HEAD: The part of the body containing the

NALC VOL 2 brain / Cabeza.

HEEL: The back of the foot under the anckle /
LESSONS 1 and 2 Talon.
KNEE: The joint between the thigh and the
lower leg / Rodilla.
HURT: To cause pain / Lastimar.
LEG: One of the lower limbs / Pierna.
MOVE: To change position / Mover, mudarse.
LIMB: An arm or leg / Extremidad.
POINT (TO): Position or location / Apuntar.
LIP: Either of the two folds of the mouth /
TOUCH: To feel a suface / Tocar.
Labio.
ABOUT: Concerning / alrededor, acerca.
MEDICINE: Medication / Medicina.
LARGE: Of great extent / Grande.
MOUTH: The opening to take food and speak /
LAST: Coming after all / Ultimo.
Boca.
LEFT: Opposite of write / Izquierda.
MUSCLE: Fibrous tissue / Musculo.
LONG: Of greater extent / Largo.
NAIL: The thin growth at the end of fingers and
NEXT: Following / Siguiente.
toes / Uña.
OF: Resulting from / De.
NECK: That part of the human joining the head
ONE: A single unit / Uno.
to the body / Cuello.
ORDINAL: Expressing order in a series /
NOSE: The part of the face above the mouth,
ordinario.
having two openings for breathing / Nariz.
RIGHT: Correct; Opposite of left / Correcto;
ORDER: Arrangements of things or events /
Derecha.
Orden.
SHORT: Opposite to long / Corto.
PART: A portion, segment etc., of a whole /
SORE: Feeling pain / Inflamacion.
Parte.
THEN: Next; At that time / Entonces.
SHOULDER: The joint connecting the arm
WHICH: The one that / El cual.
with the body / Hombro
ARM: Upper limb of the human body / Brazo.
SKIN: The outer covering of the animal, and
ANKLE: The joint that connects the foot and
human body / Piel.
the leg / Tobillo.
THROAT: The upper passage from the mouth
BODY: The whole physical substance of
to the stomach and lungs / Garganta.
a human being / Cuerpo.
THUMB: The short, thick digit of the hand /
BONE: Any of the parts of the skeleton /
Pulgar.
Hueso.
TOE: Any of the digits of the foot / Dedo del
DATE: The time at which a thing happens /
pie.
Fecha.
TOENAIL: The nail of the toe / Uña del pie.
EAR: Part of the body perceiving sound / Oido.
TONGUE: The movable, muscular structure in
ELBOW: The joint between the upper and
the mouth / Lengua.
lower arm / Codo.
TRUNK: A human or animal body, not
EYEBROW: The bony arch over each eye, or
including the head and limbs / Tronco.
the hair growing on this / Ceja.
WRIST: The joint between the hand and the
EYE: The organ of sight in human and animals /
arm / Muñeca.
Ojo.
EYELASH: Any of the hairs in the edge of the
eyelid / Pestaña.
EYELID: Either of the two folds of flesh that
cover and uncover the eyeball / Parpado.
FINGER: Jointed parts / Dedo.
FINGERNAIL: The horny substance at the
upper end of a finger / Uña.
FOOT / FEET: The end of the leg on which one
stands / Pie, pies.
HAND: The part of the arm before the wrist
used for grasping / Mano.
 WHICH BOOK DO YOU WANT?

Which

do you want?
Which book

WHICH ONE?

Mrs. King: Which book are you reading?

Sgt King: I’m reading the new one. The one I bought on Sunday.

Mrs. King: Is that the one about the military?

Sgt King: Yes, that’s the one.

ARE THEY COMING OR GOING?

Mr. Adams: Do you want to eat or leave right now?

Mrs. Adams: Let’s eat; then we can go.

Mr. Adams: Are we having chicken or beef?

Mrs. Adams: Chicken. We’re having chicken and rice.

Mr. Adams: Do you want hot or cold tea?

Mrs. Adams: I want cold tea.
 LESSONS 3 and 4
BRUSH: To clean as with a broom /
Cepillar.
CHANGE: To take in place of something
else) / Cambiar.
COMB: To arrange hair / Peinar.
DRY: Not wet or damp / secar.
GET: Receive, obtain, acquire / conseguir,
obtener.
NEED (To): To have a necessity / Necesitar.
RINSE: To remove soap / Enjuagar.
WASH: To clean with water / lavar.
CLEAN: To free from dirt / Limpiar.
DIRTY: No clean / Sucio.
CAN: To be able to / poder.
CLEAN: Without dirt / Limpio.
ONLY: Alone of its or their kind / Solo.
BARBERSHOP: Place where hair is cut /
Peluqueria.
BATHROOM: A room with a bathtub,
toilet / Cuarto de baño.
BIRTHDAY: Day of birth / Cumpleaños.
BRUSH: Device to broom / Cepillo, brocha.
BUTTER: Kind of solid cheese /
Mantequilla.
CHALK: Used for writing on a chalkboard /
Tiza, gis.
COMB: A device to arrange hair / Peine.
DRUGSTORE: Store selling drugs, medical
supplies / Farmacia.
FACE: The front of the head / Cara.
GROCERY STORE: Store selling food and
supplies / Tienda de abarrotes.
HAIR: Any of the threadlike outgrowing
from the skin / Cabello.
HAIRCUT: The act of cutting hair / Corte
de pelo.
MIRROR: Reflecting surface / Espejo.
PEPPER: A hat condiment / Pimiento.
POCKET: A little bag or pouch un clothing
/ Bolsillo, meter al bolsillo.
SALT: A white crystal line substance / Sal,
salina.
SHAMPOO: To wash with a liquid soap /
Shampu.
SINK: To go beneath the surface of water /
Fregadero, lavabo.
SOAP: A substance from fatty / Jabón.
SOUP: A liquid food / Sopa.
SUBJECT: Under the authority or control
of another / Tema contenido, sujeto.
SUGAR: Any of a class of sweet / Azúcar,
sacaroza.
THING: A tangible or un inanimate objet /
Cosa, asunto.
TOILET: A room with a bowl-shaped
Fixture for defecation / Retrete.
TOILET PAPER: Soft paper cleaning
oneself / Papel sanitario.
TOOTH / TEETH: Any of the hard,
bonelike structure in the jaws / Diente,
muela.
TOOTHBRUSH: Small brush for cleaning
the teeth / Cepillo dental.
TOOTHPASTE: Past used for brushing the
teeth / Pasta dental.
TOPIC: The subjecto of an essay, speech /
Tema.
TOWEL: Piece of cloth or paper to wiping
or drying / Toalla.
WASHCLOTH: Small cloth used washing
the body / Esponja para baño.
A FEW: No many, a small number /
Algunos (Cantidad contable).
A LITTLE: Less, small in size; amount /
Poca (cantidad incontable).
A LOT OF: A great amount; very much /
Muchos.
ANY: Of more than two, some / Cualquiera.
LOTS OF: A great amount, very much /
Muchos.
SOME: Certain, but not specified or known
/ Algunos.
 THERE IS / THERE ARE

There + be is used to say that something exists

There is a book on your desk

There are three pens under the table.

There + is there’s
There + are there’re

Is there a map on the wall? Yes, there is / No, there isn’t

Are there desks in the classroom? Yes, there are / No, there aren’t.

SOME / ANY

STATEMENT: Bill has some money

NEGATIVE: Bill doesn’t have any money

QUESTION: Does bill have any money?

Does bill have some money?

 CAN

Can is used to mean possibility

STATEMENT: You can buy shoes at a shoe store.

NEGATIVE: You can’t buy a car at the by.

QUESTION: Can you get a haircut on Saturday?

Yes, you can. / No, you can’t

Where can we go this weekend?

To Dallas. We can go to Dallas

I HAVE A LOT OF MONEY

A LOT OF / LOTS OF / SOME

A FEW A LITTLE

desks, pencils, students salt, sugar, soup, shampoo

teachers, tables, chairs, toothpaste, butter, soap,
books, stores, clothes, orange, juice, milk, water,
dollars, apples, etc. ice, money, fruit, meat, etc.
 LESSONS 5 and 6
Boton.
ARRIVE: Reach a certain point, Come / Llegar.
CUFF: An ornamental band / Puño de la camisa.
COME BACK: A recovery of lost position /
CUSTOMER: One who buys goods / Cliente.
Regresar.
DOORKNOB: The handle of a door / Perilla de
DEPART (FROM): Go or move away / Salir.
la puerta.
GO BACK: Retray, Fail to Keep / Regresar.
FLIGHT: Power of flying / vuelo.
GRADUATE: To Reach an academic degree /
GATE: An opening / Puerta; sala de aeropuesto.
Graduarse.
HANDLE: manipulate / Manipular, manija.
MEET: Come together or into contact /
INSTRUCTIONS: An order, direction /
Conocerse, reunirse.
Instrucciones.
PICK UP: Lift / Levantar.
KEY: Instrument for opening and closing a lock
PULL: Draw with force toward one / Jalar
/ Llave.
PUSH: Thrust forcible against / Empujar.
KNOB: A rounded projection / Perilla.
RETURN: Come or get back / Regresar.
LOCK: A device that fastens and prevents the
SHARPEN: Make or become sharp / Afilar.
opening / Candado, chapa.
LOCK: Secure / Cerrar con llave.
PHONE: Telephone / Telefono.
STOP: Discontinue, cease from/ Parar.
RESERVATION: Something reserved /
TURN: Move to a new direction / Girar, dar
Reservacion.
vuelta.
SCHOOL: An educational establishment /
TURN OFF: Shut off / Apagar.
Escuela.
TURN ON: Switch on / Encender.
SHARPENER: A tool or machine for
WILL: Auxiliary that express future / Auxiliar
sharpening / Afilador, sacapuntas.
que expresa futuro.
SLEEVE: Part that covers the arm / Manga.
WON'T: Contraction of Will Not / Negativo del
SUITCASE: A rectangular traveling bag /
aux. que expresa futuro.
Maleta.
TAKE A TRIP: Travel / Hacer un viaje.
TICKET: A slip of paper entitling one to
MAKE A RESERVATION: To book.
admission / Boleto.
FIRST: Foremost in time, place, important, etc./
TRAVEL AGENCY: Agencia de viajes.
Primero.
TRAVEL AGENT: Agente de viajes.
FROM: Away, Out of / Desde, de.
TRIP: A voyage/ Viaje.
IN: At, to or toward / Dentro, En.
TWIN: One of two persons closely alike /
NEXT TO: Near / Cercano a.
Gemelo.
OFF: Not on / Apagado.
ZIPPER: Two strips of metal to interlock /
ON: Above and in contact with / Sobre,
Cierre.
encendido.
ONE-WAY: Traffic in one direction / Un solo
sentido.
ROUND TRIP: One to a place and back / Viaje
redondo.
TOGETHER: In conjunction / Juntos.
TONIGHT: The present or coming night / Esta
noche.
AIRLINE: A company furnishing air transport
/ Linea Aerea
AIRPORT: An airfield having some attendant
facilities for handling aircraft, passengers, etc./
Aeropuerto.
ARRIVAL: The act, fact or time of arriving /
Llegada.
BUTTON: A knob or disk used on clothes./
 WILL

Will is used to express future time

STATEMENT: John will work tomorrow night.

John will be here tomorrow.

NEGATIVE: John will not work tomorrow night.

John will not be here tomorrow.

I I’ll

We We’ll

You You’ll

He will He’ll

She She’ll

It It’ll

They They’ll
 WILL

I I

We We

You You

He will not He
(WON’T)
She She

It It

They They

QUESTIONS: Will John work tomorrow night?

Yes, he will. No, he won’t.

When will John be back?

Tomorrow night. He’ll be back tomorrow night.

What time will the plane arrive?

At eight. It will arrive at eight.

Where will you be this weekend?

At home . I’ll be at home.

 LESSONS 7 and 8
DIAL: To mark a telephone number /
Marcar.
HAVE TO: Must / Tener que.
AMONG: In the middle of / Entre (varios).
BETWEEN: In or into the space or time /
Entre (dos).
HALF: 50% / Mitad.
MANY: Quantifier / Muchos.
MUCH: Quantifier / Mucho.
BAR: Piece of large metal, wood / Barra.
BEAN: A vegetable plant / Frijol.
BOTTLE: A container / Botella.
BOWL: A large round container / Tazon.
CAKE: A soft sweet food made by baking /
Pastel.
CANDY: Sweet food made of sugar / Dulce.
CAN: To be able to / Poder (habilidad).
CARROT: A plant with a long thick as a
vegetable / Zanahoria.
CHEESE: A solid food made from milk /
Queso.
CHOCOLATE: A sweet brown food /
Chocolate.
COOKIE: Sweet cake usually sold in
packets / Galleta.
CORN: A tall plant with large yellow grains
at the top / Maiz.
CUP: A small round container with a handle
/ Tasa.
DESSERT: Sweet food served after the
main food / Postre.
DIAL: Part of piece of equipment such radio
or telephone / Disco del telefono.
DIAL TONE: Sound made from dialing
from a telephone / Tono de marcar
(telefono).
DISH: A flat round container with not very
high sides / Plato.
DOZEN: A group of twelve / Docena.
GALLON/GAL: A unit for measuring
liquids 4.5 lt. / Galon.
GLASS: Used for drinking made of glass /
Vaso de vidrio.
HAM: The upper part of a pig’s leg / Jamon
ICE CREAM: A frozen sweet food made of
milk or cream with sugar / Helado.
KILO: Informal word for kilogram / Kilo.
LETTUCE: A round vegetable used in
salads / Lechuga.
ONION: A round white vegetable, has a
strong taste and smell / Cebolla.
OUNCE / OZ: Unit for measuring weight /
Onza.
PAPER: Material in the form of thin sheets
/ Papel.
PIE: A sweet food usually made with fruit /
Tarta.
PIECE: A part of something / Pieza.
PINT/PT: A unit of measuring / Pinta.
POTATO: A round white vegetable / Papa.
POUND: A unit of measuring / Libra.
QUART: A unit of measuring / Cuarto.
RECEIVER: Part of a telephone auricular /
Auricular.
SANDWICH: Two pieces of bread with
cheese, meat, egg, ham, etc. / Sandwich.
SLICE: To cut meat, bread / Rebanada.
SQUASH: An orange fruit / Calabaza.
TOMATO: Tomato plant / Jitomate.
TON: A unit of measuring / Tonelada.
TUBE: Pipe / Tubo.
VANILLA: Essence / Vainilla.
VEGETABLE: Plants which contains
vitamins / Vegetales, verduras.
 AN / A / THE

1. Use an in front of a noun that begins with a vowel sound. It is used when the
speaker is talking about a thing in general.

an aunt an orange
an egg an uncle
an I.D. card an hour*

*The word "hour" begins with a vowel sound.

2. Use a in front of a noun that begins with a consonant sound. It is also used
when the speaker is talking about things in general.

a boy a man
a girl a woman

3. Use the in front of a noun that begins with any sound. It is used for specific
things when the speaker and the listener are thinking about the same person or
thing.

the student the office

the teacher the bananas

MANY / MUCH

Many is used with nouns you can count. It means “a lot of”.

He has many books.

Do they have many children?
We didn’t see many pilots there.
Much is used with nouns you cannot count. It also means “a lot of”. It is used in
negative sentences and questions.

He didn’t drink much coffee.

Did he have much work last week?

HOW MANY . . . . ? HOW MUCH . . . . ?

How many is used with nouns you can count.

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

How many children do you have? Five. I have five

children.

How many books did he buy? Two. He bought two

books.
 How much is used with nouns you cannot count.

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

How much tea Do you drink every day? Three cups. I drink three
cups of tea a day.

How much fruit did she buy? Five pounds. She bought
five pounds of fruit.

WE HAVE TO GO TO THE LAB

Have to is used to express something that is necessary. It is the same as “must”.

STATEMENT: We have to wear our name tags.

She has to be at the airport at 7:30

QUESTIONS: Do we have to wear our caps outside?

Yes, we have to. No, we don’t have to.
Does he have to buy a new coat?
Yes, he has to. No, he doesn’t have to.
What time does she have to be there?
She has to be there at 0600.
When do you have to leave?
I have to leave at 0800
Where do you have to go?
I have to go to a new base.

Do not have to is used to say that something is not necessary.

NEGATIVE: We don’t have to go to the bank. We have money.

She doesn’t have to wear a uniform. She’s a civilian.
 LESSONS 9 and 10 SUN: A star that is the center of the
CRY: To sob / Llorar. planetary system / Sol.
GET: To obtain / Obtener. SUNSHINE: The light and heat from
RAIN: Water falling in drops from the sun / Luz del sol.
the atmosphere / Llover. UMBRELLA: A screen to cover
SHINE: To emit light / Brillar. from rain / sombrilla, paraguas.
THINK: To have in mind / Pensar. WEATHER: Climate / Clima.
CHANGE: To shift / Cambiar.
CLEAR: Easily seen or heard / Claro,
despejado.
CLOUDY: With clouds / Nublado.
DRY: Not wet or damp / Seco.
HOW: In what manner / Como.
NICE: Pleasant / Bonito, agradable.
RAINY: With rain / Lluvioso.
SUNNY: Full of sunshine / Soleado.
UPSET: To disturb emotionally or
physically / Enojarse.
WET: Saturated with water /
Mojado.
WINDY: With wind / Con viento.
CLOUD: A visible mass of
condensed water / Nube.
GRADE: A stage in a progression /
Grado. Calificacion.
RAIN: Drops of water falling from
the atmosphere / Lluvia.
RAINCOAT: Water repellent coat /
Impermeable.
SCORE: The numbers of points
made / Marcador, calificacion.
SHOWER: A bath having spray of
water / Regadera.
SKY: The upper atmosphere / Cielo.
SNOW: Frozen particles of water
vapor / Nieve.
STORM: Heavy rain / Tormenta.
 WE THINK YOU’RE NICE

We think that you’re nice.

______

WHAT DID HE THINK?

Bob thought the game was good.

Who thought the game was good?

Did Bob think the game was good?

What did Bob think? (about the game?)

HE THINKS IT WILL COST LOTS OF MONEY.

_______ Ed thinks a lot of money.

the car will cost
How much does Ed think ?
(money)

______ Ed thinks in Houston.

he can buy a car
Where does Ed think ?

______ Ed thinks next month.

he can buy a truck
When does Ed think
?
 LESSONS 11 and 12
BLADE: A flat sharpener / Navaja,
CUT: To divide into parts with a aspa.
sharp-edged instrument; sever / BOAT: Ship / bote (embarcacion).
Cortar. SOMETHING: Stuff / Algo.
GET: To arrive / Llegar. FORK: A tool used to eat / Tenedor.
GET IN: Come in a vehicle / Subir HELICOPTER: Chopper /
(vehiculo pequeño). helicoptero.
GET OFF: Go down / Bajar de un HOUSE: Home / Casa.
vehiculo. JET: Air plane / Avión a reaccion.
GET ON: To aboard / Subir KNIFE: A tool used to cut / Cuchillo.
(vehiculo grande). MENU: A list / Menú.
LEAVE: To abandon / Salir, dejar. NAPKIN: A piece of paper or fabric
ORDER: Arrange / Ordenar. used to clean / Servilleta.
TRAVEL: Voyage / Viajar. PLATE: Dish / Plato.
ANYTHING ELSE: Algo más. SHIP: Boat / Barco.
LEAVE A TIP: Give money for SPOON: A tool used to take soup /
service / Dejar propina. Cuchara.
NOTHING ELSE: Nada más. VEHICLE: Means of transportation /
SOMETHING ELSE: Algo más. Vehículo.
ANYTHING: Cualquier cosa. CHECK: To find out / Verificar.
AWFUL: Bad / Feo, horrible. WAITER: Servant / Mesero.
BY: For / Por. WAITRESS: Female Servant /
DELICIOUS: Deliteful / Delicioso. Mesera.
HER: Object pronoun of she / Ella
(como objeto).
HIM: Object pronoun of he / El
(como objeto).
HOME: House / Hogar.
LATER: Longer than expected / Mas
tarde.
ME: Object pronoun of I / Mi (como
objeto).
NOTHING: Without a thing / Nada.
SURE: Certain / Seguro.
THEM: Object pronoun of they /
Ellos (como objeto).
US: Object pronoun of we / Nosotros
(como objeto).
WITHOUT: With anything / Sin.
 ME, HIM, HER, THEM, US

SUBJECT PRONOUNS
I You He She It We They

OBJECT PRONOUNS me you him her it us them

HE WALKED TO SCHOOL WITH ME

me.
Mark talked to
you.

She works with her.

him.
This is for
us.

them.

WOULD LIKE (TO)

I want
I would like some chocolate ice cream
I would like to have
 I I’d

You You’d

He He’d

She + would like (to) = She’d like (to)

We We’d

They They’d.

would I

How you

What he
would like (to) . . . ?
Who she

When we

Where they

SOMETHING ANYTHING NOTHING

Something and nothing are used in affirmative statements.

EXAMPLES: Let’s order something for dessert.

There’s nothing in this suitcase.

Something and anything are used in questions.

EXAMPLES: Would you like something to drink?

Did the teacher say anything about the quiz?

Anything is used in negative statements.

EXAMPLE: I didn’t eat anything for breakfast.

 LESSONS 13 and 14
DELIVER: To set free or rescuer. /
Entregar.
FINISH: To end / Terminar.
GIVE: To hand over / Dar.
MAIL: Letters, packages etc.
Transported and delivered by post
office. / Correo.
PICK OUT: To choose /
Seleccionar.
SEND: To cause to go / Transmitir
Enviar o Mandar.
SHOW: To exhibit / Mostrar.
SIGN: To make a mark or symbol
having a specific meaning / Firmar.
CASH A CHECK: To change a
check for money / Cambiar un
cheque.
IN LINE: In line for being considered
for something / Hacer fila.
WRITE A CHECK: Hacer un
cheque.
ALSO: In addition, likewise /
Tambien.
CROWDED: To full of people /
Lleno de gente.
NEAR: Short distance / Cerca.
ADDRESS: House number and street
/ Dirección.
BANK: An establishment for
receiving or lending money / Banco.
CHECK: A written order to a bank to
pay a sum of money / Cheque.
DRIVER’S LICENSE: Licencia de
Conducir.
ENVELOPE: A folded paper
container for a letter / Sobre.
HELP: Assist. /Ayudar o auxiliar.
IDENTIFICATION: An identifying
document / Identificacion.
LETTER: (MAIL) A written or
printed Message. / Carta
MAIL: Transported and delivered by
post office / Correo.
MAILMAN: A man who carries and
delivers mail / Cartero.
MONEY ORDER: Giro portal orden
de pago.
PACKAGE: A wrapped or boxed
thing or group of things / Paquete.
PEOPLE: All the persons of racial,
or ethnic group, nation, race / Gente.
POST CARD: Usually with a picture
on one side / Tarjeta postal.
POST OFFICE: The governmental
Department in charge of the mail /
Oficina Postal.
RETURN ADDRESS To send the
letter Mail / Remitente.
STAMP: Seals / Timbre.
STATE : A body of people state. /
Estado.
 INDIRECT OBJECT

Some verbs are followed by two objects: a direct object and an indirect object.
When the indirect object is second, the preposition “to” is used.

Direct Object Indirect Object

John sent a postcard to Tom

to him
Sally got a ticket for Ann
for her

Indirect Object Direct Object

John sent Tom a postcard

him
Sally got Ann a ticket
her

ALSO = TOO

Bill is a pilot.
Ted is also
Bill can fly a plane.
Ted can also

Bill flew yesterday.

Ted also flew

DO YOU ALSO SPEAK FRENCH?

Is a student? is.
Can he also speak French? Yes, he can.
Does speak English? does.
 LESSONS 15 and 16
CHECK IN: To check, to register /
Registrarse (entrada).
CHECK OUT: To check , to register
/ Registrarse (salida).
LOAD: Amount carried at one time
/ Cargar.
RELAX: To make or become less
firm, tense, severe, etc. / Relajar.
REST: To sleep or repose / Reposar,
descansar.
SMILE: To show pleasure,
amusement, affection etc. / Sonreir.
STAY: To remain / Permanecer.
AT FIRST: Al (en un) principio.
AT LAST: Al final.
GO SIGHTSEEING: Ir de turista.
TAKE (A) PICTURE (S) OF:Tomar
fotografias de.
TAKE A REST: Tomar un descanso.
TAKE A VACATION: Tomar
vacaciones.
BECAUSE: For the reason / Por que.
“solo se usa para contestar”.
BUT: On the contrary, without /
Pero.
FOR: In place of / Por, para.
FINAL: The end / Final.
LONG: Measuring much in space or
time ; in length / Largo.
OVERNIGHT: During the night /
Pernoctar o pasar la noche completa.
SHORT: Not measuring much from
end to end in space or time / Corto.
WHY: What, for what reason, cause
or porpuse / Por que (Para preguntar).
CAMERA: A devise for taking
photographs / Camara fotografica.
FILM: Fine, thin skin, coating etc. /
Rollo de película.
HOTEL: An establishment providing
lodging and, usually, meals for
travelers, etc. / Hotel.
LAKE: A large inland body of
usually fresh water / Lago.
MOUNTAIN: A natural raised part
of the earth, larger than a hill /
Montaña.
OCEAN: The body of salt water that
covers about 71% of the earth’s
surface / Oceano.
REST: Sleep / Descanso.
ROLL (OF): To more by turning
around or over and over / Rollo (de).
SPOONFUL: Cucharada.
STATE: A set of circumstances, etc.,
characterizing a person or thing /
condition / Estado.
TREE: A large, woody perennial
plant with one main truck and many
branches / Arbol.
VACATION: A period of rest from
work study etc. / Vacaciones.
 AND AND BUT

The conjunctions and and but can be used to join two statements.
And shows addition and is used when the statements are similar.

I called Jan. We talked for an hour.

I called Jan, and we talked for an hour.

But is used to connect statements that express opposite ideas.

I also called Steve. He wasn’t home.

I also called Steve, but he wasn’t home.

WHY AND BECAUSE

EXAMPLES: Where’s Lt Hill?

He’s in his room.
Why is he in his room?
Because he’s sick.

WHY AND BECAUSE

EXAMPLES: Why did you take a vacation in San Antonio?

Because it’s a nice city, and there are a lot of
good restaurants.
LESSONS 17 and 18

COMPARE: To examine for LINE: A straight trace / Linea.

similarities or differences / MATH: concerned with
Comparar. mathematics / Matematicas.
DESCRIBE: To tell or write about MATHEMATICS: The science
/ Describir. dealing with numbers /
DRAW: To make move toward one Matematicas.
pull; Trace / Dibujar; atraer. MISTAKE: A wrong act / Error.
ALIKE: With the same figure or RECTANGLE: A four-side plane
shape / Parecido. figure with four right angles /
BOTH: The two / Ambos(as). Rectangulo.
FAST: Rapidly / Rapido. SHAPE: Form / Figura; forma
LIKE: Having the same SIDE: Either of the two bounding
characteristics ; fond of / Como / surfaces of an object / Lado
gustar. SQUARE: A plane figure having
LITTLE: Small in size, amount, four equal sides and right angles /
degree etc. / Pequeño, poco. Cuadrado.
NARROW: Not wide / TRIANGLE: A plane figure
Angosto(a). having three angles and three sides /
OPPOSITE: Contrary / Opuesto. Triangulo.
OTHER: Different or distinct /
Otro(a)
ROUND: Shaped like a ball, circle
or cylider / Redondo.
SLOW: Low speed / Lento(a).
STRONG: Physically powerful /
Fuerte.
WEAK: Lacking physical strength
/ Debil.
WIDE: Extending over a large area
/ Ancho.
CIRCLE: Curved line / Circulo.
DESCRIPTION: The act
describing / Descripcion.
EDGE: Contour / Orilla.
JOB: Employment / Empleo.
 ONE BOY IS SAD. THE OTHER BOY IS HAPPY.

One answer is wrong. The other answer is right.

We liked one show. We didn’t like the other show.

Sam ate one sandwich. He didn’t eat the other sandwich.

One book is on the table. The other one is on the chair.

Sally read one book. She didn’t read the other one.

CAN YOU GIVE A DESCRIPTION OF IT?

Ask a student to describe a person or thing. The other student

will give a description of the person or thing.

EXAMPLES: S1: What does your father look like?

S2: He’s very big, and he doesn’t have much hair
now.

S1: What’s your car like?

S2: It’s on old red car with two doors.
LESSONS 19 and 20

ADD: To join / Añadir, agregar. ANY: One, no matter which / Cualquier,

COUNT: To get a total / Contar, cuenta. cualquiera.
DIVIDE: To separate into parts Sever / BOTH: The two / Ambos.
Dividir. CIRCUNFERENCE: Loop, Around /
EQUAL: Of the same quantity, size Circunferencia.
Valve sign / Igual EACH: Every one of two or more
EXPLAIN: To make plain or considered separately / Cada cosa.
understandable / Explicar. ERROR: A wrong belief / error.
MULTIPLY: To increase in number EXPLANATION: Something that
degree, to find the product / Multiplicar. explains Interpretation, meaning /
SUBTRACT: To take away or deduct / Explicacion.
Substraer. HALF: One half, party, halfway
UNDERSTAND: To catch on / Entender Imperfectly / Mitad, mitades.
STRAIGHT: Direct, undeviating / PRICE: The amount of money, valve or
Derecho, recto. worth / Precio.
DIVIDIED BY: To separate into equal PROBLEM: A difficult matter /
parts / Dividio entre. problema.
MAKE A MISTAKE: Cometer un error. RADIUS: Any straight line from the
MULTIPLIED BY: Multiplying or center / Radio.
being multiplied past tense / Multiplicado TOP: The highest / Parte superior.
por. TOTAL: Constituting a whole / Total.
EASY: Not difficult, comfortable Restful
/ Facil.
HARD: Difficult to understand / Duro,
dificil etc.
HEAVY: Hard to lift because of great
weight / Pesado.
INTO: Toward and within / Hasia dentro.
MINUS: Involving Subtraction / Menos.
MORE: Greater in amount, degree or
number comparative of much or many /
Mas.
OTHER: Being the remaining one or
ones / Otro u otra.
PLUS: In addition to, positive involving
extra again / Mas.
SOME: Certain but not specified or
known / Algun, algunos.
THAN: Introducing the second Element
in a comparison / Que.
TIMES: Multiplied by / Multiplicar por.
BOTTOM: The part on witch some thing
rests / Fondo, parte inferior.
CENTER: A point equally distant from
all points on the circunference / Centro.
MAKING COMPARISONS

1.- -er and than are added to regular adjectives to compare people or
things.

EXAMPLE: Greg is taller than Dana.

This window is cleaner than that one.

- er + than
Tall Taller
Clean Cleaner
Narrow Narrower
Weak - er Weaker
Slow Slower
Long Longer
Clean Cleaner

2.- Words that end is a consonant with a short vowel sound before that
consonant will be double the consonant before adding – er and than.

EXAMPLE: His shoes are wetter than his coat.

Wet + ter Wetter

Big + ger Bigger
Sad + der Sadder
Hot + ter Hotter

3.- Words that end in a consonant + y change the y to i and –er and than.
 EXAMPLE: The men were happier than the women.

Y  i + -er = -ier + than.

Happy Happier
Heavy heavier
Rainy Rainier
Windy -ier Windier
Thirsty Thirstier
Slow Slower
Hungry Hungrier

4.- Words that end in e need only –r and than.

EXAMPLE: Today’s weather is nicer than yesterday’s.

-r + than.

Nice Nicer

Large Larger

Little Littler
-r
Late Later

Wide Wider

Blue Bluer
LESSONS 21 and 22

CLIMB: To bore, drill / Trepar. EARTH: The planent we live on /

RUN: To go by moving the legs faster Tierra.
than in walking / Correr. FENCE: Protective or confining barrier
ABOVE: On top / Encima. of posts / Cerca.
ABSENT: Not present / Ausente. FLOWER: Blossom / Flor
AROUND: In every direction / GARAGE: A shelter for motor vehicles
Alrededor. / Cochera.
BACK: The rear part of the body / GATE: Door, entrance / Puerta.
Espalda, atraz. GRASS: Plant / Hierba.
BELOW: In or to a lower place, beneath HILL: A little kind of mountain /
/ Abajo. Colina.
BY: Near, at, in or during, via / Por, LAND: The solid part of the earth’s
cerca surface / Tierra.
FRONT: The part facing forward / LEAF: Any of the flat, thin parts,
Frente. usually green, growing from the stem of
HIGH: Tall / Alto a plant / Hoja de arbol.
LOW: Short / Bajo. MOON: A natural satellite of the earth /
NEXT TO: Near by / cerca de. Luna
OVER: On / Sobre RIVER: A natural stream of water
PAST: Of a former time / Pasado. flowing into an ocean / Rio
PRESENT: Existing or happening to,
now / Presente.
REAR: The back part / Parte trasera.
ANIMAL: Beastly / Animal.
ROOF: The exterior and upper part of a
house / Tejado, techo.
STAR: Any of the luminous celestial
objects / Estrella.
WORLD: Planet / Mundo.
YARD: Garden / Jardín, patio.
BACKYARD: A kind of garden / patio
trasero.
BIRD: Any of a class of warmblooded
vertebrates with feathers and wigs/
Pájaro.
CAT: A small, soft-furred animal, often
kept as a pet or for killing mice / Gato.
DOG: Any of various canines / Perro.
 HOW OLD ARE YOU? I’M TWENTY YEARS OLD.

a. How old is Steve?

He’s ten years old.
b. How old are Mr. and Mrs. Clark?
They’re both thirty years old.
c. How old is their house?
It’s fifteen years old.

NEW NEWER NEWEST.

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
big bigger the biggest
heavy heavier the heaviest.
Light lighter the lightest.
New newer the newest.
Old older the oldest.
Wide wider the widest.

The superlative form of the adjective is used to compare three or

more persons, or things: Add the + est to one syllable adjectives
and to some two-syllable adjectives.
LESSONS 23 and 24
KEEP: To retain possession of; to take in one’s
charge temporarily / Mantener, retener.
LAY: To place or rest on a surface / Tender,
postrar.
PLUG IN: To connect to a outlet by means of a
plug / Enchufar, conectar.
USE: To put into service, to employ / Usar.
OFTEN: Frequently, repeatedly / Frecuente,
seguido.
PRETTY: Pleasing or attractive in a graceful
or delicate way / Bonito.
SELDOM: Not often / Rara vez.
UGLY: Not pleasing to the eye, repulsive or
offensive in any way / Feo.
USUALLY: Common, ordinary / Usualmente,
normalmente.
ARMCHAIR: A chair with sides for
supporting the arms / Sillon.
BOOKCASE: A piece of furniture with
shelves for holding books / Librero
CABINET: An upright case with shelves,
drawers or compartments for the safekeeping of
objects / Gabinete.
CAN OPENER: A tool used for opening cans /
Abrelatas.
CARPET: A heavy woven covering for a floor
/ Tapete, alfombra.
CEILING: The interior upper surface of a
room; A maximun limit / Techo
COFFEE TABLE: A low, long table, often
placed before a sofa / Mesa de centro.
COUCH: A piece of furniture on which one
may sit or recline / Sofa.
CURTAIN: A piece of material hanging in a
window as a decoration, shade or screen /
Cortina.
DRAPES: To cover or hang with or as if with
cloth in loose folds / Cortinas.
DRAWER: A sliding box like compartment in
a bureau or table / Cajon.
END TABLE: A small table placed at the end
of a sofa / Mesa lateral, mesa de esquina.
FAN: An electrical device that circulates air by
rapidly rotating / Ventilador.
FAUCET: A device for drawing liquid, as from
a pipe / Llave, grifo.
FLOOR: The surface of a room on which one
stands / Suelo.
FURNITURE: Movable articles for a room or
establishment / Muebles.
KITCHEN: An area in which food is prepared
or cooked / Cocina.
LAMP: A device with an electric bulb for
providing light / Lampara.
LIVING ROOM: A room for general use in a
private residence / Sala.
OUTLET: A receptacle that is connected to a
power supply and equipped with a socket for a
plug / Contacto.
PAN: A wide, shallow, open container for
household purposes / Sarten.
PLUG: A fitting, commonly with metal prongs
for insertion in a fixed socket, used to make
electric connections / Enchufe.
REFRIGERATOR: A cabinet used for
refrigerating or freezing food / Refrigerador.
RUG: A piece of heavy fabric used to cover a
floor / Tapete, alfonbra.
SHELF: A flat rectangular structure of a rigid
material fixed at right angles used to hold or
store objects / Anaquel, repisa.
SINK: A basin fixed to a wall or floor and
having a drainpipe and a pipe water supply /
Lavadero, fregador
SOFA: A long upholstered seat with a back and
arms / Sofa.
STOVE: An apparatus that uses electricity or
burns fuel to furnish heat, as for
cooking / Estufa.
 USE YOUR HEAD FOR THINKING.

I
knife cutting meat.
You
Sue and
I Use
cup drinking coffee.
The
boys
a camera for taking pictures.

Becky
He Uses glass drinking milk.
John

I
The girls knife cut meat.
You
We Use
cup drink tea.
The men
They a to
Bob and camera take pictures.
Jim
Tom
He glass drink juice.
uses
Bill
spoon
Ann eat ice cream.
 LESSONS 25 and 26
BE GOING TO: Expresses future
actions / Expresión utilizada para futuro.
FALL DOWN: To come down by
gravity / Caer.
FOLLOW: To come or go after / Seguir.
FREEZE: To make very cold, to
preserve food by rapid refrigeration /
Congelar.
GROW: To come into being or be
produced naturally / Cultivar.
LAND: The set an aircraft down on land
or water / Aterrizar.
TAKE OFF: The act of leaving ground /
Despegar.
KILOMETER: A metric unit of linear
measure / kilometro.
EXCLAMATION MARK: Used in
punctuating to show surprise, strong
emotion / Signo de admiración.
FAHRENHEIT (F): A temperature
measure / Grados Fahrenheit.
GROUND: The solid surface of the earth
/ Suelo, terrestre.
QUOTATION MARKS: Either of a par
of punctuation marks used to enclose a
direct quotation / Comillas.
SOUTH: The direction to the left of one
facing the sun set / sur.
EAST: The direction in which sunrise
occurs, 90 on a compass, opposite west /
Este.
HIGHWAY: A public road, a main road,
thorough far / Autopista.
ICE: A solid state of water / Hielo.
BLOCK: A large, solid preach of wood,
stone metal etc. / Bloque.
CELSIUS (C): A temperature measure /
Grado centigrado.
COMMA: Used to indicate a slight
separation of sentence elements / Coma.
DIRECTIONS: Instructions for doing,
using etc / Direcciones.
CORNER: The point or place where
lines or surfaces join and form an angle /
Esquina.
FOR: In place of / Por.
NORTH: The directon to the righ of a
one facing the sun set / Norte.
STRAIGHT AHEAD: Having the same
direction throughout its length / Derecho.
DEGREE: Math a unit o measure for
angles or areas / Grado.
WEST: The direction in which sun set
occurs 270° on the compass, opposite east
/ Oeste.
MEXICO: A country in north America /
México.
MILE: A unit of linear measure equal to
5280 feet / Milla.
PARK: An area of public land, with
walks, plants, for recreation / Parque.
ROAD: A way made for traveling /
Camino.
TEMPERATURE: The degree of
hotness or coldness of anything /
Temperatura.
TERMOMETER: An instrument for
measuring temperatures, as a graduated
glass tube in which mercury /
Termometro.
BOB IS GOING TO ARRIVE AT 4:30

BOB WILL ARRIVE AT 4:30

Will = be going to

I am
He is going to leave at 8:00
You are

I am going to = I’m going to …………

He is going to = He’s going to ………

They are going to = They’re going to …….

VICTOR ISN’T GOING TO SELL THE CAR

(VICTOR WON’T SELL THE CAR)

I am
She is not going to swim
You are

He isn’t going to stay

They aren’t going to stay

WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO?

Steve is going to run

Is Steve going to run?
What is Steve going to do?

PUCTUATION

Capital Letters: Capt Andrews works at Medina Air Force

Base

Apostrophes: He’s a pilot, and he’s also my friend’s

instructor

Periods: He teaches students pilots. And next week,

we’ll be students pilots at Medina.

Question mark: Do you think Capt Andrews will teach us?

Commas: Capt Andrews flies on Monday, Wednesday

and, Friday mornings, and then, teaches the
students pilots every afternoon.

Exclamation mark: Oh good! We have class in the afternoons!

Capt Andrews will be our teacher!

Quotation marks: You ‘re wrong about that. This morning the
major said, “Capt Andrews won’t teach new
students after this class”. He just doesn’t have
the time.
LESSONS 27 and 28
EXERCISE: Activity for developing the
body or mind / Ejercitar.
FORGET: To be unable to remember /
Olvidar.
HIT: To nock, to beat / Golpear.
MISS: To fail to hit, to avoid, to notice
or feel the absence or loss of / Extrañar,
fallar.
REMEMBER: To think of again /
Recordar.
SHUT: To close / Cerrar.
TRY: To melt out or render, to put to the
proof / Intentar.
WORK OUT: Activity for developing
the body or mind / Ejercitar.
FREE TIME: Lazy time / Tiempo libre.
GET IN SHAPE: Work out / Ponerse en
forma.
HAVE A GOOD TIME: Entertain /
Divertirse.
HAVE FUN: To amuse / Divertirse.
IN GOOD SHAPE: En buena forma.
OUT OF SHAPE: Fuera de forma.
BEAUTIFUL: Pretty / Hermoso.
DIFFICULT: Laborious, troublesome /
Dificil.
EXCITING: Causing excitement /
Emocionante.
HEALTHY: Showing or resulting from
good health / Saludable.
HERS: Possessive pronoun of she / Suyo
de ella.
HIS: Possessive pronoun of he / Suyo de
el.
IMPORTANT: Having much
significance or value / Importante
INTERESTING: Exciting curiosity or
attention / Interesante.
ITS: Possessive pronoun of it / Suyo
(eso).
MINE: Possessive pronoun of I / Mío.
OURS: Possessive pronoun of we /
Nuestro
TERRIFIC: Marvelous, wonderful /
Maravilloso.
THEIRS: Possessive pronoun of they /
Suyos de ellos.
YOURS: Possessive pronoun of you /
tuyos.
EXERCISE: work out / Ejercicio
FUN: Amusement / Diversión.
GYMNASIUM: A room or building
equipped for physical training and sports /
Gimnasio.
PUSHUP: A kind of exercise / Lagartijas.
SITUP: A kind of exercise /
Abdominales.
VOLLEYBALL: A sport / Volibol.
WATCH: Clock / Reloj.
WORKOUT: Exercise practice /
Ejercicio.
JOHN WANTS TO PLAY VOLLEYBALL
Certain verbs may be followed by the present infinitive
form (to speak, to work, to talk, etc.). The verbs in the
parading are verbs that you know, which follow the
pattern.
begins
forgets
learns
likes
Carlos to speak English.
needs
remembers
starts
tries
wants

RAY NEEDS TO BUY A NEW CAR.

Do
they
Did
need to lock the door?
Does
Sue
Did
need
they
needed
Yes, to lock the door?
needs
Sue
needed
don’t
they
No, didn’t need to lock the door?
doesn’t
Sue
didn’t
LESSON 29
CALL (UP): To telephone / Hacer
una llamada telefónica.
DEPOSIT: To give as a pledge or
partial payment / Depositar,
depositar dinero.
FIND: To discover by change,
come upon, to perceive, to recover /
Encontrar.
HANG UP: To end a telephone call
by replacing the receiver / Colgar el
auricular del telefono.
MAKE: To cause to be or become /
Hacer.
MAY: Used To express,
possibility, permission,
contingency, a wish or hope / Poder
o ser posible.
MIGHT: Used as an auxiliary
generally equivalent to may /
Pasado de MAY, poder ser posible.
PAY: To give to (a person) what is
due, as for goods or services /
pagar.
BUSY: Active, at work, full of
activity, in use, as a telephone /
Ocupado.
LINE (PHONE): Bring into line,
put in a row / Linea telefonica.
OPERATOR: One who makes
connections in a telephone
exchange / Operadora.
PAGE: On side of a printed leaf of
a book etc / Pagina.
CHEAP: Low in price, worth more
than the price / Barato.
EXPENSIVE: Costly, high price /
Caro.
JUST: Right or fair, deserved,
lawful / Justo, solo.
LOCAL: Confined to a particular
place / Local.
WHOM: Objective case of Who /
A quien.
CALL: To say in a loud tone /
Hacer una llamada telefonica.
CHANGE: Money returned as the
difference between the price and
the greater sum presented / Cambio.
COIN: A piece of stamped metal
issued by a government as money /
Moneda.
CONVERSATION: A conversing,
informal talk / Conversacion.
FACTORY: A building or
building in which things are
manufactured / Fabrica.
KIND (OF): Somewhat rather, a
kind alike, type / Tipo.
PAY PHONE: A public coin-
operated telephone / Telefono
publico.
PERSON: The human body /
Persona.
SLOT: A long narrow aperture or
recess / Ranura.
 THE SOFA IS HEAVIER THAN THE CHAIR.
CHINESE IS MORE DIFFICULT THAN ENGLISH.

big large sad.

cool late short
***
cold light sick
clean long small
-er than
clear low slow
***
fast new straight
hard near strong
high nice tall
hot old weak

angry happy pretty

dirty healthy thirsty
*** -er than
early heavy ugly.
easy hungry windy
cloudy narrow

More
awful ** than
Less
upset

beautiful
delicious
**
difficult
More different
**
Less exciting than
expensive
**
important
interesting
terrific
 CHICAGO HAS THE TALLEST BUILDINGS.

BILL BOUGHT THE MOST EXPENSIVE CAR.

big large sad.

cool late short
cold light sick
***
clean long small
The clear low slow -est
fast new straight
***
hard near strong
high nice tall
hot old weak

angry happy pretty

dirty healthy thirsty
early heavy ugly
The *** -est
easy hungry windy
cloudy narrow

most awful
The **
least upset

beautiful delicious difficult

most
The different exciting expensive **
least
important interesting terrific
To make the comparative:

1.- Add –er + than to one-syllable adjectives.

Change the y to i and add –er to two-syllables adjectives which end in
y or w, + than.

2.- Put more/less before adjectives of two or more syllables, + than.

To make the superlative:

1.- add –est to one-syllable adjective.

Change the y to i and add –est to two syllable adjectives which end in
y or w.

2.- Put the most/least before adjectives of two or more syllables.

WHEN ARE YOU GOING TO SEE MAJOR WILLIAMS?

I MAY SEE HIM AT LUNCH.

I
You may
John
go to the movies.
Marie
Bob and Linda might
Steve and I
LESSONS 30
BE BACK: To return, come back /
Regresar.
CALL BACK: To return a call /
Regresar una llamada.
HOLD: To retain; keep, hold, catch
/ Retener, tomar.
HOLD ON: To wait on line /
Esperar en la linea.
LOOK FOR: To look, or to search
for something / Buscar
MANAGE: To control the
movement or behavior of /
Administar.
RENT: A stated payment at fixed
intervals for the use of a house,
land, ect. / Rentar.
RING: To sound, play, ring (an
instrument) / Sonar.
TELL: To say, to talk, to speak /
Decir.
WAIT: To remain, to be ready /
Esperar.
FOR RENT: Available to rent / En
renta.
LEAVE A MESSAGE: Dejar el
mensaje.
RETURN A CALL: Devolver la
llamada.
TAKE A MESSAGE: Tomar el
mensaje.
FROM: Beginning at, originating
with, from now / Desde.
THAT: The person or thing
mentioned the farter one or other
one / Eso, Esa.
TILL: Until, as far as, as much as,
up to down to / Hasta
TO: Toward, so as to reach, as
far as / Hasta.
UNTIL: till, as far as, as much as,
up to down to / Hasta.
APARTMENT: A room or suite of
rooms to live in / Departamento.
BASEMENT: The story below the
main floor / Zotano.
BEDROOM: Room for sleeping /
Recamara.
BELL: Which rings when struck /
Campana.
DEPOSIT: To set down, to place
money / Deposito.
DINNING ROOM: A room in a
house used to eat / Comedor.
GARDEN: Yard / Jardin.
MANAGER: A person who
manage / Gerente.
MESSAGE: A communication sent
by speech, in writing, etc. /
Mensaje.
MOMENT: Instant / Momento.
RENT: Profit, income, revenue,
annuity, revenue, public debit /
Renta.
RESIDENT: One who lives in a
place, nor a visitor / Residente.
TELL IT JONES THAT I’LL SEE HIM AT THE LIBRARY

TELL IT JONES I’LL SEE HIM AT THE LIBRARY

Him

Don’t Tell Her (That) We’ll go at 6:30.

Sam