SEPARATION AXIOMS IN

TOPOLOGICL SPACE AND ITS

APPLICATION

Project submitted to

Dr. C.V. Raman University

Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.)
For the award of the degree
of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In

MATHEMATICS
by
STUTI DEWANGAN
Enrolment No.: CV/1/SC/25909

July 2020-June 2022

©2022stutidewangan.All rights reserved.

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 SEPARATION AXIOMS IN
TOPOLOGICL SPACE AND ITS
APPLICATION

Project submitted to

Dr. C.V. Raman University

Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.)
For the award of the degree
of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In

MATHEMATICS
by
STUTI DEWANGAN
Under the Guidance of

DR. S. K. TIWARI
July 2020-June 2022
©2022stutidewangan.All rights reserved.

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 Dr. C.V. RAMAN UNIVERSITY KOTA, BILASPUR (C.G.)

Department Of Mathematics

DECLARATION

I the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project work entitled “SEPARATION
AXIOMS IN TOPOLOGICL SPACE AND ITS APPLICATION” is based on my own
work carried out during the course of my study under the supervision of DR. S. K. TIWARI.

I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my project work. I
further certify that
i. The work contained in the project is original and has been done by me under the
general supervision of my supervisor.
ii. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any other
Degree/Diploma/Certificate in this University or any other University of India or
abroad.
iii. I have followed the guideline provided by the University in writing the project.
iv. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the concerned Ordinance of the
University.
v. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other
sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the Project and giving
their details in the references.
vi. Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources, I have put them under
quotation marks and given due credit to the sources by citing them and giving required
details in the references.

(Stuti Dewangan)
Enrolment No.
CV/1/SC/25909

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 Dr. C.V. RAMAN UNIVERSITY KOTA, BILASPUR (C.G.)
Department of Mathematics

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work incorporated in the project entitled “ SEPARATION AXIOMS

IN TOPOLOGICL SPACE AND ITS APPLICATION ” is a record of project work carried

out by STUTI DEWANGAN under my supervision for the award of degree Master of

Science in the Faculty of Mathematics of Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur (C.G.)-India.

To the best of my knowledge and belief the thesis:

i. Embodies the work of the candidate himself/herself,

ii. Has duly been completed.

iii. Fulfill the requirements of the Ordinance relating to the M.Sc. degree of the University,
and
iv. Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language for being referred to
the examiners.

Supervisor

(DR. S. K. TIWARI)

(Signature of the Head of the Department)

(Seal of Department)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a matter to immense pleasure to express the overwhelming sense of gratitude, devotion,

incontestable regards to my esteemed & learned guide DR. S. K. TIWARI professor, department of
mathematics, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur (C.G.), who have striven to perfect my project
on “SEPARATION AXIOMS IN TOPOLOGICL SPACE AND ITS APPLICATION” as a part of
curriculum for award of “Master of Science (Mathematics)” of Dr. C.V. Raman University, Kota,
Bilaspur (C.G.).
Finally, I express my indebtedness to all who have directly
or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of my research work.

(Stuti Dewangan)
Enrolment No.
CV/1/SC/25909

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 8

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9-11

CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY/DESIGN OF STUDY 12-24

CHAPTER-4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 25-26

CHAPTER-5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 27

CHAPTER-6 REFERENCES 28

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 ABSTRACT

It is observed that there has been a considerable work done on different relatively weak forms of
separation axioms, like regularity and normality axioms in particular, several other neighboring forms
of them have also been studied in many papers. For instance we have given some of the variant forms
of regularity and normality properties that have been investigated by different researchers as separate
entities. The concept of a generalized type of operator, called operation on the power set P (X) of a
topological space (X , τ) was also introduced . It turns out from the investigations that by judicious
use of the notion of ’operation’, one can give generalized definitions of regularity and normality
axioms from which the definitions of different varied forms of such properties and many known
results thereon follow as particular consequences.

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 INTRODUCTION

The concept of a topological space is very general. It is often desirable to be more specific. One way
in which this is done is to use the separation axioms to define topological spaces with more restricted
properties. For example, it is not true in general that a sequence in a topological space has at most one
limit. But with the use of the separation axioms a type of space may be defined in which the limit, if
it exists, is unique. Some of the basic concepts used will be discussed briefly. The separation
axioms are stated and the resulting types of topological spaces are defined later. The relationships
among these spaces are also considered. A few interesting properties of the types of spaces defined
are also discussed.

Two terms which are used repeatedly in this paper are "topology" and "topological space." If S is a
non-empty set, a collection T of subsets of S is called a topology on S if it satisfies the following
properties:
(i) The union of any sub collection of T belongs to T.
(ii) The intersection of any nonempty finite sub collection of T belongs to T .
(iii) S e T.
The topological space consisting of the set S and the topology T will be denoted by (S, T). A
collection of sets a is a sub base for a topology T if and only if each member of T is the union of
finite intersections of sets in a and a ⸦ T , The sub base T is said to generate the topology T.
To avoid possible confusion it is necessary to define some of the terms which will be used throughout
. Â subset of S is open if and only if it is in T. A subset of S is closed if and only if its
complement is open. The complement of a set X with respect to S will be denoted by T x or S-X.

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 LITERATAURE REVIEW

O. Tantawy, S. A. El-Sheikh, S.Hamde (2015) presented that the separation axioms soft Ti (i = 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5) by using the concept of soft points and we study some of their properties. We observe
that in a soft T1-space, the soft point xe may be not closed soft set, so we have spaces which are soft
Ti but not soft Ti−1 (i = 3, 4, 5). In order to overcome this problem, we presented the necessary
condition for a soft space to be soft T1-space. Also, we show that the soft Ti in the sense of and the
current soft Ti are equivalent (i = 0, 1, 2, 3). Finally, they have discussed the hereditary and some soft
topological properties for such spaces.

T kubiak (1999) presented that it is intended to give a self-contained development of some of the
topics of fuzzy topology that involve L-real-valued continuous functions on L-topological spaces.
The four major themes include separation of L-sets by continuous L-real functions, insertion of
continuous L-real functions between two comparable L-real functions, extension of continuous L-real
functions from a subspace to the entire space and embedding L-topological spaces into products. (In
actual fact, it is the embedding of L-Tychonoff spaces into L-cubes which falls into that category of
results.) In general topology (i.e. when the lattice L is the two-point chain) these ideas are among the
most important aspects, and related results, such as e.g. Urysohn lemma, Tietze extension theorem or
Tychonoff embedding theorem, rank among the fundamental theorems. The fuzzy topology we shall
deal with is that which in this Handbook is named the fixed-basis fuzzy topology. This means that
throughout this article the lattice L is fixed (modulo some aditional assumptions) as in the chapter by
H6hle and Sostak . The assumptions about L have been minimalized and, consequently, our main
results are complete lattice results. We recall that most of the separation axioms that will concern us
as well as the concept of an L-real-valued function require L to be isomorphic to its dual lattice via an
involution. Thus, a complete lattice with an order-reversing involution is the minimal assumption for
this chapter.

M. CALDAS AND S. JAFARI (2003) presented that in 1966, Veliˇcko introduced and studied the
notions of δ-open sets, δ-closure operator and δ-closed sets. Joseph investigated several basic

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properties of δ-closed sets. In 1980, Noiri introduced and characterized δ-continuity by utilizing these
notions. Quite recently, Georgiou et al. by considering the notion of δ-closed sets, introduced and
investigated Λδ-sets, (Λ, δ)-closed, (Λ, δ)- open sets and (Λ, δ)-closure operator. By doing this, they
were able to present new types of continuity, compactness and connectedness. There is no doubt that
low separation axioms play a very important role in general topology. Indeed there are lots of
research papers which deal with different low separation axioms and also many topologists
worldwide are doing research in this area. It is the aim of this paper to offer some new types of low
separation axioms by using (Λ, δ)-open sets and (Λ, δ)-closure operator. Let A be a subset of a
topological space X. The closure, interior and complement of A is denoted by Cl(A), Int(A) and Ac
(= X\A), respectively. A point x in a topological space (X, τ ) is in the δ-closure of A ⊂ X (x ∈
Clδ(A)) if Int(Cl(U)) ∩ A 6= ∅ for any U ∈ τ and x ∈ U. A is called δ-closed if Clδ(A) = A, and the
complement of a δ-closed set is called δ-open. We denote the collection of all δ-open sets by δ(X, τ ).
A is called Λδ-set [1] if A = Λδ(A) where Λδ(A) = ∩{G ∈ δ(X, τ )/A ⊂ G}. In what follows, by a
space we mean a topological space.

M. S. SARSAK (2010) presented a generalized topology (breifly GT) μ on a nonempty set X is a

collection of subsets of X such that ∅ ∈ μ and μ is closed under arbitrary unions. Elements of μ will
be called μ-open sets, and a subset A of (X,μ) will be called a μ-neighborhood of a point x of X if
there is U ∈ μ such that x ∈ U ⊂ A. A subset A of X will be called μ-closed if X\A is μ-open. The
pair (X,μ) will be called generalized topological space (breifly GTS). By a space X or (X,μ), we will
always mean a GTS. A space (X,μ) is said to be a quasi-topological space if μ is closed under finite
intersections. Clearly, every topological space is a quasi-topological space and every quasi-
topological space is a GTS. If A is a subset of a space (X,μ), then the μ-closure of A, cμ(A), is the
intersection of all μ-closed sets containing A and the μ-interior of A , iμ(A), is the union of all μ-open
sets contained in A. It was pointed out in that each of the operators cμ and iμ are monotonic , i.e. if A
⊂ B ⊂ X, then cμ(A) ⊂ cμ(B) and iμ(A) ⊂ iμ(B), idempotent [4], i.e. if A ⊂ X, then cμ cμ(A) =
cμ(A) and iμ iμ(A) = iμ(A), cμ is enlarging , i.e. if A ⊂ X, then cμ(A) ⊃ A, iμ is restricting , i.e. if A
⊂ X, then iμ(A) ⊂ A, A is μ-open if and only if A = iμ(A), and cμ(A) = X\iμ(X\A). Clearly, A is μ-
closed if and only if A = cμ(A), cμ(A) is the smallest μclosed set containing A and iμ(A) is the largest
μ-open set contained in A, and x ∈ cμ(A) if and only if any μ-open set containing x intersects A. If A
is a subset of a space (X,μ), Ac stands for X\A.

C. E. AULL AND W. J. THRON (1961) presented that the first systematic treatment of separation
axioms is due to URYSOHN. A more detailed discussion was given by FREUDENTHAL and VAN
EsT in 1951. Both of these investigations are concerned with separation axioms stronger than T1.
The only separation axiom between To and T1 known heretofore was introduced by J. W. T. Youngs

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who encountered it in the study of locally connected spaces. Another axiom was suggested to us by
an observation of C. T. YANG, that the derived set of every set is closed iff the derived set of every
point is closed. After introducing some tools which will play an important role throughout the article,
we use these to give a new proof of a result of M. H. STONE which states that by identifying
"undistinguishable" points in a topological space every space can be made into a To-space. Next, we
introduce a number of new separation axioms, giving equivalent forms for some, analyse their
inclusion relations, and observe that they all can be described in terms of the behavior of derived sets
of points. In the remaining sections some applications are considered. These include consideration of
homogeneity, normality, behavior under a strengthening of the topology, and relation to discrete
spaces of Alexandroff.

Małgorzata Terepeta (2017) presented that the soft topologies defined on the same
universe X with E as the set of parameters. It is shown that soft topologies are not equivalent to the
general topologies defined on X. Moreover, some implications between soft separating axioms are
different than those for ordinary topological spaces. The relation of similarity of soft topological
spaces is also introduced and examined. The soft topologies T1 and T2 on X are called similar, if the
families T1 and T2 are mutually coinitial. We study some basic properties of similar soft topological
spaces: we check whether the family of all such spaces forms a lattice, we examine the relationship
between similarity and being homeomorphic and consider the similarity of e-parameterized
topologies.

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 METHODOLOGY/DESIGN OF STUDY

In this section we will state some of the basic definitions and examples of topological spaces and
terminologies related to it.

Definition (1)
Let X be a non-empty set. Then the collection T of sub sets of X is called
Topology for X if T satisfies the following axioms:-
1- X and Ø ∈ T.
2- If A1 and A2 are any two sets in T. then A1 ∩ A2 ∈ T.
3- If {Aα: α ∈ ∆} be an arbitrary collection of sets in T then {Aα : α ∈ ∆} is in
T.

Remark (1)
If T is topology on X. Then (X, T) is called Topological-space.

Remark (2)
In a topological space (X.T). The members of T are called open sets.
So: in a topological space (X.T):-
1- Ø and X ∈ T.
2- The intersection of finite collection of open sets is open.
3- Arbitrary (in finite) union of open sets is open.

Examples:
Let X = {a, b, c} consider the following collection of subset of X:
T1 = {Ø, X, {a}} and T2 = {Ø, X, {a}, {a, c}}.
It's clear that each one of above collections or families are topology or X
T3 = {Ø, X, {a}, {c}} not topology on X because {a} ∈ T3 and {c} ∈ T3 But
{a} {c} = {a, c} T3.

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Some types of topological space

First: Let X ≠Ø. The collection Ti = {Ø, X} is topology and it known indiscrete
topology.
The pair: (X, Ti) is called Top-space.

Second: X≠Ø and Td is collection of all possible subsets of X. then Td is topology

for X. (i. e) Td = {power (X) = {P(X)}

Third: Let X ≠Ø and T* = {U: X-U is finite}

(i.e) T* consist of Ø and all non-empty subsets of X whose complement are finite.
Then (X , Tc) is called co-finite Top.

Fourth: Let X ≠ Ø and Tc = {U: X-U countable}

Then (X, Tc) is called co-countable Topological space..

Fifth: Let X = R be all a real numbers and Let Tu be a family consisting of Ø and
all non-empty subsets G of R which have the following property:-

{∀ x ∈ G} open interval Ix such that X ∈ Ix ⊆ G, Then (X, Tu) is called usual

Topological space.

Comparison of Topologies

Definition (2)

Let T1 and T2 be any two topologies for a set X ≠ Ø:-

1) If every open set in T1 is open set in T2 then we write T1⊂T2 and say :
T1 is coarser or weaker or smaller than T2 or T2 is finer or stronger or
longer than T1.
2) If either T1 ⊂ T2 or T2 ⊂ T1 we say that T1 and T2 comparable otherwise we
say not comparable.

Definition (3)

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Let (X, T) be a topology space a subset F of X is said to be closed if the
complement Fc ∈ T
Intersection and union of open and closed set

Theorem 1)
1- The intersection of a finite collection of open sets is open.
2- The intersection of finite collection of open sets not necessarily open set.
3- The union of in finite the collection of open sets is open.

Theorem (2)
1- The union of finite collection of closed sets is closed.
2- The union of in finite collection of closed sets not necessarily closed set.
3- The intersection of in finite collection of closed sets is closed.

Definition (3)
A topological space (X,T) is called door space . If every subset of X is either open
or closed.

Definition (4)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let x ∈ X . Then a subset N of X is said to be:-
T-neighborhood or neighborhood of x if there exists open set G such that x ∈ G
⊆ N.

Definition (5)
The set of all neighborhoods of a point x ∈ X is called the neighborhood system of
x and denoted by Nx.

Definition (6)
Let (X, T) be a topological space. Let x ∈ X and let Nx be the T – neighborhood
system of X. Then the sub family βX of Nx is called local base of x if for each N ∈
Nx ∃ B ⊆ Bx such that X ∈ B ⊆ N.

Definition (7)

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Let (X, T) be a topology space. a sub family β of T is said to be form a base for T
if for each open set G and each x ∈ G ∃ a member B in β such that x ∈ B ⊆ G .

Limit points and closure of sets

Definition (8)
Let (X, T) be a topology space and let A ⊆ X A point x ∈ X is called adherent
point or contact point of A if every open set containing X. Contains at least one
point of A.

Definition (9)
A point x ∈ X is called a limit point or accumulation point of A or a cluster point
of A if and only if every open set containing x contains at least on point of A other
than x .

Remark (3)
The set of all limit points of A is called the derived set of A and will denoted by À
or Dr (A).

Theorem (3)
Let (X, T) be a topology space and let A ⊆ X . Then A is closed if and only if À ⊆
A . or D(A) ⊆ A .

Theorem (4)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let A and B be any subset of X then:
1- = Ø or D(Ø) = Ø
2- If A ⊆ B ⇒ D(A) ⊆ D(B)
3- D ( A ∩ B) ⊆ D(A) ∩ D(B)
4- D ( A B )= D(A) D(B)

Definition (10)
Let (X,T) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X , then the intersection of all closed
sets of A is called the closure of A and denoted by Ā or C/(A).

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Theorem (5)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X. Then Ā is the smallest closed of A
{contains A}.

Theorem (6)
Let (X, T) be topological space and let A ⊆ X then A is closed if and only
if Ā = A.

Theorem (7)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let A and B be a subsets of X then:-

Interior, Exterior and Boundary of sets

Definition (11)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X, a point x ∈ A is said to be a
interior point of A if and only if A is a neighborhood of x
.
Remark (4)
The sets of all interior points of A is called the interior of A and denoted by int (A)
or Å .

Theorem (8)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X , then:-
1- Å is the largest open subsets contained in A.
2- A is open if and only if and only if Å = A or int (A) = A.

Theorem (9)
Let (X,T) be a topological space and let A and B be any subsets of X , then :-
1- Ø̊ = Ø , X̊ = X and (Å ) = Å .

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2- If A ⊆ \b ⇒ Å ⊆ B̊ .
3- (A ∩ B) = Å ∩ B̊ .

Definition (12)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X a point x ∈ X is called an exterior
point of A if and only if it is an interior point of Ac .

Remark (5)
The set of all exterior points of A is called the exterior of A and denoted by ext (A).

Definition (13)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X. A point x ∈ X is called boundary
point or frontier point of A if and only if :-
Every open set containing x intersects both A and Ac or A and cl (A).

Remark (6)
The set of all boundary point is called the boundary of A written as bd (A) or Fr (A)

Definition (14)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let A ⊆ X, then A is said to be :
1- Everywhere dense if = X .
2- Nowhere dense if ext.(A) = x .
3- Dense in itself if ⊆ A (i.e.) every limit point of A is in A.
4- Dense relative to another set B , if B ⊆

Definition (15)
A topological space (X, T) is said to be separable if and only if there exists a
countable dense subset A of X.

Definition (16)
Let (X, T) be a topological space and let Y ⊆ X, then The collection Ty = {G ∩ Y:
G ∈ T} is topology on X.

Definition (17)

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A property of topological space is called or said to be a hereditary property if it is
satisfied by every sub spaces of the given space.

Definition (18)
Let (X, T) and (Y,T) be a topological spaces and let F : X → Y , then F is said to be
continuous at a point x ∈ X if and only if for each T*- open set H containing F(x) ∃
a T-open set G containing X such that : F(G) ⊆ H.

Remark (7)
The mapping F is said to be continuous if and only if is continuous at each points of
X.

Theorem (10)
Let (X, T) and (Y,T) be a topological spaces and let F: X → Y then F is continuous
if and only if the inverse image under F of every open set in Y is open in X.

Definition (19)
Let (X, T) and (Y, T*) be a topological spaces and let F: X → Y, then F is said to be
1- Open mapping if and only if the image under F of every T-open set in X is T*
- open in Y.
2- Closed mapping if and only if the image under F of every T-closed set in X is
T*-closed in Y.
3- Bi-continuous mapping if and only If F is open and continuous.

SEPARATION AXIOMS (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4,T3 ½) AND RELATIONSHIPS

AMONG THEM

T0 space and properties

A topological space X has the T0 property if there exists an open set which separates any two
distinct points: if x and y are distinct points of X, there exist an open set which contains one but
not the other. Let me be more explicit. A topological space X has the T0 property if, for any two
distinct points x and y in X, either there exists an open set M(x) containing x which does not
contain y, or there exists an open set N(y) containing y which does not contain x.
NOTE: that the space X is an open set containing x, but it contains y, and vice versa.

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Here’s a picture of T0, showing an open set containing y that does not contain x. A T0 space is
sometimes, but rarely do I think, called Kolmogorov.

T1 space and properties

A topological space X has the T1 property if x and y are distinct points of X, there exists an
open set M(x) which contains x but not y, and an open set N(y) which contains y but not x.
One crucial property of a T1 space is that points (singleton sets) are closed. This time each point has
an open set which contains it but not the other.
NOTE: that we did not assert that the two open sets do not intersect, merely that their
intersection contains neither x nor y. (That’s the next property.) Here’s a picture of T1, showing
open sets which intersect, but their intersection, as we require, does not contain x or y. A T1
space is sometimes, but again rarely, I think, called Frechet.

T2 space and properties

A topological space X has the T2 property if x and y are distinct points of X, there exist disjoint
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open sets M(x) and N(y) containing x and y respectively. Here’s a picture of T2. A T2 space is
almost always, in my experience, called Hausdorff. One crucial property of a Hausdorff
space is that limit points are unique. (No, I haven’t defined a limit point. That’s another
interesting subject.)

T3 space and properties

Now we look at separating sets instead of points, still separating them by open sets of some
kind. First we separate a point and a closed set. (A set A in X is closed if its complement X – A
is open; the closure of A , is the smallest closed set containing A.) A topological space X
has the T3 property if there exist disjoint open sets which contain any closed set and any point not in
the set: for any closed set B and any point x ∉ B , there exist disjoint open sets containing
x and B respectively.
Here’s T3. This time I use uppercase (“B”) and color to denote the closed set.

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Although I used “normal” and “T4” in the introductory discussion, the alternative terminology
appears here as well, It applies to all subscripts 3 and higher. Where I say that a topological
space is regular iff it is T1 and T3 other people use regular to refer to my T3 property, and say a
topological space is T3 iff T1 and regular. Whereas the progression of the earlier separation
axioms kept tightening the requirements on the open sets whose existence we asserted, here we
just replaced a point by a closed set. That would be a refinement of the earlier property if points
themselves were closed sets. But that’s T1, and that’s why we want to study spaces which are
both T1 and T3.

T4 space and properties

Now we separate two closed sets instead of a point and a closed set. A topological space X has
the T4 property if there exist disjoint open sets which contain any two disjoint closed sets: for
any disjoint closed sets A and B, there exist disjoint open sets containing A and B respectively.

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I should mention that a bad property of T4 spaces is that T4 is not hereditary: not every
subspace of T4 is T4. We say that a space is normal if it is T1 and T4. We still have the
analogous: not very subspace of a normal space is normal.

T 3 ½ space

APPLICATIONS OF SEPARATION AXIOMS

An interesting and useful class of topological spaces are the metric spaces which were defined in
Chapter I. The question may be asked: How is a metric space related to the spaces defined. This
question is answered by the following theorem :
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Theorem 8 : A metric space is a T4 space.

Proof : Let (S, d) be a metric space, x, y ∈ S, x ∉ y. Then d(x,y) = a > 0. C(x, α/2) = ( z ∈ S; d(x,z) <
α/2) and C(y, α/2) =(z ∈ S: d(x,z) < α/2) are disjoint open sets containing x and y, respectively.
Therefore (S, d) is a T2-space. Let A and B be disjoint closed sets in (S, d) and let x ∈ A. Since B is
closed and x ∈ B, there exists αx > 0 such that C(x, x) n B = Ф, that is, d(x, y) >= for all y ∈ B.
Similarly, for every y ∈ B, there exists By > 0 such that d(x,y) > = By for all X ∈ A. Then the sets Ü =
U ( C(x, αx/2) : x ∈ a) and V = U ( C(y, By/2): y ∈ B ) are open sets containing A and B, respectively.
Suppose U Ո V ∉ Ф, Let z ∈ U Ո V. Then there exists x ∈ A and y ∈ B such that z ∈ C(x, αx/2) Ո
C(y, By/2) and d(x,y) <= d(x,z) + d(y,z) < αx/2 + By/2<=u where u= max (αx, By) But this
contradicts either d(x,y) >= αx or d(x,y) >= By. Hence Ü n V = Ф and (S,d) is normal.X y
Since (S, d) is also a T2 space, it is a T4-space.

This result shows that a metric space is T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, regular and normal.
Hausdorff or T2-spaces are important in the study of sequences. Not all sequences have unique limits,
but in a Hausdorff space the limit of a sequence is unique, if it exists.

Theorem 9 : In a Hausdorff space any sequence has at most one limit.

Proof : Let (S,T) he a Hausdorff space. Suppose there is a sequence (xn) in S which converges to x
and y, x ∉ y. There exist disjoint open sets U and V such that X ∉ U and y e V. Since U and V are
neighborhoods of x and y, respectively, there exist , M1, M2 such that n >= M1 implies xn e U and n
>= M2 implies xn e V. If n >= sup (M1, M2) , xn e U and xn e V. This is impossible since
U and V are disjoint. Therefore (xn) has at most one limit. The converse of this theorem is not true.
There are spaces which are not Hausdorff in which every convergent sequence has a unique limit.

Definition: If ( S , T) is a topological space, X S, and ^ is a collection of open subsets U of S

such that X «= the collection is an open cover of X.

Definition : A set X in a topological space (S,T) is compact in case every open cover of X contains a
finite cover of X, If S is compact, (S,T) is said to be a compact topological space.

Theorem 11; Every compact T2-space is a T4-space.

Proof; Since a space is T4 if it is a normal T2-space, it is sufficient to show that every compact
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T2-space is normal. Let (S,T) he a compact T2~space. Let A and B be disjoint closed subsets of S.
Since (S,T) is compact, A and B are compact. Let x e A, y e B. There exist disjoint open sets u(x,y)
and V(x,y) such that X e U(x,y) and y e V(x,y). For a fixed y, the collection ( U(x,y): x e A) is an
open cover of A.
Since A is compact, there exists a finite subset Xy of A such that A ⸦ U(y) = U ( U(x,y) : x e A) . If
such a set Xy is chosen for each y e B, and V(y) is defined as n [ V(x,y) : x e Xy) , then the collection
( V(y) : y e Y) is an open cover of B. Moreover, U(y) Ո V(y) = Ф for all y e B. Because B is
compact, there is a finite subset Y of B such that B ⸦ V = U (V(y): y e y) . Now if U is
taken to be the set n ( U(y) : y e Y ) , U is an open set containing A, because it is the intersection of a
finite collection of open sets containing A. Similarly, V is an open set containing B, Since U(y) Ո
V(y) = Ф for all y e B, U n V = Ф. Therefore (S,T) is normal.
The Heine - Borel Theorem for Euclidean spacesstates that a set is compact if and only if it is closed
and bounded. The concept of boundedness is not defined in general topological spaces, so this
theorem has no meaning there. Also, there are topological spaces in which not all compact sets are
closed. But it can be proved that in a T2-space every compact set is closed.

Theorem 12: If a topological space ( S ,T) is a T2 Space, then every compact set in (S,T) is closed.

Proof : Let A be a compact set in a T2-space (S,T), For each y c A there exist disjoint open sets U
and U such that x s U and y f. U The collection Uy is an open cover for A. Since A is compact, there
exists a finite subset of Uy which covers A. Let Ux be the corresponding collection of sets containing
x ana let U is an open set containing x, since it is the intersection of a finite number of open sets
containing x. Also, each point in T A is contained in an open subset of A. Therefore, T A is open and
A is closed.
The converse of this theorem is not true. A topological space may be found which Is not T2, but
every compact set in the space is closed.

Theorem 13 : If every compact set in a topological space is closed, the space is T1.

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 RESULT & DISCUSSION

Separation axioms are a family of topological invariants that give us new ways of distinguishing
between various spaces. The idea is to look how open sets in a space can be used to create “buffer
zones” separating pairs of points and closed sets. Separations axioms are denoted by T1, T2, etc.,
where T comes from the German word Trennungs axiom, which just means “separation axiom”.
Separation axioms can be also seen as a tool for identifying how close a topological space is to being
metrizable: spaces that satisfy an axiom Ti can be considered as being closer to metrizable spaces
than spaces that do not satisfy Ti.

From the above detailed analysis we can give following statements for T0-separation axiom
Kolmogorov space: For any two points x , y in X, there is an open set U such that x in U and y not in
U or y in U and x not in U.
For T1-separation axiom Frechet spaces, For any two points x, y in X there exists two
open sets U and V such that x in U and y not in U, and y in V and x not in V.

Example of T1-space
• Every discrete topological space with two or more points is T1 – space , for if x and y are
two distinct points of X, then {x} contains x and does not contain y and {y} contains y that
does not contain x.

Every T1 space is T0 space

• Let τ ={(a,∞), a in R}U{R,φ}, then (X, τ) is T0 space but not T1.
For let x,y ε R with x < y, then (x, ∞) contains y but there is no open set containing x but not y.
But R under usual topology is T1.

For T2-separation axiom Huasdorff space:

For any two points x,y in X there exists two open sets U and V such that x in U, y in V,
and intersection of U and V is empty.

Example of T2 - space
• Every discrete topological space with two or more points is T2 – space , for if x and y are
two distinct points of X, then {x} contains x and does not contain y and {y} contains y that
does not contain x such that {x}∩{y}=φ.

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Every T2 space is T1
• Consider a cofinite topological space such that X is an infinite set
for if x and y are two distinct points of X, then{x} being finite, X-{x} is open set containing x but
not y and X-{y} is an open set containing y but not x, Therefore the space is T1, Conversly assume it
is T2 Then there exist open sets G and H such that x is in G and y is in H such that G ∩ H=φ
Then (G ∩ H)c=φc Gc U Hc = X
Since G and H are open its complements are finite and therefore it is a contradiction.
Hence the space is not T2.

T3-separation axiom Vietoris space X is T3 if it fulfils T1 and is regular.

Let X = {a,b,c}
τ={X,φ, {b},{a,c}}
Then (X, τ) is regular but not T1(since there exist c and a), so it is not T3.
2. The usual topological space under R is T3.

Every T3 space is T2. Normal

if any two disjoint closed subsets of X are separated by disjoint open sets. Completely regular If,
given any point x and closed set F in X such that x does not belong to F, they are separated
by a continuous function.

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 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

We have defined and discussed the separation axioms in topological spaces in a way which is more
natural than the previous versions. We proved several theorems and its properties that holds in
topological theory which does not hold in the classical theory of topology and also established a
property that holds in the classical theory which does not hold in the ideal topological theory. We
have also established relations between several separation axioms in topological spaces, we have also
shown some applications of topological spaces with metric spaces, compact spaces and sequences.

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 REFERENCES

CITATION FROM JOURNALS:

 O. TANTAWY, S. A. El-SHEIKH, S.HAMDE (2015). Separation axioms on soft topological

spaces.

 T KUBIAK (1999). Separation Axioms: Extension of Mappings And Embedding of Spaces

 M. CALDAS AND S. JAFARI (2003). On Some Low Separation Axioms In Topological

Spaces.

 M. S. SARSAK (2010). Weak Separation Axioms In Generalized Topological Spaces

 C. E. AULL AND W. J. THRON (1961). Separation Axioms Between To And T1.

 MAŁGORZATA TEREPETA (2017) On separating axioms and similarity of soft topological

spaces

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