Ingles Medico I

Ingles Medico I

Tema 1: Vocabulary of Human Body

VOCABULARY OF THE HUMAN BODY

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Para complementar la información referente al VOCABULARY OF HUMAN PARTS OF THE BODY,

sugerimos abrir y ver el VIDEO de “Parts of the body” (https://youtu.be/mc5Wq0offG0).

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VOCABULARY OF THE HUMAN BODY II

Head: upper part of the body, comprising the face and the skull.

Hair: hair on the scalp of a human being.

Skull: bony case of the brain.
Face: front part of a human head.
Forehead: part of the face between the hairline and the eyebrows.
Temple: part of the head between the eye and the top of the ear.
Cheek: part of the face between the nose and the ear, and the eye and the lower jaw.
Jaw: Two bony parts of the face in which the teeth are set.
Chin: protuberance of the jaw below the lower lip.
Mouth: entrance to the digestive tract, situated in the lower part of the face.
Lips: Two edges of the mouth.
Teeth: small hard bony objects growing in the mouth used for biting and chewing food.
Nose: projecting part of the face between the mouth and the forehead, site of respiration.
Nostrils: Two openings at the end of the nose, through which one breathes and smells.

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Ear: external organ of hearing.
Eye: sight organ.
Eyebrow: line of hairs above each of the two eyes.
Eyelashes: hairs that grow from the edge of each eyelid.
Eyelid: pieces of covering skin that can move down to close each eye.
Neck: part of a human being between the trunk and the head; the neck supports the
head.

Trunk: central part of the body.

Chest or thorax: the part of the upper trunk above the diaphragm and over the ribs.
Breast: part of the human chest, which contains the mammary gland.
Nipple: conical protuberance forming the point of the breast.
Abdomen: lower part of the trunk, containing the digestive organs.
Waist: narrow part of the body below the chest.

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Navel: mark left by the umbilical cord.
Back: posterior part of the body, between the kidneys and the neck.
Lumbar region or loin: region of the lower back, in the area of the kidneys.
Pubis: area at the base of the lower abdomen covered by pubic hairs.
Penis: external reproductive organ of a human male.
Scrotum: small sac under the human penis containing the testicles.
Buttock: each of two fleshy parts at the base of the back.
Gluteus furrow: crease between the two buttocks.

Lower limb: lower extremities of the body, between the hip and the foot.

Hip: part of the side of the body between the waist and the thigh.
Thigh: upper part of the lower limb of humans; it contains the femur.
Knee: joint between the thigh and the lower leg.
Leg: lower part of the lower limb of humans.
Calf: muscular surface at the back of the leg, below the knee.
Ankle: joint connecting the leg to the foot.
Foot: part of the lower limb of humans that supports the body when it is standing.
Heel: back part of the foot.
Instep: The upper surface of the foot between the toes and the ankle.
Sole: bottom surface of the foot, the part on which a person walks or stands.
Toe: any of five small movable parts at the end of each foot.

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Upper limb: upper extremities of the body, between the shoulder and the hand.

Shoulder: joint connecting the arm to the trunk.

Shoulder blade: one of two flat triangular bones in the upper back.
Armpit: hollow place under the arm at the shoulder.
Arm: part of the upper limb between the elbow and the shoulder.
Elbow: joint connecting the upper arm and the forearm.
Forearm: part of the upper limb between the wrist and the elbow.
Wrist: joint connecting the forearm and the hand.
Hand: part at the end of a human arm, composed of five (5) fingers and used for touching
and holding.
Finger: any of five small movable parts at the end of each hand.

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VOCABULARY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON

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Skeleton: set of bones making up the framework of human body.

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Skull: bone of the head, which encloses the brain.

Occipital: bone forming the lower back part of the skull.

Mastoid: protuberance behind the ear.

Temporal: bone of the temple.

Parietal: bones forming the sides and top of the skull.

Frontal: bone of the forehead.

Nasal bone: bones of the nose.

Malar or zygomatic bone: Cheekbone.

Maxilla: bony upper part of the jaw.

Mandible: bony lower part of the jaw.

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Clavicle: collarbone of the shoulder girdle, between the sternum and the scapula.

Sternum: breastbone connected to the front of the ribs of the thoracic cage.

Manubrium: upper part of the sternum.

Ribs (1 to 7): first bones of the thoracic cage.

False ribs (8, 9, 10): the eighth, ninth and tenth ribs of the thoracic cage, which protect the

lower part of the lungs.

Floating ribs (11, 12): last two ribs of the thoracic cage.

Rachis: spinal column.

Sacrum: bone that is jointed with the hipbone to form the pelvis.

Ilium: bone of the pelvic girdle, comprised of the fusion of the ilium, the ischium and the pubic

bone.

Ischium: one of the bones of the ilium.

Coccyx: bone comprised of the fused, atrophied vertebrae at the end of the sacrum.

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Femur: the thighbone, the longest bone of a human body.

Patella: round, flat bone situated over the knee. Also known as kneecap.

Tibia: bone forming the inside of the lower leg.

Fibula: bone forming the outside of the lower leg.

Tarsus: bony area at the back of the foot.

Metatarsus: bones of the foot between the tarsus and the toes.

Proximal phalanx: jointed segment of a toe.

Middle Phalanx: middle phalange of a toe.

Distal phalanx: last phalange of a toe.

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Scapula: bone of the back of the shoulder.

Humerus: bone of the upper arm.

Radius: bone forming the outside of the forearm.

Ulna: bone forming the inside of the forearm.

Carpus: jointed parts of the hand between the forearm and the metacarpus.

Metacarpus: hand bone between the carpus and the phalanges.

Proximal phalanx: jointed segment of a finger.

Middle Phalanx: middle phalange of a finger.

Distal phalanx: last phalange of a finger.

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Ingles Medico I

Tema 3_ READING AND COMPREHENSION: Anatomy of the trunk

Anatomy of the trunk

The trunk is the central part of the body. The neck and head extend above the trunk and are
continuous with it. The upper limbs are attached to either side of the trunk and the lower limbs
extend downwards from it.
The trunk consists of two main cavities, namely the thorax and the abdomen. These are separated
by a dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. The thorax lies above the diaphragm, and
the abdomen lies below it.
The posterior wall of both cavities is composed of the vertebral column and its related muscles.
The thoracic cavity is bounded at the sides and front by the ribs, the sternum, and the intercostal
muscles.

The thoracic cavity is divided by fibrous partitions into three compartments. The central
compartment, the mediastinum, is a mass of tissue and organs, extending from the vertebral
column behind to the sternum in front. The two lateral compartments are cavities, known as the
pleural cavities which contain the lungs. The principal internal organs contained in the thorax are
the heart and the lungs.
The mediastinum is commonly considered to have three divisions, lying anterior, posterior and
superior to the pericardium. Both the anterior and the posterior mediastinum are continuous with
the superior mediastinum, which connects freely with the neck.

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The anterior mediastinum lies between the sternum and the pericardium and is overlapped by the
anterior edges of both lungs. It sometimes contains the lower part of the thymus gland, but usually
this does not extend lower than the superior mediastinum.
The posterior mediastinum lies behind the pericardium and the diaphragm. It contains the thoracic
lymph nodes and, in addition, various organs in their passage to or from the superior mediastinum.
These are principally the aorta and the oesophagus, which descend from the superior
mediastinum through the posterior mediastinum to the abdomen, and the thoracic duct, which
leads upwards from the posterior mediastinum into the superior mediastinum.
The superior mediastinum contains the esophagus, the trachea, the apices of the lungs, the
phrenic and vagus nerves, the arch of the aorta, and other major blood vessels. The superior
mediastinum is remarkable because of the asymmetrical relationships of its contents, mainly due
to the position of the great veins and arteries, that is to say veins on the right side and arteries on
the left. The trachea, for example, is in contact with the right vagus nerve and the apex of the right
lung, but is separated from the left vagus and the apex of the left lung by the left common carotid
and the left subclavian arteries.

The pericardium is a fibrous sac that encloses the heart. The lungs and the pleural cavities are
lined by the pleura, a membrane of fibrous tissue surfaced by a single layer of squamous
epithelium.
The pericardium and the pleura have the same function, namely to provide two slippery surfaces
so that the structures contained within can move without friction. The thoracic cavity is a very
mobile area. The heart is in rhythmic pulsation and changes its position a little between systole

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and diastole; the lungs also are in rhythmic motion, gliding down and up; the oesophagus dilates
with each bolus; and the great veins expand considerably during increased blood flow.
The abdomen is the largest cavity in the body. It consists of two parts: the abdominal cavity proper
and the pelvic cavity.

The lateral and anterior walls of the abdominal cavity proper are formed mainly by three layers of
muscle which run concentrically round the cavity. The organs of digestion are the principal internal
organs contained in the abdomen.
The pelvic cavity, or pelvis, lies below the abdominal cavity and is continuous with it. It is bounded
anteriorly and laterally by bone. The contents of the pelvis are the urinary bladder, the lower part
of the large intestine, the rectum, and some of the reproductive organs.

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Ingles Medico I

Tema 4_ READING AND COMPREHENSION: The compartments of the body and sources
of energy

The compartments of the body and sources of energy

The body has three compartments. The first compartment of these consists of active tissue, which
is also known as cell mass. This does most of the chemical work of the body.
The second compartment consists of supporting tissue. This is composed of bone minerals,
extracellular proteins, and the internal environment or extracellular fluid in the blood and lymph.
The third compartment is the energy reserve. This consists of fat, which lies round the principal
internal organs and in adipose tissue.
The size of each compartment varies according the age, sex and health of the individual. In a
healthy young man, the total body weight is divided approximately:
55% cell mass
30% supporting tissue
15% energy reserve. A healthy young woman has normally twice as much fat.

The fuels of the body are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. These are taken in the diet. They are
found mainly in cereal grains, vegetable oils, meat, fish, and dairy products.
Carbohydrates are the principal source of energy in most diets. They are absorbed into the
bloodstream in the form of glucose. Glucose not needed for immediate use is converted into
glycogen and stored in the liver. When the blood sugar concentration goes down, the liver
reconverts some of its stored glycogen into glucose.
Fats make up the second largest source of energy in most diets. They are stored in adipose tissue
and round the principal internal organs. If excess carbohydrate is taken in, this can be converted
into fat and stored. The stored fat is utilized when the liver is empty of glycogen.
Proteins are essential for the growth and rebuilding of tissue, but they can also be utilized as a
source of energy. In some diets, they form the main source of energy. Proteins are first broken
down into amino acids. Then they are absorbed into the blood and pass round the body. Amino
acids not used by the body are eventually excreted in the urine in the form of urea. Proteins,
unlike carbohydrates and fats, cannot be stored for future use.

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Tema 5_ READING AND COMPREHENSION: Overview of Cell Structure

Overview of Cell Structure

Cells are the smallest living units of an organism. All cells have three things in common,
no matter what type of cell they are.
All cells have a cell membrane which separates the inside of the cell from its
environment. Cytoplasm, which is a jelly-like fluid, and DNA, which is the cell's genetic
material.
There are two broad categories of cells. The first category is eukaryotic cells. They have
organelles which include the nucleus and other special parts. Eukaryotic cells are more
advanced complex cells such as those found in plants and animals. The second category
is prokaryotic cells. They don't have a nucleus or membrane-enclosed organelles. They
do have genetic material, but it's not contained within a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells are
always one-celled or unicellular organisms, such as bacteria.

Organelle means little organ. Organelles are the specialized parts of a cell that have
unique jobs to perform. The nucleus, the control center of the cell, contains DNA, or
genetic material. DNA dictates what the cell is going to do and how it's going to do it.
Chromatin is the tangled spread-out form of DNA found inside the nuclear membrane.
When a cell is ready to divide, DNA condenses into structures known as chromosomes.
The nucleus also contains a nucleolus, which is a structure where ribosomes are made.
After ribosomes leave the nucleus, they will have the important job of synthesizing, or
making, proteins. Outside the nucleus, the ribosomes and the rest of the organelles float
around in cytoplasm, which is the jelly-like substance. Ribosomes may wander freely
within the cytoplasm or attach to the endoplasmic reticulum, sometimes abbreviated as
ER. There are two types of ER. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it. And smooth ER
doesn't have ribosomes attached to it. The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane-

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enclosed passageway for transporting materials such as the protein synthesized by
ribosomes.
Proteins and other materials emerge from the endoplasmic reticulum in small vesicles
where the Golgi apparatus, sometimes called the Golgi body, receives them. As proteins
move through the Golgi body, they are customized into forms that the cell can use. The
Golgi body does this by folding the proteins into useable shapes or adding other
materials onto them such as lipids or carbohydrates.
Vacuoles are sack-like structures that store different materials. In plant cell, the central
vacuole stores water. In the animal cell, you will see an organelle called a lysosome.
Lysosomes are the garbage collectors that take in damaged or worn-out cell parts. They
are filled with enzymes that break down the cellular debris. The mitochondrion is an
organelle that is the powerhouse for both animal and plant cells. During a process called
cellular respiration, the mitochondria make ATP molecules that provide the energy for all
of the cell activities. Cells that need more energy have more mitochondria.

Multiple Choice

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Tema 7_ READING AND COMPREHENSION: Epithelial and Connective Tissues

Epithelial Tissues

Epithelial tissues consist of sheets of cells which cover the external and internal surfaces of the
body, and line the insides of glands.
The blood vessels and heart are lined with a single layer of flattened cells called squamous, or
pavement epithelium, because the cells are shaped like paving stones. This tissue also covers
the heart, lungs, and other organs and lines the spaces in which the organs lie, reducing friction
between surfaces which rub together.
The ducts (small tubes) in the kidneys and those leading from the salivary glands are lined with a
single layer of box-shaped cells called cubical epithelium. The large kidney ducts, the gall bladder,
stomach, and small intestine are lined with a single layer of elongated cells called columnar
epithelium. The passageways of the respiratory and reproductive systems are lined with both
cubical and columnar cells covered with microscopic hairs called cilia. The cilia of this ciliated
epithelium wave rapidly back and forth, creating currents in liquids surrounding them.
The glands of the body are lined with cubical or columnar cells called glandular epithelium. These
cells are specialized to produce useful substances like enzymes, mucus, and hormones.
The outer surface of the body, and the mouth and the gullet, are exposed to constant wear and
tear. These surfaces are protected from damage and infection by several layers of cells called
stratified epithelium. The uppermost layer of stratified epithelium consists of flat dead cells which
are constantly worn away. But as fast as this happens, they are replaced from below by new cells
from a layer of live dividing cells.

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Connective Tissue

All connective tissues consist of cells embedded in an extracellular substance called matrix, which
the cells produce. These tissues connect tissues and organs together, protecting and supporting
them, and yet allowing them to move against one another. There are four types of connective
tissue.
• The spaces between organs are packed with areolar connective tissue, fibres and cells
enclosed in a white sticky matrix. The matrix is produced by mast cells, and these also
produce heparin, which helps stop blood from clotting inside blood vessels. Macrophage
cells engulf and digest bacteria which enter wounds, and they can move through the
matrix to infected areas. Fibroblast cells make the fibres of areolar and other tissues.
They too can move to infected areas and seal off wounds or enclose parasites in a mass
of fibres
• Tendons and ligaments are made of fibrous connective tissue. Tendons connect
muscles to bones and are made of tough, white collagen fibres. Ligaments hold joints
together, and are made of elastic fibres. These fibres are also found in blood vessels
walls.
• The gristle which occurs at the ends of some bones, where bones rub together, and in
the walls of wind-pipe is made of cartilage. Cartilage consists of cells called
chondroblasts, which are embedded in a matrix that is hard and flexible. This tissue is
often filled with collagen and elastic fibres, called fibro-cartilage.
• Bone is a connective tissue which consists of cells in a solid matrix impregnated with
calcium, phosphate, carbonate, and fluoride salts. Bone cells are usually arranged in
concentric circles around blood vessels which run in narrow channels through the length
of a bone. A system of tiny channels connects the blood canals with the cavities in which
the bone cells live. These channels deliver food and oxygen from the bloodstream to the
bone cells and carry away waste matter.

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Tema 8_ READING AND COMPREHENSION: Nervous and Muscle Tissues

The Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is specialized tissue found in the central nervous system and the peripheral
nervous system. It consists of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia.
The basic unit of the nervous system is the neurone, or nerve cell. It consists of a cell body and
its processes. Each neurone has two types of process: a number of short, freely branching
fibres called dendrites, and a single process called the axon, which may or may not give off
branches along its course. The dendrites are responsible for responding to stimuli; they receive
incoming signals towards the cell body. The axon, which is the main conducting fibre, conveys
impulses away from the cell body.
The axon varies in length in different kinds of neurone. In a motor neurone it can be very long,
running, for example, from a cell body in the spinal cord to a muscle in the foot. Axons of the
internuncial neurones, which provide links between other neurones, are often short and difficult
to distinguish from the dendrites.
Neuroglia is also called “glial cells”, which are involved in many specialized functions apart from
support of the neurons. The axon is surrounded by a whitish, fatty insulating layer called the
myelin sheath. that forms around nerves in the brain and spinal cord. This myelin sheath allows
electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. Outside the myelin
sheath there is a cellular layer called the neurilemma. In the peripheral nervous system,
Schwann cells are neuroglia cells that support neuronal function by increasing the speed of
impulse propagation. The Schwann cells are underlain by the medullary sheath. The medullary
sheath is interrupted at intervals by the nodes of Ranvier, which allow the generation of a fast
electrical impulse along the axon. This rapid rate of conduction is called saltatory conduction.
An inactivated nerve fibre maintains a state of chemical stability with more concentrations of
potassium inside than outside the lining membrane. A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization
created by a chemical imbalance. Sodium passes through the membrane, releasing potassium.
The depolarization of any part of the nerve cell causes the depolarization of the next segment,
and so on to the end of a fibre. The end of a nerve fibre is not structurally joined to the next cell,
but the small gap between them can be bridged chemically. This functional junction is known as
a synapse. Once the synapse has been made, these chemicals are rapidly destroyed by
enzymes.

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Muscle Tissue

Muscles are specialized for contraction. So, muscle tissue consists of contractile fibres. These
fibres are bound together by connective tissue, which also connect muscles with bones or skin.
Contraction of a muscle fibre is caused by a complex rearrangement of its protein molecules.
The energy needed for this contraction comes from respiration.
An extensive network of blood capillaries runs between the muscle fibres, and there are also
two types of nerve fibre. Motor nerves cause muscles to contract, and sensory nerves detect
changes in the length of muscle fibres.
There are three types of muscle tissue, and each performs a different type of contraction.
• Involuntary muscle tissue: in the walls of the gut, blood vessels, and bladder. It cannot
be contracted at will; it is controlled by unconscious mechanisms. The fibres contract
slowly and rhythmically, and can remain contracted for long periods. They control
processes like peristalsis which moves food along the gut. It is also called smooth
muscle tissue.
• Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart. It consists of single cells which are
branched and joined together making a network of fibres. These fibres contract
rhythmically with moderate speed throughout life, pumping blood around the body.
• Voluntary muscle tissue is attached to skeleton and it can be contracted at will
(voluntarily). It is also called striped muscle, or skeletal muscle, because of its
appearance. Voluntary muscle can contract quickly and powerfully and causes
movements of the body.

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