Differential Equation and Linear Algebra , Module - 01

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
MANAS RANJAN RATH – 230101120061
NIRAKAR RATH – 230101120066
GUVVADA KODANDA – 230101120064
SONU DALAI – 230101120062
MOHAN JENA – 230101120063
KARTHIK DORABABU – 230101120065
RAJEEV KUMAR CHOUDHURY – 230101120067
VIKASH KUMAR – 230101120068
T.SAHITH – 230101120069
AAYUSH RAJ - 230101120070

in partial fulfillment for the award of the

degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

PARLAKHEMUNDI CAMPUS
CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
ODISHA
DECEMBER
2023
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PARLAKHEMUNDI CAMPUS

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “Differential Equation and Linear Algebra ,

Module -01” is the bonafide work of “NIRAKAR RATH ” who carried out

the project work under my supervision. This is to further certify to the best of

my knowledge, that this project has not been carried out earlier in this institute

and the university.

SIGNATURE
Dr. Archana Senapati
Professor of Mathematics

Certified that the above mentioned project has been duly carried out as per
the norms of the college and statutes of the university.

SIGNATURE
Prof. Balaji Padhy
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT MATHEMATICS

DEPARTMENT SEAL
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “Differential Equation and Linear

Algebra , Module -01” submitted for the “Minor Project” of 1th semester B.

Tech in Computer Science and Engineering is my original work and the project

has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree / Diploma or any other

similar titles in any other University / Institute.

Name of the Student: Manas Ranjan

Rath

Signature of the Student:

Registration No: 230101120061

Place: PARLAKHEMUNDI

Date: 23/12/2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my profound and sincere gratitude to Dr.. Archana

Senapati , Department of Mathematics , SoET, Paralakhemundri Campus, who
guided me into the intricacies of this project nonchalantly with matchless
magnanimity.
I thank Prof. Balaji Padhy , Head of the Dept. of Mathematics , SoET,
Parlakhemundi Campus and Prof. Ashish Ranjan Das, Dean, School of
Engineering and Technology, Paralakhemundri Campus for extending their
support during Course of this investigation.

I would be failing in my duty if I don’t acknowledge the cooperation

rendered during various stages of image interpretation by Dr. Archana Senapati.

I am highly grateful to Dr. Archana Senapati who evinced keen interest

and invaluable support in the progress and successful completion of my project
work.
I am indebted to Dr. Archana Senapati for their constant encouragement,
co-operation and help. Words of gratitude are not enough to describe the
accommodation and fortitude which they have shown throughout my endeavor.

Name of the Student: Nirakar Rath

Signature of the Student:

Registration No: 230101120066

Place: PARLAKHEMUNDI

Date: 23/12/2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE

PAGE
NO.

CERTIFICATE i

DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

1. CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction

2. CHAPTER – 2 DIFFEREN EQUATION

2.1. 1st order Differential Equation
2.2. Liner Differential Equation
2.3. TYPES OF 1st order Differential Equation
2.4. Non - Liner Differential Equation

3. CHAPTER – 3 MODULE - 01
3.1. K V L
3.2. K C L
3.3. R C CIRCUIT
3.4. R L CIRCUIT
3.5. Problem solve

4. CHAPTER – 4 CONCLUSIONS, REFERENCES

4.1. Conclusion
4.2. References
 ABSTRACT

Differential equations and linear algebra share a profound interrelation

that extends beyond their individual domains. When confronted with
systems of linear differential equations, linear algebra emerges as a
fundamental framework for analysis and solution. The marriage of these
two mathematical realms becomes particularly apparent in the
representation of differential operators as matrices and the exploration of
eigenvalues and eigen vectors.

In essence, linear algebra provides a potent language for expressing and

manipulating the underlying structures within differential equations.
Matrices encapsulate transformations induced by differential operators,
enabling a systematic examination of the system's behavior. Eigenvalues
unveil crucial information about stability and dynamic equilibrium, while
eigen vectors offer insights into the direction and magnitude of the
system's evolution.

This amalgamation of differential equations and linear algebra not only

streamlines problem-solving but also unifies diverse mathematical
concepts. It fosters a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness
between continuous processes described by differentials and the algebraic
principles governing linear transformations. Consequently, this symbiotic
relationship underscores the elegance and efficiency of employing linear
algebraic techniques in the realm of differential equations.
 CHAPTER - 01

Introduction:

Differential equations and linear algebra repres ent pivotal

branches of mathematics, each with its own distinct
characteristics, yet their synergy yields profound insights and
practical applications. Differential equations capture the
dynamics of changing quantities, involving functions and their
derivatives. They serve as mathematical models for various
phenomena, from population growth to fluid dynamics. On the
other hand, linear algebra deals with vector spaces, linear
transformations, and matrices. It provides a structured
framework for understanding and solving systems of linear
equations. The intersection of these fields manifests in solving
differential equations using linear algebraic methods,
particularly beneficial in scenarios where complex systems
evolve over time. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, fundamental
concepts in linear algebra, often emerge as key tools in
analyzing and solving linear differential equations. This
interdisciplinary approach finds widespread use in physics,
engineering, and other scientific domains, offering a robust
toolkit for modeling, analyzing, and understanding dynamic
systems in the real world.
 CHAPTER - 2

First Order Differential Equation

A first-order differential equation is defined by an equation:

dy/dx =f (x,y) of two variables x and y with its function f(x,y)
defined on a region in the xy-plane. It has only the first
derivative dy/dx so that the equation is of the first order and no
higher-order derivatives exist. The differential equation in first-
order can also be written as Y’ = f (x,y) or (d/dx) y = f (x,y).

Linear Differential Equation (Leibnitz Differential Equation)

Linear differential equation is an equation having a variable, a

derivative of this variable, and a few other functions. The
standard form of a linear differential equation is dy/dx + Py = Q,
and it contains the variable y, and its derivatives. The P and Q in
this differential equation are either numeric constants or
functions of x.

Types of First Order Differential Equation

There are basically five types of differential equations in the

first order. They are:

1) Linear Differential Equations

2) Homogeneous Equations
3) Exact Equations
4) Separable Equations
5) Integrating Factor

Non-Linear Differential Equation (Bernoulli Equation

The Differential Equation is not linear is called Non-Linear

Differential equation. The Differential Equation which is in
the form of+.....(3)
Where n is not equal 0,1 and n belongs to Z(where z is an
integer) is called Non-Linear Differential Equation or
Bernoulli Equation.
 CHAPTER - 3

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL):

“Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the

potential
differences in any loop must be equal to zero as: ΣV = 0.”A
loop in a
circuit is any path which ends at the same point at which it starts.

KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:-

often shortened to KCL,states that “The algebraic sum of

all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero.”

Here,

I1 + I5 – I2 – I3 – I4 = 0
R C CIRCUIT

The resistor-capacitor circuit (RC Circuit) is an electrical

circuit consisting of passive components like resistors and
capacitors, driven by the current source or the voltage source.

R L CIRCUIT

RL Circuits also called RL network or RL filter is a type of

circuit having a combination of inductors and resistors and is
usually driven by some power source. As such, an RL Circuit
has the inductor and a resistor connected in either parallel or
series combination with each other.

Applications of RL and RC circuit:

RL circuit:

• The RL circuit shown above has a resistor and an

inductor connected in series. A constant voltage V is applied
when the switch is closed.
• The (variable) voltage across the resistor is given
• The (variable) voltage across the inductor is given .
• Kirchhoff's voltage law says that the directed sum of the
voltages around a circuit must be zero. This
results in the following differential equation:
.
RC circuit:

 In an RC circuit, the capacitor stores

energy between a pair of plates. When voltage is
applied to the capacitor, the charge builds up in the
capacitor and the current drops off to zero.13

 Kirchhoff's voltage law says the total voltages must

be zero. So applying this law to a series RC circuit
results in the equation:
1∫ =v
 SOLVE PROBLEM



 CHAPTER - 4

CONCLUSION

They are used to control the speed of a car’s windshield

wipers and the timing of traffic lights; they are used in
camera flashes, in heart pacemakers, and in many other
electronic devices.

• The RL circuits are used in communication systems,

radio wave transmitters, oscillator circuits, RF amplifiers,
filtering circuits, variable tuned circuits, magnification of
current and voltage.

REFERENCE

1. Higher engineering by B.V. Ramana

2. Advanced engineering mathematics by
Erwin Kreyszig
 ASSESSMENT
Internal:

SL FULL MARKS REMARK S

RUBRICS
NO MARK OBTAIN
ED
Understanding the relevance, scope
1 10
and dimension of the project
2 Methodology 10
3 Quality of Analysis and Results 10
4 Interpretations and Conclusions 10
5 Report 10
Total 50

Date: Signature of the Faculty

 ARRANGEMENT OF SHEETS OF
PROJECT REPORT
1. Cover Page
2. Certificate i
3. Declaration ii
4. Acknowledgements iii
5. Contents iv - vii
6. List of Tables viii - ix
7. List of Plates x-xi
8. Notation xii-xiii
9. Abstract xiv-xv
10. Chapters Page No. 1 onwards
11. Conclusion
12. Future Scope
13. References
14. Assessment
15. Course Outcome Attainment

The page Nos. of sheets before Chapter I are to be properly entered

in Roman Nos. depending on the exact No. of pages under each
item
SHEET 1 – COVER PAGE
SHEET 2 – CERTIFICATE
SHEET 3 – DECLARATION
SHEET 4 – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
SHEETS 4 to 8 – CONTENTS
SHEETS 9 & 10 – LIST OF TABLES
SHEETS 11 & 12 – LIST OF PLATES
SHEETS 13 & 14 – NOTATION
SHEETS 15 & 16 – ABSTRACT
SHEETS 15 & 16 – ABSTRACT
REFERENCES
CONCLUSION
FUTURE SCOPE
ASSESSMENT
COURSE OUTCOME ATTAINMENT
BACK COVER