UNIT 1:

The word literate refers to a person who not only reads and writes but
also understands and solves problems. Literate can also mean that a
person is knowledgeable or well-versed in a specific subject, such as history
and science.

 Web -allows users across the globe to navigate different websites and
access information using the Internet.

 Literacy -has been referred to as “the ability to read and write,”

MEDIA LITERACY
 Media literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create
media.

 Media refers to the different means of communication, such as

television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet.

INFORMATION LITERACY
 is the skill that allows a person to recognize when information is
needed and how he will be able to access, locate, evaluate, and use it
effectively.

 Information - pertains to a specific data acquired for a specific

purpose.
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY
 is the ability to acquire relevant information and uses modern-day
tools to get, manage, apply, evaluate, create, and communicate
information.

 Technology - the systematic application of one's art or skill for a

practical purpose.

CREATORS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION

 Writers and journalists
 Editors
 Directors
 Performers
 Visual artists

1. Writers and journalists.

 They work in publishing houses, news agencies, or advertising firms.
Their primary role is to translate relevant and meaningful
information into printed materials, such as books, newspapers, and
magazines.

2. Editors.
 Writers and journalists work hand in hand with editors to ensure that
the manuscript or articles submitted by the former are high in
standard and are fit to print. Editors also make sure that the material
to be published is free from factual or grammatical errors.
3. Directors.
 Also known as filmmakers, directors create movies, shows or
programs, and plays that are seen on theaters, television channels, or
theaters, respectively. A director sees to it that the message of a show
is made clear to the audience.

4. Performers.
 The actors who portray the characters in movies, shows, and plays
are called performers in general. Directors guide the performers so
they can deliver their portrayals effectively.

5. Visual artists.
 Paintings and sculptures are some of the masterpieces that visual
artists create. Visual artists express their ideas through their
artworks. Some artworks may convey a clear message while others
have abstract symbols to express the deeper thoughts of the artist.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD MEDIA PRACTITIONER

1. Truthfulness.
 Media practitioners should convey a message or information that
accurate, factual, and truthful.

2. Fairness and objectivity.

 The information or message disseminated by media practitioners
should be objective and based on grounded evidence.

3. Responsibility and integrity.

 Media practitioners are expected to show professionalism regardless
of the situation they are in. They should not compromise their
 integrity by showing partiality or partisanship. They should also
possess a sense of responsibility and accountability when acquiring
information.

4. Empathy and sympathy.

 Being in the media does not give practitioner the right to use their job
for personal gains. Media practitioners should be sensitive to the
needs of others. They should show their respect to the privacy of
others too.

5. Hard working.
 The public depends on the information media practitioners delive that
is why they are expected to work hard in sourcing accurate
information. The should give their best effort for their work, whether
writing an article, making a film or composing a song.

UNIT 2:
PREHISTORIC AGE (before 1700s)
 Prehistoric -refers to the time before the existence of written or
recorded history.

 According to archaeologists, the Prehistoric Age occurred some 4.5

million years ago or approximately 30,000 years ago. This era is
divided into two periods: the Stone Age and the Metal Age.

 Petroglyphs can be carvings or engravings in rocks or caves while

pictographs represe words or phrases through images or symbols.

 Pictographs used to refer to sketches or that usually depict nature,

giving us a glimpse of the early people’s way of life.
  The Manunggul jar - was excavated from the Tabon Caves in Palawan.
This artifact dates back from 890 to 710 BC. Archaeologists believe
that the Manunggul jar represents the beliefs of the early Filipinos
about death. The two figures at the top of the jar’s handle represent
the journey of the soul in the afterlife.

 megalithic art- This art involves the process of arranging or stacking

together artistically the stones or big rocks for a certain purpose,
which still remains a mystery to most archaeologists.

 The Stonehenge, located at the Salisbury Plains in England, is a

perfect example of megalithic art. It dates back to around 3000 to
2000 BC. Archaeologists believe that the Stonehenge is either a burial
site or a plu used by the early settlers to learn about astronomy.

 Oyayi or hele- the early Filipinos represents a mother’s care and love
by singing her child to sleep.

 Dance- was used to express a tribe’s religious beliefs.

 Cañao- tribes from the Cordille Administrative Region perform as a

form of offering.

INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700s-1930s)

People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron
production, and the manufactured of various products (including books
through the printing press).
 Most people associate factories and machines to industries.
  Industrial city - pertains to a place where several factories are located
or built.

 The Industrial Age began in the 18th century in Great Britain.

 Technology shifted from using hand tools to operating power-driven

machines.

 Communication during the Industrial Age also became viable because

of the invention of the telegraph.

 Telegraph- is a system used for transmitting messages from a distance

along wire.

 In 1837, William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the first

commercial elect telegraph. By 1840, new railways were built using
the Cooke-Wheatstone System and 1866, a telegraph cable was
successfully laid across the Atlantic.

ELECTRONIC AGE (1930s-1980s)

 Electronic -refers to an object that has electronic components, such as
sensors an microchips, which functions once it is connected to an
electrical outlet.

 Beginning of Modernization
INFORMATION AGE (1900s-2000s)

 The Internet paved the way for faster communication and social
network creation. People advanced microelectronics with the
invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable
technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound, and data are digitalized.

 Information has been defined as the specific data acquired for a

specific purpose.

 the Information Age is also labeled as the Computer Age or the New
Age because it gave birth to new media and digital technology.

UNIT 3:
ACCESSING INFORMATION USING THE CARD CATALOG
Types of Card Catalog
1. Author catalog.
 The entries for the author catalog are listed by author, editor,
compiler, translator, or other parties considered to have responsibility
for the or assembly of the work specified.

2. Title catalog.
 The title catalog has entries which are listed by title only. Titles starts
with an article like “A, An, and The” should be ignored in searching for
the of the book. In the title catalog.
3. Subject catalog.
 A subject catalog lists books or other materials under the subje
treated and arranged alphabetically or by classes. It organizes all of
the library li titles by the main subjects.

 Some university libraries have an online public access catalog (OPAC).

Libraries of and well-funded universities use an OPAC as they have a
large collection of books and othe reading materials. The OPAC
enables the student to access the library’s database installed selected
desktops of the library.

CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY

1. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
 Borrow a book from the library and you will notice that the bottom of
its spine has Arabic numerals written on it. This three-digit number
pertains to the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) or Dewey Decimal
System which American librarian Melvil Dewey created in 1876.

2. Library of Congress
 Bigger libraries, such as university libraties, use the Library of Congress
Classificattion System (LCC), which classifies books using letters and
numbers that are with subject, title, and author information. The LCC
categorizes the books into 21 branches knowledge.
SECTIONS OF THE LIBRARY
1. General Reference Section.
 You can find general reference books in the General Reference
Section. Examples of these books are encyclopedias, dictionaries,
thesauri, and almanacs. Books in the General Reference Section are
mostly for library use only.

2. Circulation Section.
 Books in the Circulation Section are mostly textbooks that cover
different subject areas. Pocketbooks and novels are also found in this
section. In general, both nonfiction and fiction books are found in
here. Books in the Circulation Section are arranged either in DDC or
LCC.

3. Periodical Section.
 Newspapers, magazines, and journals are found at the Periodical
Section. Periodicals are for library use only.

4. Filipiniana Section.
 Filipiniana materials are printed materials written by Filipino authors
about the Philippines and published in the Philippines.

OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION

1. Theses and Dissertations.
 A thesis refers to a scholarly or academic research of eithe an
undergraduate or a master’s degree student.
 dissertation refers to the scholarly work of a doctoral student.
2. Interviews.
 Interviewing a resource person who is an expert in a specific field is
another way of getting accurate and reliable information.

3. Museum.
 A researcher can go to a museum to find resources for his study.
 Primary sources are original materials that were produced during a
particular period in history
 Examples: Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere, relics, artifacts, documents or
recordings, sculptures, and paintings too and other original sources of
information.

 Secondary sources are documents made after an event has occurred.

These are second-hand accounts about an event, a person, or a topic.
Secondary sources may render different perspectives from another
person, who can also be the researcher.
 Example: Teodoro Agoncille’s Himary of the Filipino People is
considered a secondary source since it retells the events from the
past although he did not personally witness some of the events.

4. Internet.
 Nowadays, searching information on the Internet is easier and more
convenient than going to the library. Instead of browsing several
books, the researcher can just type the key word on the search engine.

PARTS OF A BOOK
1. Table of contents.
 To help you locare a specific topic in a book, check out the table of
contents (TOC), which displays the page number opposite its topic
title. The TOC is found on the preliminary pages of the book.

2. Index.
 You can search for a specific concept, term, or name in the index.
These key words are presented with the page numbers where they are
mentioned.

3. Glossary.
 Some books have a glossary found at the back matters. The glossary
provides a list of concepts or terms with its corresponding meaning. It
is arranged alphabetically.

4. Bibliography.
 The sources which the author used in writing a book appear in the
bibliography. Each bibliographical entry contains the author’s
complete name, title of the material, and other publication details.

PROPER CITATION OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION

1. American Psychological Association (APA).
 The APA Style contains rules for the preparation of manuscripts for
writers and students in social sciences, such as psychology, linguistics,
sociology, economics, and criminology, business, and nursing.

2. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS).

  The CMS contains rules on preparing the manuscript for publication
including grammar, usage, and documentation. It has two
documentation styles:
 The Notes- Bibliography System (NB) is used in literature, history, and
the arts.
 Author-Date System is preferred in social sciences.

3. Modern Language Association (MLA).

 The MLA style is commonly used in Date of publication writing papers
and citing sources within liberal arts and humanities, such as English
studies, language and literature, foreign language and literatures,
literary criticism, comparative literature, and cultural studies.

IDENTIFYING RELEVANT INFORMATION

1. Printed materials.
 Check the author’s profile at the back cover of the book to know if he
has expertise on the material written. You can also check the preface
to have an overview of the book’s framework. For theses and
dissertations, you can check the abstract or a brief description about
the study.

2. Films.
 Apart from checking out the reviews for a film, you should also check
the profiles of the director and scriptwriter.

3. Interviews.
  When interviewing people for a feature article, look for experts who
have actual experience to ensure that the information you will acquire
is accurate and reliable.

ETHICAL USE OF INFORMATION

1. Citation.
 A researcher uses citations to inform the readers that certain texts or
ideas on his work came from another source.

2. Plagiarism.
 A researcher or writer accused of plagiarism means he used someone
else’s work and ideas, whether deliberately or not.

3. Copyright.
 Some printed materials, like textbooks, have copyright. Literary and
artistic works are also governed by copyright law. The copyright
protects the owner, who can either be the author or the publisher, of
his exclusive legal rights for the use and distribution of an original
work. A copyright can expire. The duration of the copyright covers
the author’s lifetime plus 50 years after his death.

4. Intellectual property.
 While printed materials are protected by copyright, inventions, literary
and artistic works, designs and symbols, and names and images used
in commerce are governed by intellectual property (IP).

5. Public domain and fair use.

  Once the duration of the copyright ceases, the work becomes
available for public domain.
 fair use refers to the limitation and exception to the exclusive right
granted by copyright law to the author of a creative work.

UNIT 4:

PRINT MEDIA
PRINT MEDIA- refers to paper publications such as books, newspapers,
magazines, journals, newsletters, and other materials that are physically
printed on paper.

1. Book- a reading material that can either be fictional or nonfictional.

 Almanac- contains detailed information about topics of special
interest like the countries around the world.
 Dictionaries- reference material used to find the word’s definition,
etymology, pronunciation, forms, and its syntactical and idiomatic
uses.
 Thesaurus- are also arranged alphabetically, each containing the
meaning based ok its synonyms and antonyms.
 Atlas- a collection of maps showing geographic features, political
boundaries, including the climatic, social, and economical statistics of
a specific area.
2. Newspaper- printed on a daily or weekly basis, contains a wide range
of articles that appear on different sections, such as news, business, lifestyle,
sports, and entertainment sections.
 Broadsheet- usually the professionals who prefer reading formal news
and in-depth analysis of issues.
 Tabloid- is pegged for those who prefer reading condensed news and
entertainment articles that used informal language.

3. Magazines- also a periodical publication released weekly, monthly, or

quarterly.

4. Journal- contains informative articles and provides accurate reports

on specific topics, such as medicine.

5. Newsletter- published either weekly or monthly. It can be a bulletin

where a company or an organization informs readers about the updates and
happenings in their institution or community.

6. Gazette- official publication of a government organization or an

institution.

7. Pamphlet- It contains a detailed, yet easy to understand, text with

images. It is released by an organization or company to inform the public
regarding special topics or issues.
8. Brochure- small book or magazine that contains pictures and
information about the products or services offered by a company.

9. Leaflet and flyer- printed sheet of paper which contains

information about a product for advertising purposes. A leaflet is a small
flyer. Leaflets and flyers are distributed and given free to targeted
customers to promote a product.

BROADCAST MEDIA

BROADCAST MEDIA- consists of programs produced by television

networks and radio stations.

1. Radio
 Guglielmo Marconi (Italian inventor)- the first know radio is
attributed to him when he made the wireless telegraph (1895).
 Transistor- small device. The flow of electricity in radios and other
types of broadcast media can be controlled.
 Amplitude modulation (AM)- amplitude signal encodes information.
 Frequency modulation (FM)- frequency encode information.

2. Television- The television is one of the most visible appliances at

home. It is equipped with an electronic system capable of sending images
and sounds by a wire or through space. A television can receive and project
transient images of fixed or moving objects with sound.
  Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (Russian-born American inventor) and
Philo Taylor Farnsworth (Utah)- credited as the inventors of modern
television.
 Zworykin- Father of Modern Television.
 Farnsworth- who is credited for the successful demonstration of the
transmission of television signals.

3. Films- A film is similar to a television show as it offers a variety of

themes and genres. It can be about drama, comedy; horror, action, an
animation, or a documentary. Films, also called movies or motion pictures,
are shown on theaters.

TV and Movie Classification Ratings

 G- rating means that the show is for general patronage.
 PG- rating means that the show requires parental guidance.
 SPG- rating means that strict parental guidance is required as the
show may have themes that involve violence, horror, and
inappropriate language that are not suitable for young audiences.
 R- rating means a show is restricted for a particular age.
NEW MEDIA (INTERNET)

INTERNET- electronic communications network that connects computer

users through various networks and organizational computer facilities
around the world.

1. Web page- contain information about a person or an organization,

and are made available online by any individual, institution, and
organization.

2. Hypertext- The information arranged in a computer database can

easily be accessed through a hypertext, which allows a user to get
information and go from one document to another by clicking on
highlighted words or pictures. It is a list or information that can be displayed
and accessed directly by users.

3. Instant messaging- user can interact with another user through

online chat in real time. Can transmit in real time a text, images, emoji,
document, and video file, among others.

4. E-mail- Through an e-mail or electronic message, a user can send

information to other people in any part of the world. The information can be
encoded on the message area to now or attached as a document.
5. Distance education- students can now study online in any part of
the world. The student will receive materials from the facilitator or
instructor through e-mail or from a portal where the student needs to sign
up an account.

6. E-book- refers to a digital or electronic version of a printed book,

which can be accessed with the use of a computer or a gadget.

7. Online shopping- Buying online allows the consumers to shop at

their convenience because they can purchase while at home and charge the
items to their credit cards.

8. Media convergence- interconnects information with

communication technologies, computer networks, and media content.

UNIT 5:
INDIGENOUS SOURCES
INDIGENOUS- when it exists naturally in a particular region or
environment. Person belongs to an ethnic tribe who has preserved and still
practice the culture and tradition of their ancestors.
ORAL TRADITIONS- a form of narration wherein the elders recount
their culture to their children and grandchildren through legends, folktales,
epics, mythologies, and folk songs.

 Legend- It is a fiction which tells about the origin of something.

 Folktale- Similar to a legend, a folktale is a narration about the
characteristics of the time and place in which the story is told.
 Epic- An epic tells a heroic adventure of a main character that
sometimes possesses extraordinary powers.
 Mythology- This is a story similar with a legend and folktale but it
focuses more on creation. Stories of mythology also tell how the lives
of mortals or humans are influenced by the gods.

PRIMARY SOURCES
 primary sources- are original materials such as artifacts, documents,
recordings, and other sources of information that were produced
during a particular period in history.

SECONDARY SOURCES
 secondary sources- information and documents made after an event
has taken place. Secondary sources give second-hand accounts about
a particular event, person, or information.