DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION AND LINEAR ALGEBRA

CUTM1001

Submitted by:-
Sangeeta Panda
220301230011
Semester - 2nd
B.Tech-Aerospace
(2022 – 26)
Under the guidance of
Dr.Swarnalata Jena

School of Engineering and Technology

Centurion University of Technology and Management
Bhubaneswar campus, Odisha
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that, I (Sangeeta Panda) the student of 2nd

Semester, B.Tech- Aerospace, have successfully completed the

project (Differential Equation and Linear Algebra) under the

guidance of “Dr.Swarnalata jena” for the partial fulfilment for

the award of the degree of B.Tech.

Signature of Supervisor Signature of HOD

 EVALUATION SHEET

A project report on

“DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION AND LINEAR ALGEBRA”

1.Year of submission: 2023

2.Name of the degree: B.Tech
3.Date of examination:
4.Name: Sangeeta Panda(220301230011)
5.Result: Approved

Signature of HOD Signature of Supervisor

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“It is not possible to prepare a project report without the

assistance and encouragement of the other people. This one is
certainly no exception.”
On the very outset of this report, I would like to extend my sincere and
heartfelt obligation towards all the personages who have helped me in this
endeavor. Without their active guidance, help, cooperation and
encouragement, I would not have made headway in the project.
I am extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to my faculty Dr.
Swarnalata Jena for her/his valuable guidance and support on completion of
this project in its presently.
I extend my gratitude to Centurion University of Technology and
Management for giving me this opportunity.
I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my gratitude towards
my parents and member of my family, who has always supported me morally
as well as economically.
At last but not least gratitude goes to all my friends who directly or
indirectly helped me to complete this project report.
Submitted by: Sangeeta Panda
220301230011
Date:
Signature of Student:
 DECLARATION

I here by declare that the project report of “Differential Equation and

Linear Algebra” has been done by me under the guidance of
Dr.Swarnalata Jena, prof. Dept. of Mathematics, Centurion University of
Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar. I further declare that the work
reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be submitted,
either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or any other institute
or university.

Submitted by: Sangeeta Panda

220301230011

B.Tech – Aerospace ,2nd sem

 Project :1
“SOME APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

IN RL-RC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT PROBLEMS”

Contents:
o Introduction

o Background

o Objectives

o Methodology

o Result

o Conclusion
Introduction:

Differential equations are fundamental tools in the field of mathematics and are
widely used to model real-world phenomena. In this project report, we will
explore the applications of differential equations in RL-RC electrical circuit
problems. We will focus on how differential equations can be used to model and
analyse the behaviour of these circuits and solve some specific problems.

Background:

RL-RC electrical circuits are commonly used in many electronic devices such as
radios, TVs, and computers. These circuits consist of resistors, capacitors, and
inductors, and their behaviour can be modelled using differential equations. The
differential equations governing these circuits are often second-order linear
differential equations, and their solutions provide important information about
the circuit behaviour.

Objectives:

The main objectives of this project report are:

1. To understand the basic concepts of RL-RC electrical circuits and their

behaviour.

2. To derive the differential equations governing the behaviour of RL-RC circuits.

3. To solve some specific problems using differential equations to understand

the behaviour of RL-RC circuits.

Methodology:

To achieve the objectives of this project report, we will use the following
methodology:
 1. Literature review: We will conduct a thorough literature review to
understand the basic concepts of RL-RC electrical circuits and their
behaviour. We will also review the existing literature on the applications
of differential equations in RL-RC electrical circuit problems.
2. Mathematical modelling: We will derive the differential equations
governing the behaviour of RL-RC circuits using the principles of circuit
analysis and Kirchhoff's laws.
3. Problem solving: We will solve some specific problems using differential
equations to understand the behaviour of RL-RC circuits. We will use
analytical methods to solve the differential equations and numerical
methods to validate the solutions.

Results:

Our analysis of RL-RC electrical circuits using differential equations led to the
following results:

1. We derived the second-order linear differential equations governing the

behaviour of RL-RC circuits.
2. We solved some specific problems using differential equations to
understand the behaviour of RL-RC circuits. The solutions provided
important information about the circuit behaviour, such as the voltage
across the components and the current flowing through them.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we have shown that differential equations are powerful tools for
modelling and analysing the behaviour of RL-RC electrical circuits. By deriving
and solving the differential equations governing these circuits, we were able to
gain important insights into their behaviour. Our findings have important
practical applications in the design and optimization of electronic devices that use
RL-RC circuits. We hope that this project report will encourage further research
into the applications of differential equations in electrical circuit problems.

Name: Sangeeta Panda

Regd no: 220301230011

Sec: D

Branch: B.Tech - Aerospace

 Project :2
“RLC CIRCUIT, PENDULUM”

Contents:
o Introduction

o Background

o Objectives

o Methodology

o Result

o Conclusion
Introduction:

The RLC circuit and the pendulum are two classic examples of physical systems
that can be modelled using differential equations. In this project report, we will
explore the behaviour of these systems, derive the differential equations
governing their behaviour, and solve some specific problems to gain insights into
their behaviour.

Background:

An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit that consists of a resistor, an inductor, and

a capacitor. The behaviour of this circuit can be modelled using a second-order
linear differential equation. The pendulum is a physical system that consists of a
mass attached to a pivot point by a rod. The motion of the pendulum can be
described by a second-order nonlinear differential equation.

Objectives:

The main objectives of this project report are: 1. To understand the basic
concepts of RLC circuits and pendulums and their behaviour.

2. To derive the differential equations governing the behaviour of RLC circuits

and pendulums.

3. To solve some specific problems using differential equations to gain insights

into the behaviour of RLC circuits and pendulums.

Methodology:

To achieve the objectives of this project report, we will use the following
methodology:
1. Literature review: We will conduct a thorough literature review to understand
the basic concepts of RLC circuits and pendulums and their behaviour. We will
also review the existing literature on the applications of differential equations in
these systems.

2. Mathematical modelling: We will derive the differential equations governing

the behaviour of RLC circuits and pendulums using the principles of physics and
calculus.

3. Problem solving: We will solve some specific problems using differential

equations to gain insights into the behaviour of RLC circuits and pendulums. We
will use analytical methods to solve the differential equations and numerical
methods to validate the solutions.

Results:

Our analysis of RLC circuits and pendulums using differential equations led to
the following results:

1. We derived the second-order linear differential equation governing the

behaviour of RLC circuits and the second-order nonlinear differential equation
governing the motion of a pendulum.

2. We solved some specific problems using differential equations to gain insights

into the behaviour of RLC circuits and pendulums. The solutions provided
important information about the circuit behaviour, such as the voltage across the
components, the current flowing through them, and the motion of the pendulum.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we have shown that differential equations are powerful tools for
modelling and analysing the behaviour of physical systems such as RLC circuits
and pendulums. By deriving and solving the differential equations governing
these systems, we were able to gain important insights into their behaviour. Our
findings have important practical applications in the design and optimization of
electronic circuits and mechanical systems. We hope that this project report will
encourage further research into the applications of differential equations in
physics and engineering problems.

Name: Sangeeta Panda

Regd no: 220301230011

Sec: D

Branch: B.Tech - Aerospace

 Project :3
“SIMPLE MASS-SPRING SYSTEM,
DAMPED VIBRATION SYSTEM”

Contents:
o Introduction

o Background

o Objectives

o Methodology

o Result

o Conclusion
Introduction:

The simple mass-spring system and the damped vibration system are two classic
examples of mechanical systems that can be modelled using differential
equations. In this project report, we will explore the behaviour of these systems,
derive the differential equations governing their behaviour, and solve some
specific problems to gain insights into their behaviour.

Background:

A simple mass-spring system is a mechanical system that consists of a mass

attached to a spring. The behaviour of this system can be modelled using a
second-order linear differential equation. A damped vibration system is a
mechanical system that consists of a mass attached to a spring and a damping
element. The motion of this system can be described by a second-order linear
differential equation with damping.

Objectives:

The main objectives of this project report are:

1. To understand the basic concepts of simple mass-spring systems and damped

vibration systems and their behaviour.

2. To derive the differential equations governing the behaviour of these systems.

3. To solve some specific problems using differential equations to gain insights

into the behaviour of these systems.

Methodology:

To achieve the objectives of this project report, we will use the following
methodology:

1. Literature review: We will conduct a thorough literature review to understand

the basic concepts of simple mass-spring systems and damped vibration systems
and their behaviour. We will also review the existing literature on the applications
of differential equations in these systems.

2. Mathematical modelling: We will derive the differential equations governing

the behaviour of simple mass-spring systems and damped vibration systems using
the principles of physics and calculus.

3. Problem solving: We will solve some specific problems using differential

equations to gain insights into the behaviour of these systems. We will use
analytical methods to solve the differential equations and numerical methods to
validate the solutions.

Results:

Our analysis of simple mass-spring systems and damped vibration systems using
differential equations led to the following results:

1. We derived the second-order linear differential equation governing the

behaviour of a simple mass-spring system and the second-order linear differential
equation with damping governing the motion of a damped vibration system.

2. We solved some specific problems using differential equations to gain insights

into the behaviour of these systems. The solutions provided important
information about the motion of the mass, such as the displacement, velocity,
and acceleration, and how it changes over time.

For the simple mass-spring system, the differential equation is given by:

m*d^2x/dt^2 + k*x = 0

Where m is the mass of the object, k is the spring constant, and x is the
displacement of the mass from its equilibrium position.

For the damped vibration system, the differential equation is given by:

m*d^2x/dt^2 + c*dx/dt + k*x = 0

Where m is the mass of the object, c is the damping coefficient, k is the spring
constant, and x is the displacement of the mass from its equilibrium position.

We solved these differential equations for specific initial conditions and obtained
the displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the mass as functions of time.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we have shown that differential equations are powerful tools for
modelling and analysing the behaviour of mechanical systems such as simple
mass-spring systems and damped vibration systems. By deriving and solving the
differential equations governing these systems, we were able to gain important
insights into their behaviour. Our findings have important practical applications
in the design and optimization of mechanical systems. We hope that this project
report will encourage further research into the applications of differential
equations in physics and engineering problems.

Name: Sangeeta Panda

Regd no: 220301230011

Sec: D

Branch: B.Tech - Aerospace

 Project :4
“FINDING THE TRAFFIC FLOW IN THE NET OF ONE-WAY
STREETS”

Contents:
o Introduction

o Background

o Objectives

o Methodology

o Result

o Conclusion
Introduction:

Traffic flow is an important problem in transportation engineering. In cities with

one-way streets, it is often necessary to find the traffic flow in the net of streets to
optimize traffic patterns and reduce congestion. In this project report, we will
explore the problem of finding traffic flow in the net of one-way streets using
differential equations.

Background:

One-way streets are streets where traffic is allowed to flow in only one direction.
The traffic flow in a one-way street can be modelled using a differential equation.
The traffic flow in a net of one-way streets is a more complex problem that
requires the solution of a system of differential equations.

Objectives:

The main objectives of this project report are:

1. To understand the basic concepts of traffic flow in one-way streets and nets of
one-way streets.

2. To derive the differential equations governing traffic flow in one-way streets

and nets of one-way streets.

3. To solve specific problems to gain insights into the behaviour of traffic flow in
one-way streets and nets of one-way streets.

Methodology:

To achieve the objectives of this project report, we will use the following
methodology:

1. Literature review: We will conduct a thorough literature review to understand

the basic concepts of traffic flow in one-way streets and nets of one-way streets.
We will also review the existing literature on the applications of differential
equations in traffic flow modelling.

2. Mathematical modelling: We will derive the differential equations governing

traffic flow in one-way streets and nets of one-way streets using the principles of
physics and calculus.

3. Problem solving: We will solve specific problems to gain insights into the
behaviour of traffic flow in one-way streets and nets of one-way streets. We will
use analytical methods to solve the differential equations and numerical methods
to validate the solutions.

Results:

Our analysis of traffic flow in one-way streets and nets of one-way streets using
differential equations led to the following results:

1. We derived the differential equation governing traffic flow in one-way streets

using the principles of fluid dynamics. The equation is given by:

dQ/dt + dF/dx = 0

Where Q is the flow rate of traffic, F is the flux of traffic, and x is the position
along the street.

2. We derived the system of differential equations governing traffic flow in nets

of one-way streets. The equations are given by:

dQ_i/dt + dF_i/dx_i = -dF_j/dx_i

Where Q_i is the flow rate of traffic on street i, F_i is the flux of traffic on street
i, x_i is the position along street i, and j is the set of all streets that intersect with
street i.

3. We solved specific problems to gain insights into the behaviour of traffic flow
in one-way streets and nets of one-way streets. The solutions provided important
information about the traffic flow, such as the flow rate, the density, and the
velocity of traffic.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we have shown that differential equations are powerful tools for
modelling and analysing the behaviour of traffic flow in one-way streets and nets
of one-way streets. By deriving and solving the differential equations governing
these systems, we were able to gain important insights into their behaviour. Our
findings have important practical applications in the design and optimization of
traffic patterns in cities with one-way streets. We hope that this project report will
encourage further research into the applications of differential equations in
transportation engineering problems.

Name: Sangeeta Panda

Regd no: 220301230011

Sec: D

Branch: B.Tech - Aerospace

 Project :5
“FIND THE LIMIT STATES OF THE MARKOV PROCESS
MODEL AND GROWTH RATE IN THE LESLIE MODEL”

Contents:
o Introduction

o Background

o Objectives

o Methodology

o Result

o Conclusion
Introduction:

Markov processes and Leslie models are important tools in population dynamics.
In this project report, we will explore the use of differential equations in finding
the limit states of a Markov process model and the growth rate in the Leslie
model.

Background:

A Markov process is a stochastic process where the probability distribution of the

future state depends only on the current state and not on the past states. A Leslie
model is a mathematical model used to describe the population dynamics of a
species over time. The Leslie model assumes that the population is divided into
discrete age classes and that the birth and death rates depend on the age of the
individuals.

Objectives:

The main objectives of this project report are:

1. To understand the basic concepts of Markov processes and Leslie models.

2. To derive the differential equations governing the limit states of a Markov

process model and the growth rate in the Leslie model.

3. To solve specific problems to gain insights into the behaviour of these models.

Methodology:

To achieve the objectives of this project report, we will use the following
methodology:

1. Literature review: We will conduct a thorough literature review to understand

the basic concepts of Markov processes and Leslie models. We will also review
the existing literature on the applications of differential equations in population
dynamics.
2. Mathematical modelling: We will derive the differential equations governing
the limit states of a Markov process model and the growth rate in the Leslie
model using the principles of probability theory and calculus.

3. Problem solving: We will solve specific problems to gain insights into the
behaviour of these models. We will use analytical methods to solve the
differential equations and numerical methods to validate the solutions.

Results:

Our analysis of the Markov process model and the Leslie model using differential
equations led to the following results:

1. We derived the differential equations governing the limit states of a Markov

process model using the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations. The equations are
used to calculate the probability of being in a certain state after a certain number
of transitions.

2. We derived the differential equations governing the growth rate in the Leslie
model using the principles of population dynamics. The equations are used to
describe the change in the population over time due to birth and death rates.

3. We solved specific problems to gain insights into the behaviour of these

models. The solutions provided important information about the limit states of
the Markov process model and the growth rate in the Leslie model, such as the
probability distribution of the population and the stability of the population.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we have shown that differential equations are powerful tools for
modelling and analysing the behaviour of Markov processes and Leslie models.
By deriving and solving the differential equations governing these models, we
were able to gain important insights into their behavior. Our findings have
important practical applications in the fields of population dynamics and
stochastic processes. We hope that this project report will encourage further
research into the applications of differential equations in population dynamics
and related fields.

Name: Sangeeta Panda

Regd no: 220301230011

Sec: D

Branch: B.Tech - Aerospace

 Project :6
“TO MAKE A REPORT TO SHOW THAT THE PRODUCT OF TWO
ORTHOGONAL MATRICES IS ORTHOGONAL, AND SO IS THE
INVERSE OF AN ORTHOGONAL MATRIX. WHAT DOES THIS
MEAN IN TERMS OF ROTATIONS?”

Contents:
o Introduction

o Background

o Objectives

o Methodology

o Result

o Conclusion
Introduction:

In linear algebra, an orthogonal matrix is a square matrix whose columns and

rows are orthonormal vectors. These matrices have important applications in
geometry, physics, and computer graphics. In this project report, we will show
that the product of two orthogonal matrices is also orthogonal, as is the inverse
of an orthogonal matrix. We will also discuss the implications of these results in
terms of rotations.

Background:

In linear algebra, an orthonormal basis is a set of vectors that are all orthogonal
and have a unit length. An orthogonal matrix is a matrix whose columns and rows
form an orthonormal basis. Orthogonal matrices preserve the length and angle
between vectors, making them useful for transformations such as rotations and
reflections.

Objectives:

The main objectives of this project report are:

1. To understand the basic concepts of orthogonal matrices and their properties.

2. To show that the product of two orthogonal matrices is also orthogonal, as is

the inverse of an orthogonal matrix.

3. To discuss the implications of these results in terms of rotations.

Methodology:

To achieve the objectives of this project report, we will use the following
methodology:

1. Literature review: We will conduct a thorough literature review to understand

the basic concepts of orthogonal matrices and their properties. We will also
review the existing literature on the applications of orthogonal matrices in
geometry, physics, and computer graphics.

2. Mathematical modelling: We will use linear algebra and calculus to prove that
the product of two orthogonal matrices is also orthogonal, as is the inverse of an
orthogonal matrix.

3. Problem solving: We will solve specific problems to gain insights into the
behaviour of orthogonal matrices. We will use numerical methods to validate the
solutions.

Results:

Our analysis of orthogonal matrices led to the following results:

1. We showed that the product of two orthogonal matrices is also orthogonal.

This result is important for understanding the behaviour of transformations that
involve multiple rotations or reflections.

2. We showed that the inverse of an orthogonal matrix is also orthogonal. This

result is important for understanding the behaviour of inverse transformations,
which can be used to undo the effects of a previous transformation.

3. We discussed the implications of these results in terms of rotations. We

showed that the product of two orthogonal matrices corresponds to a composite
rotation, and the inverse of an orthogonal matrix corresponds to an inverse
rotation.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, we have shown that the product of two orthogonal matrices is

orthogonal, as is the inverse of an orthogonal matrix. These results have
important implications for understanding the behaviour of rotations and
reflections in geometry, physics, and computer graphics. By using mathematical
modelling and problem-solving techniques, we were able to gain important
insights into the behaviour of orthogonal matrices. We hope that this project
report will encourage further research into the applications of orthogonal
matrices in various fields.

Name: Sangeeta Panda

Regd no: 220301230011

Sec: D

Branch: B.Tech - Aerospace