End of semester four exam questions

A/Paper one:-

PSYCHOLOGY:-
1-LEARNING: 1-MCQs
-
As in the case , the correct answer is (acquisition )
A. Acquisition
B. Extinction
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Generalization,
E. Discrimination.

- psychological influences on learning

A -previous experiences
B -predictability of associations
C - generalization
D -discrimination
E - all of above
2-according to the case draw diagram ,what type of
conditioning?(classical)

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 2- PERSONALITY:
A-enumerate four stages from FRUED PSYCHOSEXUAL
THEORY (with ages) .
B-Ali ,his friend died ,but he say that he is alive (this is an ex.)
, what is the name of this feeling ?( DENIAL)
C-Ali feel anger in his work ,he will redirect his feeling on his
family ,what is this called ?(DISPLACEMENT)
3- PERCEPTION :
MCQ/moon illusion occur in :
A -normal person
B -schizophrenia
C- neurological problem
D -aging
E -all of above
4- INTELLIGENCE :
A- what is intelligence ?
B- how to measure (IQ)?
C- what is intellectual according to (IQ)?
D- what are the structures of language?
E- type of psychotherapy in anxious patient?

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 INFECTION &IMMUNITY:-
1-HYPERSENSITIVITY:
-give one autoimmune disease ,rather than myasthenia graves
involve blocking antibody?
2-FUNGI:
-fungal infection that cause severe UTI in pregnant
patient(candidiasis).
3- PARASITE:
-parasitic disease cause life threatening UTI (malaria).
4-HEPATITIS VIRUSES:
A-Which one acute ,which one chronic?
B-which viruses feco-oral?
C-which one trans placental that cause congenital
abnormalities?
5-WORMS:
-case of hydatid cyst :
A- name of worm.
B-infective stage.
C-definitive host.
D-other organs that affected than liver .
6- DIAGNOSIS OF INFECTION :
-give tow general steps to reach diagnosis ?
7-H.A.I: give four risk factor ?

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 8-E-COLI:
A-what is the common cause of UTI?
B-endogenous or exogenous ?
C-give two virulence factors?
D-give two other causes for UTI?
9-IMMUNODIFICIENCY :
A-type of deficiency in patient with bacterial infection in
pregnant women?
B-two bacterial causes of infection in splenectomized patient?
10-BACTERIAL GENETICS:
-give two differences between edo-&exotoxins?
11-IMMUNE RESPONCESE TO INTRACELLULAR
PATHOGENS.
-give two cells participate in immune response against viruses?

GASRTO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM:-
1-MLIGNANCY OF GI
- give two gross histopathological features for gastric
cancer?(fungated ,…….)
2- GI INFLAMMATION &PATHOLOGY:
A-two microscopical features for UC
B-what is the good radiological study and what it reveal in UC?
3-ANATOMY OF GIT:
A-stomach main blood supply.
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 B- What are the two surgical approaches that we can use to
remove the pancreas?
C-two anterior boundary of epiploic foramen
D-if bleeding occur from sigmoid &rectum , from which
main vessels?
E-stab in right lower chest ,give two organ may be affected
rather than lung& kidney? (liver, gallbladder)
F-two sources for central abdominal pain?
G-what is the entrance of pancreatic duct to the duodenum
called?(sphincter of odes)
4-LIVER AND PANCREAS:
A-how the hydated cyst cause jaundice?
B-what is it's type?
C-why there are increase in unconjugated bilirubin in the blood?
D-what are the changes in stool and urine color ?
E- are the pancreatic enzymes beneficable in diagnosis of acute
pancreatitis ?

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM :-
1-PNEUMONIA:

Male patient work in kufa cement factory with cough

,dyspnea ,chest pain ,unable to work.
A-ask two important questions about his present illness
(cough(dry or not ,worse or relieve by something) ,chest
pain(central or peripheral ,………….etc.)

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 B-= = = = = = = = = = = = =about past medical history?
C-what is the pathological processes that cause dullness
and bronchial breathing ?
D-give two sign of sever pneumonia?
E- if the consolidation in right sub scapula ,where is the
lesion ?
2- LUNG CANCER:
A-give one investigation for lung metastasis?
B-give two paraneoplastic manifestations in lung cancer?
C-does the typing of cancer affect treatment options
,how?
3-ANATOMY:
A-give the blood &neural supply to the diaphragm
B-main &accessory muscles of respiration
C-surface marking of the bases of lungs
D-what is the respiratory membrane ,what is its
components?
4-LUNG VENTILATION:
-MCQ about vital capacity :
A-ERV+IRV+RV
B- TLC-RV
C-…….
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 D-…….
5-LUNG MECHANICHS :
-pressure in the pleural cavity after stab in the thorax .

URINARY SYSTEM :-
1-ABB:hypokalaemic Px.
A-give two effects of hypokalemia
B- ABB state(renal acidosis)
C-what is the relationship between k and H+
D-renal correction
2-ACUTE RENAL FAILURE:
Px. with DM&HTN&OLD AGE with hypovolemia and
increase in Cr and urea .
A- what is the Dx ?
B-what are the risk factors in the case ?(DM,HTN,…..)
3-CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE :
-List 4 indication for life threatening and dialysis .
4-PROSTATE CANCER:
-how to exam for prostate cancer (DRE).
5-URINRY INCONTINENCE :- (MALE Pt.)
A-name the urodynamic study we use(in detrusor instability) ?
B-normal range of flow in urethra ?(20-25 ml/s)

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 6-UTI:
A-common cause
B- its virulence factors
C-endo- or exogenous?
D-high grade fever, rigor , what indicate? (pyelonephritis)
E-how can you differentiate between bacterurea and bacterial
contamination of sample ?(number of bacteria > 50 cfu/ml)
7-OSMOLARITY :
-urine/plasma osmolarity ratio in Px. with hyponatremia and
high Na in urine.
8-VOLUME :
-what are the kidneys regulatory mechanisms of circulating
volume(in hypovolemia)?
9-EMBRIOLOGY:
A-when the metanephrous produce urine ?
B- If the embryo can't produce urine what will happen to the
mother ?
10- ANATOMY:
A-give two source for blood supply to the ureter.
B- arrange the structures that pass through renal pelvis from
anterior to posterior .
C-list the parts of urethra in males.

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 B/ PAPER TWO:-

PSYCHOLOGY :-
1-MOTIVATION :
-give four social effects of obesity .
2-MEMORY :
A-Px. have ischemic changes on MRI in Hippocampus ,he loss
memory but he can drive car till now ,explain?
B-learning of Kurdish make him forget English which learn
previously ,what is this called?
C-give four causes for forgetfulness .
3-STORY OF PSYCHOLOY:
-The biological factors that influence behavior and mental
activity.
4-THINKING &INTELLIGENCE :
A-what are the two types of reasoning and decision making
,compare ?
B-what are the three major cognitive patterns observed in
depression (by Beck)?
C-give two structures of drive and motivation according to
psychosexual theory of Freud.

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 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY:-
1- ANAEROBIC INFECTION :
A-patient have diarrhea with antibiotic taking ,what is the likely
microorganism?
B-give one life threatening complication .
2- ANTIBACTRIAL:
-give two keys for rational antibiotic prescription?
3-HYPERSENSITIVITY AND AUTOIMMUNITY :
A-ASTHMATIC PATIENT:
1-what type of reaction?
2-what type of cell involved?
3-what type of (Ig) involved?
4-what is the vasoactive substance that released?
B- DRUG INDUCED HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA:
1-what type of hypersensitivity?
2-Is the (Ig) free or bound?
3-what type of antibody involved?
4-give one other disease caused by the same mechanism?
5-
C- SLE:
1-what type of hypersensitivity ?
2- which pathway of complement activated?

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 3-what type of (Ig) activated ?
4-give two other organs than kidney ,involved in this disease ?
D- IF TUBERCULIN TEST POSITIVE ,WHICH TYPE OF
HYPERSENSITIVITY OCCUR?
4- WORMS :
A-which helminth cause liver disease and cirrhosis ?
B-what is the infective stage ?
6-PRINCIPLES OF INNATE AND ADDAPTIVE IMMUNITY
-list three differences between acute and chronic inflammation.

GASRTO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM:-
1-THINKING ABOUT GIT DISEASE :
-give three structures pass through inguinal canal?
2-GI MALIGNANCY:
A- from anatomical view ,explain ,"esophageal cancer spread in
thoracic part more than in abdominal part of esophagus"
B-why GERD increase the risk for esophageal cancer?
C-give two causes for anemia in cancer of cecum in female Px.
3-PEPTIC ULCER :
A-give the best imaging method.
B-what will reveal ?
4-ANATOMY :
A-list the factors that prevent esophageal reflux

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 B-list the esophageal constrictions?
C- collection of fluid in intra-abdominal abscess (perforated
peptic ulcer) ,where will be in :
1-erect position .
2- lying down .
And why ?
D-mass in right iliac fossa , in which organ may be other than
cecum ?
5- EMBRIOLOGY:
A-why patient with peptic ulcer have epigastric pain initially ?
B-give two derivatives for Hindgut.
C-embryological explanation of pyloric stenosis.
6- LIVER:
A-what is the mechanism of ascites in alcoholic Px.?
B-ascitic fluid protein content high or low?
C-how to confirm ascites clinically ?

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM :-
1-LUNG CANCER:
-give two electrolyte disturbances to be monitored?
2-ILD:it will be as a differential diagnosis in the case with lung
abscess and cancer in Px. with hemoptysis ,clubbing and chest
pain.
3-ASTHMA:

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 A-Px. Take
1-inhaled salbutamol in occasions
2-inhaled corticosteroid in exacerbations.
3-……..(other drug I forget its name ) daily.
Give one controller and one reliever from this .
B-give two complication for long use of the reliever one.
C- give two characteristic of asthma on spirometer.
4-PNEUMONIA: 13 YRS OLD GAIN LOBAR PNEUMONIA
A-what type of pneumonia in the case according to source of
infection?(in the case it is obviously community acquired)
B-what is the causative organism ?
C-list for complication .
4- CXR: pneumothorax x-ray and its treatment
5- Co2 IN THE BLOOD :
A-what are the forms of Co2 transported in the blood?
B-how much Co2 transported by blood?
C-what is the source of HCO3- in blood ?
D- the Co2 in arterial blood more than venous but no difference
in the PH ,why?
6- TB:
A-why the Mycobacterium TB. Don’t appear by gram stain?
B-what is the correct stain ?
C-give two Ix. To prevent family ?

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 URINARY SYSTEM :-
1-ANATOMY:
A- female patient have left hysterectomy and right nephrectomy
and Anuria with high Cr ,you prescribed diuretics :
1-what is the diagnosis ,why?(ureter cut down)
2-what is the initial imaging study ,what will show?
B-give two restriction in ureter that stone may lodge .
2-DIURETICS:
-Why does ACEI should be avoided in renal artery stenosis ?
3-EMBRIOLOGY:
-which parts of Hindgut participate in urinary bladder
development?
4-UTI:
A- Do you prescribe antibiotic before the result of culture
,Why?
B-what this treatment called?(empirical)
5-URINARY INCONTENENCE: - female with urge
incontinence with injury in spinal cord in car accident and have
strong contraction in detrusor .
A-where in spinal cord you suspect the injury?
B-what is the effect of increasing of detrusor pressure ≥40
mmH2O ?
C- what is the pharmacological treatment ?
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 6-RENAL CANCER :
A-give two risk factors?
B- give two presentation ?
7- GLUMERULAR DISEASE:
A- What can you see in the U /A in nephritic ?list two
B-how to evaluate proteinuria ?how it will differentiate between
nephrotic and nephritic syndromes ?
C- List 4 causes for uremic emergency.

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