Part-1

Design Topology:
A patch antenna is designed using “AWR AXIEM -Async EM structure” . The step-wise designing
procedure in AWR has been discussed below:

 Initially a window of AXIEM -Async EM will be open then define the substrate: FR4 with
1.575mm thickness

 After that corresponding patch and feedline was drawn of given parameters, its layer
was also defined.

 Then ground plane of dimension bigger than this patch is placed. In this case the size of
Ground plane is 139.8*75.4 mm^2 then specify the layer of ground plane as shown
 Apply port either auto or connect to lower

 Then simulate the results and generate corresponding graphs

The designed patch antenna along with matching circuit is shown above in figure. The port
impedance is 50ohm whereas the input impedance of the patch antenna is

Zin= √ Zin(real) + Zin (imag)

2 2

Hence Zin=24.1 ohm. Both real and imaginary part of impedances are positive hence this
impedance lie in the upper half of smith chart as shown.
This shows that input impedance of patch antenna is not perfectly matched but still it is almost
half the port impedance thereby providing Voltage standing wave ratio and dB(S11) of 2.9 and -
6.5 dB respectively.

Part-2
The designed patch antenna along with matching circuit is shown above in figure. The port
impedance is 50ohm whereas the input impedance of the patch antenna is

Zin= √ Zin(real)2+ Zin (imag)2

Zreal =-11.75 ohm

Zimag=+j9.6 ohm
 We can observe that real part of impedance is negative which is not possible
 negative real part means VSWR is -ve ( as VSWR varies from 1 to infinity)
  A reflection coefficient magnitude greater than one would normally indicate the
reflected wave is greater than incident
 For VSWR=1 means all the energy is transferred from source to the load but VSWR= -
ve means load is providing energy to the source which is impractical.
But here due to inappropriate matching network the input impedance have -ve real part which is
unappropriated hence in order to fully matched it with port impedance at desired frequency we need to
re-design the matching circuit of patch.

S11 represents how much power is reflected from the antenna, and hence is known as the
reflection coefficient (sometimes written as gamma: or return loss. If S11=0 dB, then all the
power is reflected from the antenna and nothing is radiated.

S11(dB)=quantity RL(dB)= Incident power ( Pi)/Reflected power (Pr),

In our design, S11 is positive means reflected power is more than that of incident power which is
pointless.

Part-3
In this section performance of both antennas will be compared. Few performance parameters
of both antennas are tabulated in table:1

Parameters Ant-1 Ant-2

dB(S11) @2.5 GHz -6.5 dB 4 dB
Zin @2.5 GHz 19.6+j14.1 -11.75+j9.6
VSWR @2.5 GHz 2.9 -4.45

After comprehensive analysis of both antennas, it is concluded that Ant-1 has much better
performance as compared to Ant-2 because design or response of Ant-2 is quite impractical.
Ant-1 is radiating the energy while Ant-2 is not radiating due to imperfect matching circuit.
Return loss(S11) is the loss of signal power due to signal reflection or return by a discontinuity
in a transmission line. The main reason of impedance mismatch is in appropriate matching with
the terminating load. Moreover, return loss is the relationship between both the reflection
coefficient (Γ) and the standing wave ratio (SWR). Incidentally, if you increase the return loss, it
will correlate to a lower SWR (inverse relation b/w RL and VSWR).
The Ant-1 has the low the reflection factor -6 dB) whereas Ant-2 has high reflection factor (+4
dB) means Ant-1 will radiate more power. On the other hand, response of Ant-2 is quite
unrealistic.