DENTAL MATERIAL 302

REVISION FINAL
BY
DR: MOHAMED MESAED
MOBILE: 01007060099
YEAR: 2022
 Give Reasons
- Chapter one gypsum
1. G.R: Gypsum products or gypsum undergoes expansion? - Due to outward thrust of growing crystal
2. Dental stone is stronger than plaster of Paris? – Due to manufacture in auto clave instead of open air so less porosity
more regular and more strength
- Chapter two impression:
2. G.R. water is essential for setting reaction of zinc oxide and eugenol? Or ZnO/E impression sets in the patients mouth
faster than outside or water is essential for the Chelation reaction of the ZnO/E impression material? - Because water is
essential for hydrolysis of the zinc oxide to its hydroxide so will react with eugenol
- Zno + H2o Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 + eugenol Zinc eugenolate
5. G.R. Alginate or agar-agar impression materials should remove by sharp snap removal or motion? - Because they are
viscoelastic materials so decrease time so lead to decrease deformation and increase tear strength
6. G.R. Alginate or agar-agar impression materials cannot electroplate? Or hydrocolloids impressions cannot
electroplated? - Because subjected to imbibition
7. G.R. Alginate or agar-agar impression materials should storage in 100% humidity? - Because subjected to synersis
8. G.R: Silicon not compatible with gypsum and need surfactant? Or Surfactant is added to addition silicone impression
material? - Because produce hydrogen gas lead to formation of air bubbles and loss of fine details (rough surface on the cast)
9- G.R. Alginate or agar-agar impression materials are incompatible with gypsum products or not left too long with
cast or overnight? - Because they withdraw water from gypsum so retard or inhibit setting of gypsum and produce soften
chalky surface on the cast
10. G.R. All rubbers bases used with 1-2mm thickness except polyether 3-4mm thickness? - Because polyether is
hydrophilic and the least flexibility (high rigidity) (stiff)
11. G.R. Hydrocolloids used with thickness 4-6 mm in tray but rubbers base 1-2mm? Or thickness of rubber impression
should be 2-3 mm, while hydrocolloids should have greater thickness? - Because hydrocolloids are viscoelastic materials
and this will lead to increase tear strength but rubbers base are polymers so will lead to decrease polymerization shrinkge
13- G.R or S.N: The Plaster of Paris is the weakest one of gypsum products and instead of its weakness it used as
impression? Or β hemi hydrate type I used as impression instead of α hemihydrate? Or Plaster of Paris is used as
impression instead of dental stone and improved stone?
1. high w/p ratio so high flow so will record fine details
2. exothermic reaction but high water will avoid thermal injury to the patient
3. easy fracture when removed from undercut without injury also easily reassembled
18- G.R. Avoid using natural latex gloves with addition silicon? - Because they contain sulfur will inhibit polymerization
reaction of it
14. G.R: Polyether cannot be electroplated? – Because it is hydrophilic material will undergoes imbibition
- Chapter three investment:
1. G.R: Investment materials should have some expansion or undergoes some expansion? - To compensate for casting or
solidification shrinkage of metal

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2. G.R: Investment materials should be porous? - To allow escape of air or gases during casting
3. Silicate bonded investments need vents? Or venting is nedded in silicate bonded investment? - Because it is none
porous so venting is required to allow escape of air from mold in order to prevent back pressure porosity and incomplete
casting
6. G.R: Adding silica to all investment material? Or refractory material is the main constituent in investment material ?
- It withstands high temperature and produces thermal expansion α to β compensate some of solidification shrinkage of metal.
7- G.R. Gypsum bonded investment not used with base metals alloys? - Because this will lead to decomposition of the
binder gypsum will react with carbon leading to evolution of (SiO3) causing contamination and porosity of the casting
- Chapter four casting technology:
- G.R: Wax sprue or sprites are preferred for most casting? - Because melt at the same rate as the wax pattern thus
allowing easy escape of the molten wax.
- Chapter five casting alloys:
3 - G.R: Heat treatment done for type III, IV gold alloys and not for type I &II? - Because type III & IV containing Cu
>11%.
4- G.R. Chromium its percentage in alloy is critical? Or it must be accurate percentage of chromium 12-30%? - Because
less than 12% no passive layer and above 30% make very brittle sigma phase and very thick layer can easily separate from
substrate so will lead to T/C.
5. G.R. Carbon its percentage is critical in base metal should be 0.2%? Or why carbon is critical % in B.M? - Because if
more than 0.2% it will precipitate on grain boundaries which lead to (Enbrittling for alloy) so increases T/C.
6. G.R. High hardness of base metal alloy is an advantage and a disadvantage or double weapon factor? - Because it
makes finishing and polishing so difficult but once it's polished it will be maintained for a long time.
7. G.R. Recasting of base metal is contraindicated? - Due to carbon will move from grain to grain boundaries and precipitate
causing brittleness of alloy and increase of T/C and affects the passive layer.
8. Pickling should be avoided in base metals finishing? - Because will remove the oxide layer
10. Centrifugal machine is needed for Ti-alloy casting? - Because titanium has low density and need high pressure.
11. G.R: Cobalt chromium is difficult in finishing and polishing? – Because it have high hardness
- Chapter six none metallic denture base:
1. G.R: Denture base material should have high or good thermal conductivity? - To preserve vitality of the tissue and
produce normal sensation
2. G.R: Matching between coefficient of thermal expansion (α) between denture base and artificial teeth ? - To avoid
crazing (minute crack)
3. G.R: Denture base material should be radio-opaque? - To enable easy detection by x-ray if accidentally broken and
inhaled or swallowed by the patient
5. G.R: Mixing PMMA polymer/monomer in the ratio of 3:1 rather than polymerizing pure monomer only? - To
decrease polymerization shrinkage and to decrease residual monomer

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- Chapter seven composite:
1. G.R: It or restoration should have the same coefficient of thermal expansion similar to that of enamel and dentin? -
To avoid marginal percolation
6- G.R: Zinc oxide and eugenol (ZoE) is contraindicated to be used as base under composite? - Because eugenol will
inhibit the polymerization reaction of composite and discoloration
15. G.R: Using silane coupling agent in composite? - Because it improves mechanical properties by transfer stress from the
weak part (matrix) to stronger part (filler) and decrease water sorption and produce chemical bond between matrix and filler
16. G.R: Using silorane and ormocer composite? – To decrease polymerization shrinkage by ring opening reaction
- Chapter eight amalgam:
2- G.R: Although amalgam is brittle material it undergoes plastic deformation? Or All types of dental amalgam
undergo creep? Or Creep can be minimized but cannot be inhibited in amalgam? Or Creep can never be avoided even
in most recent types of dental amalgam? - Because it is viscoelastic material consist of powder (Ag3Sn) (ɤ) and liquid
mercury (Hg) (viscous part) (liquid at room temperature)
5- G.R: The spherical is best one or type of amalgam particles? Or spherical particles of amalgam are the best one ? -
Because have low surface area so need the least amount of mercury so have the highest strength, flexural strength and highest
tarnish and corrosion resistance
7- G.R: Unicomposition is the most strength amalgam? Or unicomposition dental amalgam has the highest creep
resistance? - Because eta phase like needle or rod structure embedded with ɤ 1 which limits its dislocation (decrease creep) and
increase strength effectively
8- G.R: Zinc containing amalgam is contraindicated at or with moisture contamination or child or stressed patient or
psychiatric patient or psychosis patient or mangolion patient? Or moisture contamination should be avoided with Zn-
containing amalgam? - To avoid secondary or delayed expansion
- Zn + H2O Zn(OH)2 + H2 (Air bubbles – severe pain)
9- G.R: Dental amalgam should be preceded by rigid base like zinc phosphate cement (ZPC) even in medium cavity? -
To resist or decrease bending at the base of amalgam
12- G.R: Margin of dental amalgam improves by time? Or amalgam is self-sealing restoration? Or amalgam has
marginal self-seal property? Or marginal seal or gap or leakage of dental amalgam improves by time ? - Due to
formation or production of corrosion products and deposition of it on the margins (Closing margins)
- Chapter nine cement:
1- G.R. water is essential for setting reaction of zinc oxide and eugenol cement or impression? - Because water is
essential for ionization of zinc oxide powder
- Zno + H2o Zn (OH) 2 Zn (OH) 2 + eugenol Zinc eugenolate
2- G.R: Zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) is contraindicated to be used as base under composite? - Because eugenol will
inhibit the polymerization reaction of composite and discoloration
3- G.R: Zinc oxide and eugenol (ZOE) is contraindicated to be used as base under amalgam? - Because it has low
mechanical properties (Low strength) and low E (Elastic modulus)

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4- G.R: In deep cavities zinc phosphate cement should preceded by sub base like zinc oxide and eugenol or calcium
hydroxide Ca(OH)2? - To protect pulp from its initial acidity and neutralize it
5. G.R: Any conventional glass ionomer or any resin glass ionomer modification should cover by varnish or coating
agent? Or Glass ionomer restoration should be coated immediately by varnish after placement? - To prevent ion
leaching out and decrease water sensitivity and protect against moisture exposure
6- G.R: Zinc poly carboxylate and glass ionomer cement should be use when the mix shows glossy or shiny appearance?
Or zinc poly carboxylate and glass ionomer cement should be discarding when the mix shows dull appearance? -
Because glossy appearance means it contain free carboxylic group bond chemically with tooth structure (Ca ++)
11- G.R: Calcium hydroxide used in Direct and indirect pulp capping? - To enhance secondary dentin formation because it
highly alkaline and bactericidal
12 – G.R: Zinc polycarboxylate cement is less irritant than zinc phosphate cement? - Because it have low penetration in
dentinal tubules - chains are large and cannot penetrate dentinal tubules - rapid rise of pH - higher molecular weight
13. G.R: Zinc phosphate not used with ceramic? – Opaque and none esthetic cement
Scientific terms
1. Impression: - Negative replica or reproduction of all teeth and oral tissues appears like depressions (you can't see the teeth).
2. Cast or model: - Positive replica or reproduction of all teeth and oral tissues appears like elevations (you can see the teeth).
3. Die: - Positive replica or reproduction of single tooth (Prepared tooth or working tooth)
4. Imbibition: means gain of water which will lead to expansion and increase in dimension
5. Synersis: means loss of water which will lead to shrinkage and cracks
6. Hygroscopic expansion: - immersion of gypsum under water before complete setting. (At the initial setting)
7. Wet strength or green strength: (One hour strength) - Is the strength when the water left in the test specimen (Cast or
Model)
8. Dry strength: (7 days strength - When the excess water is driven out from the cast or model (specimen has been dried)
9. Investment materials: - Ceramic materials (means can withstand high temperature) used for making a mold into which the
metal or alloy is cast
10. Reservoir: - Piece of wax attached 1 mm away from the wax pattern or the last part to solidify so it allows continuous
feeding of the molten alloy to compensate solidification shrinkage
11. Denture Base: Part of denture that retains or carrying the artificial teeth and rests on the soft tissue
12. Crazing: Minute crack which will end ultimately in the formation of large cracks with denture fracture believed to be due to
tensile stresses causing separation of the polymer molecules chains following softening the resin by a suitable solvent
13. Pour type (Fluid resin): Same chemical composition as self-cured acrylic resin done by decrease filler so increase flow so
undergoes injection so increase flow and adaptation on the surface of cast and poured in hydrocolloids mold (agar-agar) (solve
curing problem) but very difficult in packing
14. High impact strength acrylic resin: similar to heat cured resin (solve low impact strength problem) (butadiene styrene
rubber or rubber inclusion)
15. Rapid heat polymerized resin (Hybrid acrylic) (both chemical and heat cured) (solve curing problem) (speed – less
residual monomer) first mixing then put in boiling water for 20 min

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16. Visible light cured: In form premixed sheets cured with blue visible light from 400 -500 nm
17. Gel form acrylic resin: same as heat cured resin can be stored for two years (thick sheet) to allow easy shaping and
adaptation (Homogenous mix and accurate proportion)
18. Microwaves curing (easy use and speed faster penetration – homogenous – comparable to heat cured resin – flask from
plastic not copper to allow penetration of waves)
19. Flexible denture: from polyimide nylon polymer used by injection used with cases with severe undercut
20. Porosity: Small void that may present internally or externally on the denture base
21. Amalgam: - It is any metal or alloy mixed with any mercury.
22. Dental amalgam alloy: - Special dental alloy or metals of (Ag – Sn – Cu – Zn) and may contain other minor metals
23- Dental amalgam: - Special alloy or metals (Ag – Sn – Cu – Zn) mixed with special mercury (Pure Hg)
24- Homogenization heat treatment (HHT): - Done to eliminate heterogonous cored structure increase tarnish and corrosion
resistance by atomic diffusion
25. Annealing: is done by increase temperature of amalgam or heating amalgam at 100°c for one hour or six hours to remove or
relief internal stress of amalgam so will increase tarnish and corrosion resistance and working time
26. Delayed dimensional changes or delayed expansion or secondary expansion in amalgam: - This problem appears after
setting of amalgam after 3 -5 days due to moisture contamination with zinc (Zinc containing amalgam) (> 0.01%) (Happen
during condensation of amalgam)
27. Creep: It is time dependent plastic or permanent deformation after complete setting of the material
28. composite: mix between two or more different chemical material or phases with distinct interface (can be separable) with no
reaction
29- Coupling agent: Its material contain a double functional group (organic group and in organic group)
30. Silorane or oxirane: (Minimum shrinkage composite) (Ring opening polymerization reaction)
31. Ormocer: (organically modified ceramic) (inorganic organic hybrid material) (polysiloxane – methacrylate) (Low shrinkage
composite)
32. Flowable composite: used as pits and fissure sealant because high flow so contain low filler so have high polymerization
shrinkage and low mechanical properties
Short note
- Chapter two impression:
S.N. Factors affecting accuracy and stability of impression materials? Or ideal requirement of impression materials?
1. high flow to record fine details 2. minimum dimensional change or stable during setting – storage - sterilization
3. adhered will to the tray 4. flexible to allow easy removal from under
5. elastic to recover to its original shape when removed from undercut
6. high tear strength in area of thin section to resist tear at this area (Sub gingival – gingival sulcus)
7. compatible with gypsum products to do not react with gypsum

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- Chapter three investment:
- S.N: Function or role of silica or refractory material:
1. It withstands high temperature
2. It produces thermal expansion α to β
- Chapter five casting alloy:
- Titanium hard casting because: 1. Low density 2. High reactivity. 3. High melting temperature
- S.N: II-According to mechanical properties or use or Cu content in gold:
Type I: Low strength or soft - used at low stress bearing area – small inlay class III & V - Cu <11%
Type II: medium strength –used at moderate stress bearing area – inlay - onlay Class I & II–Cu <11%
Type III: High strength or Hard – used at high stress bearing area – full crown – Short span bridge– Cu >11%
Type IV: Extra high strength - Extra hard – used very high stress bearing areas – long span bridge + R.P.D. –P.D. framework
– Cu >11%

- Chapter eight none metallic:

- Recent advances or modification of acrylic resin

1. Pour type 2. High impact strength acrylic resin 3. Rapid heat polymerized resin
4. Visible light cured 5. Gel form acrylic resin 6. Microwaves curing
7. Flexible denture
- S.N: Crazing:
- Definition: Minute crack which will end ultimately in the formation of large cracks with denture fracture.
- Causes of crazing:
1. Not applying separating medium so monomer pass to gypsum and water to acrylic 2. Strong bleaching agent
3. Great difference in coefficient of thermal of expansion between denture base and artificial teeth
4. Continuous wetness and dryness of the denture 5. Alcoholic patient. 6. Solvent action during repair
- How to avoid crazing?
- Avoid reasons:
1. Applying separating medium 2. Don not use strong bleaching agent
3. Matching in coefficient of thermal of expansion between denture base and artificial teeth. (use acrylic teeth with the acrylic
denture base)
4. Avoid continuous wetness and dryness of the denture 5. Use polymer with cross linking agent to avoid crazing
- Chapter nine composite:
- S.N: G.R: UDMA is better or superior than BIS-GMA?
High flexural strength 2. High strength. 3. High fracture toughness (inhibit crack propagation) .1
Less viscosity 5. Less water sorption. 6. Greater susceptibility to visible blue light curing .4
- S.N: Role of inorganic filler in composite:
1. Increase strength 2. Increase mechanical properties
3. Increase wear resistance 4. Increase optical properties

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5. Make the restoration radiopaque 6. Decrease polymerization shrinkage 7. Decrease water sorption
8. Decrease (α). 9. Decrease evolution of heat
- S.N: How or the mechanism to minimize polymerization shrinkage?
1. Selection of composite type which has high filler content and low matrix content
2. Select dual cured composite or light cured composite 3. Proper curing
4. Light cured composite should apply by incremental packing technique to ensure complete polymerization in all direction
5. Use transparent wedge which will reflect the light in all direction all over the cavity
6. Using indirect composite outside the oral cavity (inlay or onlay composite)
7. Produce strong bond between composite and tooth (enamel and dentin)
8. Use silorane or oromocer (Ring opening polymerization reaction)
- S.N: The depth of cure of light composite depends on:
1. Character of light source (New bulb would give the highest intensity)
2. Distance between light source and restoration (Light intensity is inversely proportional to square of the distance)
3. Time of exposure 4. Initiator system absorption characteristic (Sensitivity)
- Advantages of light cured composite:
1. Light is command cured (complete control of working time)
2. No need of mixing it is only one paste so no incorporation of air so appear more esthetics
3. Light cured composite is applied with increment technique to compensate polymerization shrinkage of the above
layer so decrease polymerization shrinkage
4. Less residual monomer (Less irritant to the pulp) 5. More color stability (Do not contain tertiary amine)
- Chapter ten amalgam:
- Classification of amalgam:
1. S.N: According to copper content (Most important classification):
A. Low Cu amalgam other names (Conventional – traditional – classical – lath cut) (< 6% Cu)
B. High Cu amalgam two types (Admixed – unicomposition) (> 6%)
2. According to particle shape:
A. Lath cut particles B. Spheroidal particles
C. Spherical particles (The best one) D. Admixed (Mix of any two types)
3. According to particle shape size:
- Fine cut (Small particle size 15 -35 µm) - Coarse cut (Large particle size 100 -200µm)
4. According to Zn content:
A. Zinc containing amalgam (> 0.01 %) B. Zinc free amalgam (< 0.01 %)
- N.B: Phases of amalgam:
- According to strength descending order: - Most strength phase is Gamma (ɤ) – gamma one (ɤ1) – Eutectic alloy (Ag Cu)
– Epsilon (ϵ) – Eta (ή) – ɤ2 (Most weak phase) (Descending order)
- According to tarnish and corrosion resistance descending order: - Most resist phase is Gamma (ɤ) – gamma one (ɤ1) –
Eutectic alloy (Ag Cu) – Epsilon (ϵ) – Eta (ή) – ɤ2 (Most weak phase) (Descending order)