment, which is perpendicular to

If a positive scalar is the numerical consequence of this number, (MR)O will be a

MOMENT OF A FORCE—VECTOR FORMULATION

The moment of force F around point O, or indeed

Since F can be extended along its line of action at

Cartesian Vector Formulation.

Resultant Moment of a System of

3. Determine the moment of force F about point O. Express the result as a

MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A

Figure 18: Moment about a Specified axis (Scalar)

assembly in Fig. 22.

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