___________________________

2022-2023

Semester 1
23311

Not Now
Qena Stem School Grade 12
Group Members

Abd El-rahman Nasser

2320022

Ahmed Samy Mohammed

2320005

Mohammed Yasser Tawfik

2320043
 Table of Contents
Chapter (1)
Present and Justify a Problem and Solution Requirements
 Egypt Grand Challenge(s)
 Problem to be solved
 Research
 Other Solutions Already Tried

Chapter (2)
Generating and Defending a Solution
 Solution and Design Requirements
 Selection of Solution
 Selection of Prototype

Chapter (3)
Constructing and Testing a Prototype
 Materials and Methods
 Test Plan
 Data Collection

Chapter (4)
Evaluation, Reflection, Recommendations
· Analysis and Discussion
· Recommendations
· Learning Outcomes
Present and Justify a Problem
and Solution Requirements
 Egypt Grand Challenges
1- improve the scientific and technological environment for all
Climate change is a global concern that impacts the environment and economic
growth. The impact is more pronounced on the poor as they are more susceptible to
damage, have greater exposure to climate hazards, and are less able to cope with
these damages. it triggers risks associated with extreme weather events, which
particularly impact biodiversity, agriculture, water, health, and livelihood sectors.
Advances in science and technology drive the evolution of the weather and climate
information system. Scientific, operational, and, increasingly, business
requirements determine what observations to make, how the information should be
analyzed, and what products to create. The scientific understanding generated by
developing and using these data and products and improvements in instrumentation
and computation leads to a new set of requirements.
Among the technologies that will save the environment, electric cars and biofuels
play a special role in mitigating negative climate change. Among these
technologies is “Biotechnology”. Biofuel production is a solution that facilitates
the use of biotechnology for environmental purposes, some of these, such as
biomaterials used to store carbon dioxide, can help to reduce the greenhouse effect
and global warming. Reducing the impact of global warming, helping in adapting
to climate change.
 2-reduce and adapt to the effect of climate change
Climate change is one of the most factors affecting the whole environment.
Global climate change is not a future problem. Changes to Earth’s climate driven
by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already
having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are
shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic
ranges are shifting, in addition to plants and trees are blooming sooner. There are
multiple numerical percentages for carbon dioxide, global temperature, and ice
sheets and these numerical percentages are 419 parts per million,1.01%, and 427
billion metric tons per year respectively.
Because it is difficult to project far-off future emissions and other human
factors that influence climate, scientists use a range of scenarios using various
assumptions about future economic, social, technological, and environmental
conditions.
Figure():shows projected greenhouse
gas concentrations for four different
emissions pathways. The top pathway
assumes that greenhouse gas
emissions will continue to rise
throughout the current century. The
bottom pathway assumes that
emissions reach a peak between 2010
and 2020, declining thereafter.

So, how we can predict climate change?

Scientists have done many experiments in calculating the future of climate change.
These scientists have found that from 1900-2021, the world's surface air
temperature increased an average of 1.1° Celsius (nearly 2°F) due to burning fossil
fuels that release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
This may not sound like very much change, but this warming is unprecedented in
over 2000 years of records. Even one degree can impact the planet in many ways.
Climate models predict that Earth's global average temperature will rise an
additional 4° C (7.2° F) during the 21st Century if greenhouse gas levels continue
to rise at present levels. Without swift action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
models project that holding global average temperatures to within a 1.5-2.0°C (2.7-
3.6°F) increase may no longer be possible.
 Problem to be solved
Climatic change has become a global concern over the last few decades.
Besides, these climatic changes affect life on the earth in various ways. These
climatic changes are having various impacts on the ecosystem and ecology.
These climatic changes hurt the environment. The ocean level is rising, glaciers
are melting, CO2 in the air is increasing, forest and wildlife are declining, and
water life is also getting disturbed due to climatic changes.
Human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to
burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Burning fossil fuels generates
greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth,
trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures. As the world warms, the air holds
more moisture, nearly 4% for every degree Fahrenheit (7% for every degree
Celsius). So, humidity and temperature are two drivers of climate change

Figure1: Average change of temperature in last50 years.

Source: nasa.gov
What will happen If the climate change problem is
solved?
As we know, climate change has many types or many factors that affect climate
change happening. Furthermore, the factors like the increasing temperature,
humidity, pH, and CO2 emission. The equilibrium and solving the increase for all
of them; as an example of solving temperature increasing, will decrease the fires
that happen every year and we will address the environmental equilibrium.

What will happen if climate change is not solved?

The wildlife will be destroyed, leading to mass species extinction. Superstorms,
drought, and heat waves would become increasingly common and more extreme,
leading to major health crises and illness. Agricultural production would plummet,
likely leading to global food shortages and famine. Also, as what happened in
Europe in July 2022, climate change has destroyed all forests which resulted that
approximately 65% of the animals dying which affected the ecological
equilibrium.
 Research
Many topics were researched, some were used to define the
problem, some to attain related knowledge to the topic, and others to
identify the solutions.

1)Research topics about the problem:

1)Climate change
Climatic change has become a global concern over the last few decades.
Besides, these climatic changes affect life on the earth in various ways. These
climatic changes are having various impacts on the ecosystem and ecology.
These climatic changes hurt the environment. The ocean level is rising, glaciers
are melting, CO2 in the air is increasing, forest and wildlife are declining, and
water life is also getting disturbed due to climatic changes.
Human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due
to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Burning fossil fuels generates
greenhouse gas emissions that act like a blanket wrapped around the Earth,
trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures. As the world warms, the air holds
more moisture, nearly 4% for every degree Fahrenheit (7% for every degree
Celsius). So, humidity and temperature are two drivers of climate change

2)humidity
Changes in surface temperature and humidity over land are important for climate-
change impacts on humans and ecosystems. changes in temperature and humidity
have been different over land and ocean, these changes have combined to give
equal changes in the moist static energy of the air over land and ocean, consistent
with expectations from atmospheric dynamics such as the energy generated in
extreme weather, such as storms, floods and rainfall are related to the amount of
water in the air.
The main factor affecting humidity is temperature, and humidity and temperature
are two drivers of climate change. As the world warms, the air holds more
moisture, nearly 4% for every degree Fahrenheit (7% for every degree Celsius).
When that moisture condenses, it releases heat or energy, In addition, water vapor
is a potent heat-trapping gas in the atmosphere that increases climate change such
as greenhouse gases ( co2 ) which hurts climate change.

So the sequence of increasing the humidity is the following sequence :

1) First, Inc. Greenhouse gases
2) Then, inc. temperature
3) After that, inc. the rate of evaporation
4) Finally, inc. the humidity which leads to storms, floods, and rainfall.

3) temperature
Global Warming is the rise in the average surface temperature of the planet with a
rise in the level of carbon dioxide, methane, and some other gases in the
atmosphere. These gases are called "greenhouse gases" because they contribute to
the heating of the Earth's surface atmosphere, and the increase in the average
climate temperature since the middle of the twentieth century has been observed
with its continuing upward trend, as the surface temperature of the globe has
increased by 1.2° C since the beginning of the last century.

Climate change occurs when changes in the Earth's climate system lead to the
emergence of new climate patterns that persist for a long period. Climate is
increasingly affected by human activities that lead to global warming and so it is
common for the two terms to be used synonymously in this context.

The most affect factor on the temperature in a specific area are:

1-Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels cause a large chunk of
global emissions. Most electricity is still generated by burning coal, oil, or gas,
which produces carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide – powerful greenhouse gases that
blanket the Earth and trap the sun’s heat.
2-Cutting down forests to create farms or pastures causes emissions since trees
release the carbon they have been storing when they are cut. Each year
approximately 12 million hectares of forest are destroyed. Since forests absorb
carbon dioxide, destroying them also limits nature’s ability to keep emissions out
of the atmosphere.
3-Using transportation: Most cars, trucks, ships, and planes run on fossil fuels.
That makes transportation a major contributor to greenhouse gases, especially
carbon-dioxide emissions. Road vehicles account for the largest part, due to the
combustion of petroleum-based products, like gasoline, in internal combustion
engines. But emissions from ships and planes continue to grow. Transport accounts
for nearly one-quarter of global energy-related carbon-dioxide emissions.

Figure 1: temperature statistics

and predictions in Egypt over
years.

2)Research topics about the solution

1)communication
The communication system is a system model that describes a communication
exchange between two stations, a transmitter, and a receiver. Signals or
information passes from source to destination through a channel. It represents a
way in which the signal uses it to move from a source toward its destination. To
transmit signals in a communication system, it should first be processed by
beginning from signal representation, to signal shaping until encoding and
modulation. After the transmitted signal is prepared, it is passed to the transmission
line of the channel. Due to signal crossing, this media is faced with many
impairments like noise, attenuation, and distortion.
The process of transferring information between two points is called
communication. The main elements needed to communicate are the transmitter to
send the information, the medium to send the information, and the receiver to
receive the information on the other end. 

2)wireless communication
 Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance
without the help of wires, cables, or any other forms of electrical conductors. This
year, we need to make a system that measures a variable wirelessly, by
understanding the function of communication, we know the main sequence that we
will use. We need a transmitter, medium, antenna, and receiver. For instance: if we
used sensors to measure variables, so we need a breadboard, ESP, and website or
application. The sensors will be the transmitter that measures and send the data by
breadboard which is the medium to the ESP which is the antenna that will receive
the data and deliver it to the website which is the final receiver that will visualize
the data and display it.

3)soil moisture
is “the total amount of water, including the water vapor, in an unsaturated soil.”
Soil moisture. Sometimes also called soil water represents the water in land
surfaces that is not in rivers, lakes, or groundwater, but instead resides in the pores
of the soil.
Soil moisture is affected by various factors including terrain, soil characteristics,
climate, and vegetation, and the effects of these change with time (like rainfall
patterns) and space (like soil depth). In arid and semi-arid regions. deep soil
moisture is of particular importance to vegetation restoration and the evaluation of
vegetation sustainability.
Land ecosystems absorb 25-30 % of human CO2 emissions
and affect about half of projected temperature extremes
anomalies' in midlatitudes through the evaporation of water
from soils.
Water present in the soil in the following types:
(a) Gravitational water
(b) Hygroscopic water
(c) Chemically combined water
(d) Capillary water

The most important factor affecting soil fertility:

1)metal composition
The mineral composition of the soil is one of the most important factors affecting
soil fertility, as it makes the soil a good ability to retain all the nutrients required
for fertility, along with external factors such as fertilizers that improve soil quality.
2)Climate and vegetation
Soil aeration and increasing its fertility may be closely related to climate, as it
affects soil fertility. For example, heavy rainfall and temperature may hurt soil
fertility, as many nutrients are lost, the upper layer of the soil is eroded, and
materials are oxidized. Organic occurs due to high temperatures.

Other solutions already have been tried

1)Decarbonization:
The rising average temperature of the Earth is primarily blamed by
scientists on man-made emissions of greenhouse gases that trap radiation
in the atmosphere which would otherwise escape into space. Among the
most significant greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2),
concentrations of which have increased by almost 50% since the
industrial revolution began. Innovations being used to reduce CO2
emissions include carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies -
with the Net Zero Teesside (NZT) project being an interesting example.
NZT aims to capture CO2 produced in industrial processes and power
plants and transport these emissions by pipeline to offshore storage sites
several kilometers beneath the North Sea. Sequestered in secure areas
deep beneath the sea, this carbon would no longer contribute to the
greenhouse effect - and it could even be synthesized into new fuels for
transportation systems in the future.
-pros of Decarbonization:
The aim, as the NZT project's name suggests, will be to reduce carbon
emissions in several carbon-intensive industries in the Northeast to zero
by as early as 2030.
-Cons Decarbonization:
The scale of the Earth's problem is far more significant than can be
solved by the selective decarbonization of a low number of businesses.

2)Nasa Power Data website

The power Data Access Viewer contains meteorology. It’s one of the
most trusted websites that provide multiple information and numerical
percentages. This website has the potential to store multiple results and
records about many factors such as temperature, humidity, and soil
moisture. This website offers to you to select your place by choosing
your place from the map that the website will show on the opening page.
Second, select what you want to get the percentages and all numerical
records about. Third, choose the period you want to know all records
about something in this period which will help everyone to calculate the
range of the increase in temperature for example, and write an equation
to calculate the prediction of the temperature, and humidity in the future
to mitigate the climate change problem that all the world face.
Eventually, the website will provide all records about the thing you
want.
Pros of NASA power data website:
1-the website is flexible with multiple things such as temperature,
humidity, and soil moisture.
2-The selection of the period that the user wants to gather all records
about.
Cons of NASA power data website:
1-the website does not allow the user to select a specific place in the
country.
2- Does not provide the user with the errors in the measurements of the
collected data that the user show.
3-ThingSpeak for IoT Projects
ThingSpeak is an IoT Cloud platform where you can send sensor data to
the cloud. You can also analyze and visualize your data with MATLAB
or other software, including making your applications.
ThingSpeak includes a Web Service (REST API) that lets you collect
and store sensor data in the cloud and develop Internet of Things
applications. It works with Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and MATLAB
(premade libraries and APIs exist) But it should work with all kinds of
Programming Languages since it uses a REST API and HTTP.
At the heart of ThingSpeak is a time-series database. ThingSpeak
provides users with free time-series data storage in channels. Each
channel can include up to eight data fields. This tutorial introduces some
of the applications of ThingSpeak, a conceptual overview of how
ThingSpeak stores time-series data, and how MATLAB analysis is
incorporated into ThingSpeak. Using the idea of this website in our
capstone, helped us to know hot visualizes the data gathered in graph
forms.
Pros of ThingSpeak :
1-if we said that we want to use temperature and humidity sensors. We
will connect the Sensor to Arduino and the website will be able to read
both Humidity and Temperature Data from the Sensor. The website will
be able to read codes and visualize the data by creating graphs. (so, the
usage is very smooth and helpful for you).
2- support most of the sensors.
Cons of ThigSpeak:
1- ESP sensor must be connected by ThingSpeak to read and visualize
data
2-It only shows the live data which will not store the data visualized.
Generating and Defending a
Solution

Solution and Design Requirements

The characteristics would a successful solution
have
Efficiency
Efficiency is an important design requirement. It identifies whether the
project is successful or not. The efficiency is calculated by making a
comparison between the input and output.

Environmental impact
A successful project must be eco-friendly. The solution should reduce
the contamination effects on everything related to water. Also, the
solution shouldn’t pollute the environment.

Applicability
The project is applicable means that it can be easily applied. It shouldn’t
contain any factors that obstacle its application, or elements that can’t be
applied on larger scales. Also, the nature of the application environment
should be considered.

Effectiveness
The capability of producing the desired result or the ability to produce
the desired output. When something is deemed effective, it means it has
an intended or expected outcome or produces a deep, vivid impression.

Quality
the quality of the project can be achieved by measuring the error. Higher
quality is achieved with lower error rates.
The design requirements would our solution have

Quality
We will measure the variable and specify the error of measuring by
testing our prototype 3 times or more to insure our results. After we
determine the rate of error, we will edit more and more to reduce the rate
of the error to achieve the best quality.

Efficiency
We will make the relation between the independent variables and the
dependent variable, then we take the ratio between them. We can also
determine the efficiency of our prototype by a comparison between the
results that we have and the standard. We can make an equation which is
the result of our project
the standard real results
× 100 to determine the percentage of efficiency in our
project.
 Selection of Solution
The solution solves climate change by its root. As known, Temperature
and humidity are only a few of the many variables that influence climate
change which witness the soil moisture affected. Because of the use of
fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, human activity has been the primary
cause of climate change. So, to take a step toward solving this problem,
we should gather multiple data about the three variables mentioned,
which are temperature, humidity, and soil moisture, and analyze those to
predict and mitigate climate change problems. Our solution is to use
DHT11 to measure the temperature and humidity, soil moisture, and
ESP8266 sensors. Second, we used a platform called Firebase. Third, we
built a “Husotemp detector” application. Our data will transfer as the
next sequence: Firebase platform will gather the data transferred by
ESP8266 and will capture the readings. Finally, the “Husotemp
detector” will be connected by the firebase and visualize the
measurements in graphs. Moreover, these graphs will contain the time
and the data gathered for each measurement separately as (Humidity-
time), (temperature-time), and (soil moisture–time). Eventually, the
application can use from every place in the world while connecting with
the firebase.
 Selection of prototype
The prototype mainly consists of a glass box with dimensions of
30 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm. It works as a simulation of the
environment. It has a hole in the upper side that fits the heat
lamp simulating climate warming. Thus, the glass box will be
filled with soil beside the sensors system that facilitates
collecting the data. The data is ordered based on the significant
climate change. The system consists of a temperature and
humidity sensor “DHT11”, soil moisture sensor, breadboard,
and Wi-Fi Nodemcu board “ESP8266”. Those components are
used in collecting data by the sensors, then it is received by the
ESP that transmits the data received wireless to the firebase
platform, which works in visualizing the data as a “Real-time
database” then the data is received by a desktop application that
visualizes the information by charts. This process is ordered by
two codes, one for Arduino to operate the system and the other
for “CS” for the application.