Year: 2022

Dental Material 302

Chapter One:
Impression

DR: Mohamed Mesaed

Mobile:
01007060099

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 Impression

1. Impression: - Negative replica or reproduction of all teeth & oral tissues appears like depressions
2. Cast or model: - Positive replica or reproduction of all teeth & oral tissues appears like elevations
3. Die: - Positive replica or reproduction of single tooth (Prepared tooth or working tooth)
1. Accuracy: - To record fine details (every detail). 2. Stability: - To maintain recorded fine details
- Factors affecting accuracy & stability of impression materials Or ideal requirement of impression materials :
A- During insertion:
1. high flow at beginning (insertion into mouth) to record fine details (accuracy). 2. Type of tray (Compatible – not bend)
B- During setting:
3. minimum dimensional change (no expansion or contraction) during setting (negligible) (Dimensional accuracy).
C- During removal:
4. Adhere to tray 5. High tear strength
6. flexible to allow easy removal from under cut (maximum opening when removed from undercut)
7. elastic to recover to original shape when removed from undercut without distortion or tear
D- After removal:
8. Minimum dimensional change during sterilization, storage and after setting. (Dimensional stability).
9. compatible with gypsum products to do not react with gypsum and affect accuracy (No separating medium)
- Other properties:
- Biologically acceptable - Adequate long working time and short setting time - Not affected by oral fluids – easily manipulated –
low cost – less equipment – long shelf life – easily disinfected – accept addition and correction – electroplated
- Classification of impression
1. According to manner of setting or harden:
A. Chemical reaction or impression (Irreversible): Alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid) – plaster of paris - ZOE - Elastomers
B. Physical reaction or impression (Reversible) (By cooling and heating): agar- agar (reversible hydrocolloids) – impression
wax (Wax) – impression compound (bee wax + kaolin)
2. According to use:
A. Complete denture with edentulous patient B. Partial denture, crown and bridge or inlay or onlay with partial dentulous
3. According behavior after setting or behavior when removed from undercut or mechanical properties or behavior :
A. Inelastic or none elastic impression: - Fracture or permanent deformation when removed from undercut
- Plaster of paris (the only one fracture) – Impression compound – Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) – Wax (history)
- Used with edentulous only
B. Elastic impression: Recover to original shape when removed from undercuts after setting with minimum dimensional change
- Hydrocolloids: {alginate (irreversible hydrocolloids) + agar- agar (reversible hydrocolloids)}
– Rubbers base impression materials (Elastomers): {polysulfide – polyether – condensation silicon – addition silicon}
- Used with edentulous & partial dentulous
4. According to accuracy or according to flow:
- Primary impression: Alginate and impression compound with stock tray
- Secondary impression: Plaster – ZOE – Rubber base with special acrylic tray and agar-agar with special design tray

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Point of compare: Plaster of paris or plaster impression Impression compound Zinc oxide and eugenol

1. Mode of supply: - P/L ratio mixing by rubber bowel + plastic spatula - Solid (Cakes – green sticks – cones – sheets) - Two paste (Base +Catalyst) (different color)
mix by hot water bath or flame glass slab or special oil resistance paper with
stainless steel spatula
2. Mode of setting: - Chemical – irreversible - Physical - reversible – thermoplastic - Chemical – irreversible
3. B. A. Setting: Fracture (the only one) Permanent deformation Permanent deformation
4. Tray used:
- Special acrylic tray or Shellac base - Stock none perforated or as type: - Special acrylic tray or shellac base
- None perforated - Types: - None perforated
A- Type I (lower fusing materials):
1. Cakes or sheets:
- primary impression - stock tray none perforated
– metal or plastic - 4 – 5 mm
2. Green sticks:
- Border molding to record vestibule (peripheral
seal) used with special acrylic tray
3. Cones (copper band):
- secondary impression for single reduce tooth
without undercut
B- Type II (high fusing material):
- Sufficient rigid used as tray or special tray to
support another impression with high flow like
ZOE or plaster (wash technique or impression)

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5. Uses: 1. Secondary for edentulous patient 1. Secondary for edentulous patient
- Only inelastic as primary impression for
2. Used in wash technique edentulous patient 2. Used in wash technique

- Main composition: - Thermoplastic material: natural wax and resins A- The base paste which contains:
6. Composition:
- β-Calcium sulfate hemihydrate - Manipulation or mixing: 1- (ZnO) powder (80% main)
- β-CaSO4.1\ 2 H2O - By water bath or flame for sufficient time 2- Inert oil 15 % form paste (olive oil)
- Minor composition or modifiers: because low thermal conductivity B- The catalyst or accelerator or activator
- 4% Potassium sulphate (K2SO4) accelerator decrease 1- Avoid kneading under water or dry kneading paste which contains:
setting time + setting expansion (Antiexpansion) better due to water incorporated in impression 1- Oil of cloves or eugenol (12-15%)
- 1% Borax: retarder increase setting time + decrease compound act as plasticizer lead to distortion or - N.B: Oil of cloves sometimes used instead of
setting expansion (Antiexpansion) deformation eugenol because less irritant to tissue in some
- Potato starch: To obtain soluble plaster or easy to 2- overheating on flame of impression compound patient allergy to eugenol
remove cast from impression should avoided due to evaporation of some volatile 3- Gum rosin 65%: Impart thermoplastic to be
- Manipulation or mixing: ingredient which will affect its properties easily separated after pouring by placing in warm
- Put powder on liquid to avoid dusting & air bubbles water but cause distortion
5- Zinc acetate and Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)
(accelerator) (Decrease setting time)
6- Moisture (Essential for reaction)
1. High flow, Semifluid due high water/powder ratio 1. Low flow not record fine details or bad 1. Good flow so record fine details (accurate)
7. Factors
2. Plaster adheres to tray because contain gum accuracy due bad thermal conductor +thermoplastic 2. Adheres will to the tray because contain gum
affecting
accuracy and 3. negligible or minimal dimensional during setting due to - Type I flow 85 % at 45°C and room temperature 3. minimal dimensional changes during setting
stability:
add borax and K2SO4 (anti-expansion) (Setting or harden) (37°C) less than 6 % 4. Have minimal dimensional changes during
4. Plaster of paris is easily sterilized - Type II flow 70 % at 45°C and room temperature sterilization + storage + setting
5. Incompatible with gypsum so needs separating medium (Setting or harden) (37°C) is 2% 5. No flexible + elastic, rigid (inelastic)
(potassium alginate) to allow easy removal but this lead to 2. adhere to the tray because contain gum - N.B: Setting reaction: (Acid base reaction)
loss of some fine details (disadvantage) Chelation reaction (claws) one zinc in center

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- Incompatible due to chemically reacted with each other 3. easily sterilized but not hot with two claws eugenol
(same chemical formula)
6. No flexible + elastic, rigid (inelastic impression) - water or humidity essential for setting reaction
- G.R: The Plaster of Paris is the weakest one of 4. Great dimensional change during setting of ZOE for hydrolysis zinc oxide to its hydroxide
gypsum products and instead of its weakness it used as because have high coefficient of thermal so will react with eugenol
impression? expansion(α) (Contraction and shrinkage during - Zno + H2o Zn(OH)2
1. high w/p ratio so high flow so record fine details cooling when removed from patient mouth) - Zn(OH)2 + eugenol Zinc eugenolate + water
2.exothermic but high water so avoids thermal injury 5. Impression compound have high dimensional - Factors controlling of setting time of ZOE:
3. easy fracture or weak when removed from undercut changes during storage or should cast with one hour 1. Increase catalyst / base accelerate or decrease
without injury also easily reassembled due to thermoplastic - relief internal stress - high (α) setting time (Fast setting)
- N.B: Not accept addition and Correction so increase permanent deformation 2. Longer mixing time leads to shorter setting
- Plaster of paris not used now due to absorbs water 6. compatible with gypsum products time (Fast setting)
from mouth (dehydrated soft tissue) & unpleasant taste to - No flexible + elastic, rigid (inelastic impression) 3. Two drops of water accelerate setting time
patient (disadvantage) - N.B: Accept addition and correction & reusable 4. high humidity accelerate setting time
- avoid by Vaseline or petroleum gel (Physical – reversible) easily remake as you needed 5. Increase heat accelerate setting time
- N.B: for same patient 6. Cooling spatula or glass slap lead to prolong or
- Type I impression material (plaster impression) - Impression compound electroplated with copper delay setting time
- Type II gypsum product or model material (Plaster of 7. Inert oil will retard setting time
paris) 8. smaller particle size smaller surface area faster
reaction (Decrease setting time)
- N.B: Painting tissue or lips with Vaseline or
petroleum gel before insertion into mouth due to
adhere to tissue and lips and give chalky like
appearance (Disadvantage)
- N.B: Accept addition + correction

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 - Elastic Impression
1. Hydrocolloids: A. alginate (irreversible hydrocolloids). B. agar- agar (reversible hydrocolloids)
2. Rubbers base or (elastomers): A. Polysulfide B. Polyether C. Condensation silicon D. Addition silicon
1. In fact all elastic impression is viscoelastic material (it means consist of solid part and liquid part) (Misnomer)
2. Viscoelastic: Strain time dependent deformation [ increase time or Decrease rate of loading increase deformation]
- G.R. All elastic impression materials should remove by sharp snap removal or motion? - Viscoelastic materials so increase
rate of loading so decrease time so lead to decrease deformation and increase tear strength
3. To decrease permanent deformation: A. Increase rate of loading B. Decrease time C. Decrease liquid part
1. Hydrocolloids
1. Aqueous impression (sea weed so love water)
- Dimensional changes or dimensional stability after setting of hydrocolloids (Alginate – agar – agar):
A. Synersis: means evaporation or loss of water which will lead to contraction or shrinkage (cracks)
B. Imbibition: means gain of water which will lead to expansion and increase in dimension
- G.R. All hydrocolloids are dimensionally unstable? - Subjected to synersis and imbibition
A- Solution: One phase homogeneous diffusion solute in solvent (water + sugar) solute small molecules or ions in solvent.
B- Suspension: Two phase heterogeneous dispersed phase in dispersion medium (sand + water) dispersed particles sufficient size
seen microscopically and by eye
C- Colloid: Two phase heterogeneous dispersed phase in dispersion medium as water (jelly) (dispersed size ranges between
solution + suspension) (Physical secondary or chemical primary) seen microscopically only
2. Hydro means water and colloids natural polymer fibers (Brush heap structure)
3. Gel structure so low tear strength (easily tear) to overcome problem or Gel strength depends on (Tear strength):
A. Rate of loading ( ) B. Concentration of fibers or fillers ( ) C. Thickness ≥4 ( ) D. Sharp snap removal ( )
E. Temperature in reversible gels (agar - agar) lower temperature will increase strength
4. Hydrocolloids remove by sharp snap removal or motion parallel to long axis of teeth due to viscoelastic materials so
decrease time lead to decrease deformation and increase tear strength
5- Tray for Alginate or agar-agar should allow 4-6mm of soft tissue or impression materials to increase tear strength
6. Cannot electroplated - never immersed in rubber bowel contain water - Sterilization for long time is contraindicated
- Sterilized only by soaked napkin or spraying on surface for 10 minutes’ maximum then wash under water shake well then wrap
in the side by wet or damp towel or napkin then put in sealed plastic bag stored in refrigerator storage in 100% humidity and pour
in 30 minutes to one hour but better poured immediately
- incompatible (Old types) with gypsum products or not left too long with cast or overnight because withdraw water from
gypsum so retard or inhibit setting of it and produce soften chalky surface on the cast
- N.B: alginate – agar - borax are retarder to gypsum
- How to overcome? - immersed in K2SO4 2% for 1 minute
- Incorporation of a plaster hardener or accelerator in the hydrocolloid material by the manufacturer. (Recent types compatible)
- N.B: Remove saliva and blood on impression by wash or rinsed under water for short time because they retarder to gypsum
and will produce rough pitted surface on cast if not removed

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Point of Compare: Agar agar (reversible hydrocolloids) Alginate (irreversible hydrocolloids)

1. Mode of supply: - Metallic collapsible tubes or Jars - sealed container – syringe - Cartridge - Powder / liquid ratio

2. Mode of setting: - Physical set – reversible - Reusable - Chemical set – irreversible - Not reusable

3. Setting reaction: - Gelation reaction - Gelation reaction

Sol cooling Gel physical set Sol Gel chemical set
Heat

3. B.A.S: - Elasticity: 98.8% so permanent deformation or viscous part: 1.2% - Elasticity: 97.3% so permanent deformation or viscous part: 2.7%

4. Tray used: - Special designed tray from metal perforated with coolant system - Stock perforated tray from metal or plastic to adhere to the tray

4. Setting on mouth: - Set or shrinkage from tray to tissue (Dimensional accurate) - Set or shrinkage from tissue to tray (Not dimensional accurate)

5. Uses: 1. Secondary impression for edentulous patient and dentulous patient full 1. only elastic impression used as primary impression for edentulous patient and
mouth or quadrant dentulous patient full mouth or quadrant
- Not use now secondary due to complicated system need special equipment
2. Most common use now duplicating material for cast (duplication of cast)

6. Composition: 1. Agar (13%-15%): dispersed phase 1. Soluble salt alginic acid (12%): Potassium (better) or ammonium alginate
2. Borax (0.2%): increase gel tear strength + viscosity of sol but retard 2. Calcium sulphate (CaSO4) (12%) (Reactor): To release calcium ions (Ca ++)
setting time of gypsum react with potassium alginate to form gel
3. Potassium sulphate (K2SO4) 2%: To counteract the retarding effect of 3. Trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) (2%) (Retarder): React with Ca ++ ions to
borax and agar on gypsum (Act as accelerator) delaying gel formation so have three types (Slow/Meduim/Fast)
4. Water (83%): dispersion medium (Main component or ingredient) 4. Water: As dispersion medium (Main component or ingredient)
5. Fillers to increase strength 5. Chemical indicator: Show different stages of manipulation by change PH

8. Equipment: - Special conditioner or equipment consists of three rooms: (insert tube in): - N.B: Alginate is more easy manipulation than agar-agar because just powder
- Frist room: (boiling or liquefaction room): 100°c for 10-15 minute and liquid mix by rubber bowel and plastic spatula so most widely used
- Second room: (storage room): 60°c - 65°c for up to 24 h - Manipulation or mixing:
- Third room: (tempering room): 45°c for 2 minute - Put powder on liquid to avoid dusting & air bubbles
- The final result its complicated system and difficult to use. (Agar-agar) - Potassium alginate + Calcium sulfate Potassium sulfate + Calcium
alginate (gel)
- Hysteresis: specific for Agar-agar means great difference between sol or
liquefaction temperature (100°c) and gel temperature (37°c) - Tri-sodium phosphate + Calcium sulfate Sodium sulfate + Calcium
phosphate

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 - Adequate shelf life
9. Others:
- Accept addition and correction
- Setting time accelerated by cooling
- Both use for RPD & FPD not implant
- Not stored at temp > 37°C or at moistened atmosphere →Deterioration
- After open package should be stored in sealed container
- Not accept addition and correction
- Setting time depend on amount of Trisodium phosphate
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 2. Rubbers base (elastomers)
- A. Polysulfide B. Polyether C. Condensation silicon D. Addition silicon
1. Non aqueous impression 2. Elastomers: synthetic polymers arranged in coil structure have elastic behavior
3. Polymers so as any polymerization reaction accompanied by: Polymerization shrinkage - Residual monomer – Exothermic
4. Types of polymerization reaction:
A. Condensation polymerization reaction: - Formation of by product (Condensation silicon) (Ethyl Alcohol) + (Polysulfide)
(water + lead dioxide) evaporation of by product produce shrinkage or contraction
B. Addition polymerization reaction: - No by product formation (Addition silicon + Polyether) so more dimensional stability
5. Polysulfide and condensation silicon should have poured with one hour
6. Polyether and addition silicon can be poured in seven days (One week or seven days)
7. Pre-polymerized high molecular weight polymer (Polymer + Monomer) to decrease polymerization shrinkage
8. Tray use with all rubbers base 2-3mm thickness to decrease polymerization shrinkage except polyether 4mm thickness because
least flexibility (high rigidity) (stiff)
- N.B: Hydrocolloids thickness 4-6 mm to increase tear strength but rubbers base 2-3 mm to decrease polymerization shrinkage
9. All rubbers base is hydrophobic except polyether is hydrophilic
10-Tray on it adhesive to adhere impression on it except polyether
11-Impression on its surface put surfactant (surface acting -wetting agent - coated) to increase wettability (flow) except polyether
12. Can be electroplated with silver except polyether because hydrophilic
13. Sterilize easily except polyether because hydrophilic
14. Viscoelastic so remove by sharp snap motion to decrease time lead to decrease deformation and increase tear strength
15. Behavior after setting: recover to original shape when removed from undercuts with minimal dimensional changes:
A. Polysulfide elasticity: 98% and shrinkage: 0.25% B. Polyether elasticity: 98.9% and shrinkage: 0.2%
C. Silicon elasticity (Condensation and addition): 99.5% - Shrinkage of condensation: 0.6% - Shrinkage of addition: 0.05%
- N.B: Stability or accuracy: most stable or accurate is Addition - polyether – polysulfide – condensation – agar - alginate
- N.B: Elasticity: most elastic impression Addition – condensation – polyether – agar - polysulfide – alginate
- N.B: Tear strength: Highest is polysulfide then polyether but lowest silicon in elastomeric family – agar - alginate
- N.B: Flexibility: most flexible impression polysulfide – Silicon - but the lowest polyether in elastomeric and elastic family
- N.B: Most flexible elastic impression alginate + also lowest tear strength and elasticity in all elastic family
- Polysulfide not used now as impression because bad odor + taste (Sulfur) + staining clothes (Lead) removed by orange oil
16. Mode of setting: (Chemical set – irreversible). 17. Setting reaction: Polymerization reaction
18- Classification of rubber base according to flow: Four different consistencies (viscosity) according to fillers content
- N.B: Increase filler increase viscosity and strength + Decrease polymerization shrinkage
A. Light body or consistency (Low filler) to record fine details (Addition – condensation – polysulfide)
B. Regular or medium body (moderate filler) to record fine details (Addition – condensation – polysulfide - polyether)
C. Heavy body or consistency (High or heavy filler) to record overall shape and size (Addition – condensation – polysulfide)
D. Putty body or consistency (Very high filler) to record overall shape and size (Addition – condensation)
19. Tray used: A. Regular or medium consistency used with special acrylic tray with adhesive
B. Heavy or putty used with perforated stock tray from metal or plastic to carry high flow consistency (light) (single or two step
wash technique)

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20. Mode of presentation or supplied form:
- 2 pastes of contrast colors (Base + catalyst) in metallic collapsible tubes or in equalized jars also only silicon can be supply as
base paste and liquid catalyst
- 2 pastes of double barreled cartridge for use in auto-mix gun or mechanical mixer
21. Mixing:
1. Hand mixing:
- Light and medium consistencies on glass slap or paper pad by stainless steel spatula
- Heavy or putty consistency by hand or kneading
2. Auto-mixing: - Better than hand mixing
- Static (gun system). - Dynamic (mechanical mixer) (The Best - uniform – homogenous - less waste)
22- Addition silicon not compatible with gypsum and need gas absorbent due to produce hydrogen gas lead to formation of air
bubbles or porosity and loss of fine details (rough surface on the cast)
23- Avoid using natural latex gloves with addition silicon due to contain sulfur will inhibit polymerization reaction of it
- N.B: New types of addition is hydrophilic but become rigid
24. Uses: All rubbers base used as secondary impression mainly for dentulous patient and can also are used for edentulous
(R.P.D - Crown – bridges – implant)
- Composition:
A. Polysulfide: - Base paste: SH group (Merccaptan group) - Catalyst paste: lead dioxide (PbO2) + Sulfur
B. Condensation silicon: - Base paste: Polydimethyl siloxane with OH group (Hydroxyl group) - Catalyst paste: Tin octoate
C. Addition silicon: - Base paste: Polysiloxane with Silane group - Catalyst paste: Chloroplatinic acid
D. Polyether: - Base paste: Ethylene imine or emin group - Catalyst paste: Sulfonic acid ester (Aromatic sulfate)
- N.B: General:
1. Impression can be electroplated:
A. Inelastic impression: Impression compound by copper
B. Elastic Impression: Polysulfide – Addition silicon – Condensation silicon by silver
2. Impression cannot be electroplated:
A. Inelastic impression: ZOE – Plaster of paris
B. Elastic Impression: Polyether – Alginate – Agar-agar