SCHIZOPHRENIA

[1, 2]
The broken mind
The illness affects:
Incidence of Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which
[3]
schizophrenia in people interpret reality abnormally.
One in 300 Malaysia was reported Schizophrenia may result in hallucinations, delusions,
and extremely disordered thinking and behaviour that
worldwide to be 7.7- 43.0 per
impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling.
100,000 population
Negative Symptoms
[4]
Positive Symptoms
[4]

Refer to changes in behaviours or thoughts that Refer to the aspects or characteristics of the
came after the individual developed schizophrenia. person that have disappeared.
Hallucinations delusions Thought disorder asociality anhedonia avolition alogia

Risk Factors [4] Diagnosis [5]

There is no single physical or lab test to diagnose

Family history of
schizophrenia
History of obstetric
complication
Brain chemical imbalance
HYPERACTIVITY of dopamine transmission
in the reward (mesolimbic) pathway leads to
POSITIVE psychotic symptoms.
DEFICIENCY of dopamine transmission in
the mesocortical pathway leads to
NEGATIVE psychotic symptoms.
Living in higher level
of urbanization
Childhood
trauma
How does it happens?
Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities
Synaptic 'pruning' : eliminate unimportant
connections to refine & mature GREY matter.
Excessive pruning in schizophrenic patients causes
low dendritic connectivity, leads to cognitive
impairments and negative symptoms.
Myelinated axon disruption in WHITE matter
degrade signals transported among neurons
and confuse neuronal communication
schizophrenia.
Psychiatrists will evaluate one's symptoms and behaviour over 6
months.
To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, a person must have two or
more persistently occurring symptoms.
Delusions or hallucinations alone can often be enough to lead
to a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Tests such as brain scans are sometimes needed to rule out other
psychiatric diagnoses or medical conditions such as brain
tumours or bipolar disorder.
[6]
Substance Used
Taking mind-altering drugs during
teen years and young adulthood can
increase the risk of schizophrenia.
Environmental Stressors
Exposure to viruses or malnutrition before
birth, particularly in the first and second
trimesters has been shown to increase the
risk of schizophrenia.

[7]
Management
01 Antipsychotic Medications
Typical (1st Generation) Atypical (2nd Generation)
02 Psychosocial Intervention
Improve the individual’s ability to handle
stressful life events, better

2nd generation has a decreased
risk of extrapyramidal side effects
Haloperidol, chlorpromazine Clozapine, asenapine, and olanzapine as compared to 1st generation
communication and coping skills, and
antipsychotics.
counselling on medication compliance. Anticholinergic adverse effects like
dry mouth, constipation, and
Inhibiting dopaminergic Blocking D2 dopamine receptors as well 03 Service Level Intervention urinary retention are common with
neurotransmission, block about as serotonin receptor antagonist action. Involving community health team, assertive 1st generation antipsychotics.
72% of the D2 dopamine 5-HT2A subtype of serotonin receptor is community treatment, providing supportive 2nd generation common with
receptors in the brain. weight gain and development of
the most commonly involved. employment & offers home treatment. metabolic syndrome.
References
1. Kok Yoon C, Abdul Aziz S. A Review of Schizophrenia Research in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 2014;69. FEL478 PATIENT BED SIDE PHYSIOLOGY
2. Schizophrenia [Internet]. Who.int. 2022 [cited 28 May 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia
3. Schizophrenia - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2022 [cited 28 May 2022]. Available from: https://tinyurl.com/3kh3p5ep.
4. Pietrangelo A. Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia and How They’re Treated [Internet]. Healthline. 2020 [cited 28 May 2022]. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/mental- Supervisor: Dr Shahriza Shahrudin
health/negative-symptoms-of-schizophrenia#vs-positive-symptoms. Chieng Yung Wei (141147)
GROUP
5. What is Schizophrenia? | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness [Internet]. Nami.org. 2022 [cited 28 May 2022]. Available from: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Mental-Health-

1
Conditions/Schizophrenia. Hoe Shieh Ying (144229)
6. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Advances in Neurobiology [Internet]. Psych Scene Hub. 2018 [cited 28 May 2022]. Available from: https://psychscenehub.com/psychinsights/the- Ivy Pang Chiang Chiang (144569)
dopamine-hypothesis-of-schizophrenia/ Kathy Yong Kerou (142324)
7. Chokhawala K, Stevens L. Antipsychotic Medications. [Updated 2022 Mar 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: Khong Zhao Peng (141245)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519503/.