MSM-601 (Final) PDF

Written by: Hammad Ahmad Bhatti
MSM-601:
Final Term
Business Math & Stats

✍ by: Hammad Ahmad Bhatti
+92 3480640978 hammad@digitallway.com
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Table of Content
Final Terms
MATH FOR BUSINESS ............................................................................................................................................. 4
SET THEORY ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
WHAT IS SET? ..............................................................................................................................................................4
SET THEORY .................................................................................................................................................................4
TYPES OF SET ...............................................................................................................................................................4
OPERATION OF SET........................................................................................................................................................6
REPRESENTATION OF SET ................................................................................................................................................8
SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION .............................................................................................................................. 9
WHAT IS LINEAR EQUATION? ..........................................................................................................................................9
TYPES OF SOLVING LINEAR EQUATION ...............................................................................................................................9
SOLVING LINEAR EQUATION BY DIFFERENT METHODS............................................................................................................9
LINEAR EQUATION EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE ....................................................................................................................13
QUADRATIC INEQUALITY ..................................................................................................................................... 18
QUADRATIC INEQUALITY EXAMPLE QUESTION FOR PRACTICE ...............................................................................................19
SLOPE / GRADIENT ............................................................................................................................................... 24
WHAT IS SLOPE?.........................................................................................................................................................24
METHODS TO FIND THE SLOPE .......................................................................................................................................24
ROLES TO FIND THE SLOPE DIRECTLY ................................................................................................................................24
EQUATION OF STRAIGHT / TANGENT LINE ........................................................................................................................25
EXAMPLE QUESTION FOR FIND EQUATION OF LINE .............................................................................................................25
LINEAR PROGRAMING ......................................................................................................................................... 27
EXAMPLE QUESTION FOR LINEAR PROGRAMING ................................................................................................................27
STAT FOR BUSINESS ............................................................................................................................................. 32
PROBABILITY........................................................................................................................................................ 32
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION ................................................................................................................ 33
SIMPLE REGRESSION AND CORRELATION ............................................................................................................ 34
MULTIPLE REGRESSION AND CORRELATION ........................................................................................................ 35
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES (POINT OF INFLECTION)....................................................................................... 36

Math for Business
Set Theory
What is set?
A set is a Collection of well-defined distant objects.
Or
A set is a group or collection of objects or numbers, considered as an entity
unto itself. Sets are usually symbolized by uppercase, italicized, boldface letters such
as A, B, S, or Z. Each object or number in a set is called a member or element of the
set.
Properties of Set
• Order does not matter
e.g. A = {3,1,2}
• No repatriation of objects / number / elements etc.
e.g. A = {1,2,3}is a set
B = {1,2,3,2}is not a set because number 2 is repeated.
Set Theory
It is the branch of mathematics based on logic. It is derived in the 1870s by
Richard Dedekind and Georg Cantor
Types of Set
1. Empty Set
The set, which has no elements, is also called a null set or void set. It is
denoted by {} or Φ.
e.g. A = {}
2. Singleton Set
The set which has just one element is named a singleton set.
e.g. A = {2}
3. Finite / Limited Set
A set with a countable number of elements is known as a finite set.
e.g. A = {1,2,3,4}

4. Infinite / Unlimited Set

The set whose elements can't be estimated, but has some figure or number,
which is large to precise in a set, is known as infinite set.
e.g. A = {1,2,3,….}
5. Equal Set
Two set have some number of elements, but the orders of elements have no
matter. If every element of set B is also the element of set A, then sets A and B are
called equal sets. It means set A and set B have equivalent elements and that we can
denote it as A = B
e.g. Set A = {earth}
Set B = {heart}
e.g. Set A = {3,4,5,6}
Set B = {6,5,4,3}
6. Equivalent Set
Two set whose number of elements is same
e.g. Set A = {1,2,3}
Set B = {a,b,c}
7. Sub Set
A set S is said to be a subset of set T if the elements of set S belong to set T,
or you can say each element of set S is present in set T. Subset of a set is denoted by
the symbol (⊂) and written as S ⊂ T.
We can also write the subset notation as:
S ⊂ T if p ∊ S ⇒ p ∊ T
According to the equation given above, “S is a subset of T only if ‘p’ is an
element of S as well as an element of T.” Each set is a subset of its own set, and a
void set or empty set is a subset of all sets.
e.g. A = {1,2,3,4}
B = {2,3}
B is the subset of A B⊂A

8. Proper Set
Set A is considered to be a proper subset of Set B if Set B contains at least one
element that is not present in Set A. Example: If set A has elements as {12, 24} and
set B has elements as {12, 24, 36}, then set A is the proper subset of B because 36
is not present in the set A.
9. Super Set
In set theory, set A is considered as the superset of B, if all the elements of set
B are the elements of set A. For example, if set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and set B = {1, 3,
4}, we can say that set A is the superset of B. As the elements of B [1, 3, 4] are in
set A.
10.Power Set
The set of all subsets is known as power sets. We know the empty set is a
subset of all sets, and each set is a subset of itself. The formula for finding power set
is 2n
e.g.
A = {1,2,3}
Power set = 23 = 8
= {},{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{1,3},{2,3},{1,2,3}
e.g.
A = {a,b,c,d}
Power Set = 24 = 16
={},{a},{b},{c},{d},{a,b},{a,c},{a,d},{b,c},{b,d},{c,d},{a,b,c
},{a,b,d},{b,c,d},{c,d,a},{a,b,c,d}
Operation of Set
1. Union Set
The union of two sets consists of all their elements. It is denoted by (⋃).
For example,
Set A = {2,3,7} and Set B = { 4,5,8}.
Then the union of set A and set B will be:
A ⋃ B = {2,3,7,4,5,8}
2. Intersection Set
The set of all elements common to all the given ssets gives an intersection of
sets. It is denoted by ⋂.
For example
Set A = {2,3,7} and Set B = {2,4,9}.
So, A ⋂ B = {2}
3. Complement Set
Let U be the universal set and let A ⊂ U. Then, the complement of A, denoted
by A/ or (U - A)
For Example
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
A = {2,4,6,8}
Complement = U-A
A/ = {1,3,5,7,9,10}
4. Symmetric Difference
The difference between set A and set B is that it has only those elements in
set A and not in set B.
For Example
Set A = {1,2,3,4}
Set B = {2,3,4,5}
Symmetric Difference of AB is {1,5}
5. Cartesian Products
The Cartesian or Cross Product of sets A and B is defined as the set of all
ordered pairs (x, y) such that x belongs to A and y belongs to B. For example, if A
= {1, 2} and B = {3, 4,}, then the Cartesian Product of A and B is
e.g. A = {1,2}
B = {3,4}
A×B = {1,3},{1,4},{2,3}{2,4}

Representation of Set
Set is represented in three forms
• Descriptive form
• Tabular form
• Set Builder Form
1. Descriptive form
Set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Representation in descriptive Form
First ten Natural Numbers
2. Tabular form
Set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Representation in Set Tabular Form
A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
3. Set Builder form
Set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
Representation in Set Builder Form | = such that
∈ = belong
{x | x ∈ N ∧ n ≤ 10}
∧ = and
{x | x ∈ N ∧ 0 ≤ n ≤ 10}
Example of Set Builder form
e.g., 1: Set of Infinite Natural Number
N = {1,2,3,4…..}
Set Builder form
{x | x ∈ N ∧ 1 < x}
e.g., 2: Set of Vowels
W = {a, e, i, o, u}
Set Builder form.
{x | x ∈ w}

e.g., 3: Fifty Whole Numbers

W = {0, 1, 2, 3……...,50)
Set builder Form.
{x | x ∈ w ∧ x ≤ 50}
or
{x | x ∈ w ∧ 0 ≤ x ≤ 50}
System of Linear Equation

What is Linear Equation?
These equations have maximum degree is one is called linear equation.
• Graph is always straight line.
• There will be one or more variables.
x+y=3
-2x + 4y = 1
Types of Solving Linear Equation
There are different methods of solving linear equation.
• Cramer Method
• Inversion Method
• Elimination / Compression Method
• Graph Method
Solving Linear equation by different methods
Equation
x+y=3
-2x + 4y = 1
1. Cremer Method
1 1 𝑥 3
[ ] [𝑦 ] = [ ]
−2 4 1
AX=B

1 1
|A| = | | = (1)(4) – (1))(-2) = 6
−2 4
3 1
| | (3)(4)−(1)(1) 11
1 4
x= |𝐴|
= =
6 6
1 3
| | (1)(1)−(3)(−2) 7
−2 1
y- |𝐴|
= =
6 6
Answer
x = 11/6
y= 7/ 6
2. Inversion Method
1 1 𝑥 3
[ ] [𝑦] = [ ]
−2 4 1
AX=B
X = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|
1 1
|A| = | | = (1)(4) – (1)) (-2) = 6
−2 4
1 1
A=[ ]
−2 4
4 −1
Adj (A) = [ ]
2 1
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝐴−1 =
|𝐴|
4 −1
[ ]
−1 2 1
𝐴 =
6
X = 𝐴−1 𝐵
4 −1 3 (4|(3)| + (−1)(1)
[ ][ ] [ (2)(3) + (1)(1) ] [11]
2 1 1 7
X= = =
6 6 6

11
X = [ 67 ]
6
𝑥
X = [𝑦 ]
11
𝑥
[𝑦] = [ 67 ]
6
Answer
x = 11/6
y= 7/ 6
3. Elimination / Compression Method
x + y = 3 ––––––––– ①
-2x + 4y = 1––––––––– ②
① =>
x=3-y
② =>
1−4𝑦
x=
−2
1−4𝑦
3–y=
−2
- 6 + 2y = 1 - 4y
6y = 7
y = 7/6
put the value of y in equation 1
x+y=3
x + 7/6 = 3
18−7
x = 3 – 7/6 =
6

x = 11/6
Answer
x = 11/6
y = 7/ 6
4. Graph Method
x + y = 3 ––––––––– ①
-2x + 4y = 1 ––––––––– ②
① =>
y=3-x
② =>
1+2𝑥
y=
4
① =>
y=3-x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1
② =>
1+2𝑥
y=
4
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 1.25 0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.25
6 7
Graph 5 6
4 5
4 3
3 2 2.25
1.75
Answers 2 0.75
1.25
1
0.25
-0.25 1 0
x = 1.8 -1.25
-0.75 0 -1
-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y = 1.2 -2

Linear Equation Examples for Practice

Question # 1
4x + 2y = 8
3x – y = -1
Solution
① =>
4x + 2y = 8
8−4𝑥
y=
2
y = 4 – 2x
② =>
3x – y = -1
y = 3x + 1
① =>
y = 4 – 2x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4
② =>
y = 3x + 1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -8 -5 -2 1 4 7 10 13
15 13
10 10
Graph 8 10 7
6
4 4
5 2
1
0
Answers -2 0 -2
-4
-4 -3 -2
-5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x = 0.6 -8 -5
y = 2.8 -10

Question # 2
The length of a rectangle is 4 times its width. The perimeter of the rectangle
is 150 cm. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
Solution
length of a rectangle is 4 times its width
L = 4W ––––––––– ①
Parameter of rectangle = 2 (L + W)
150 = 2 (L + W)
150 / 2 = L + W
Put equation 1 value of L
75 = 4W + W
5W = 75
W = 15
Put the value of W in equation 1
L = 4W
L = 4(15)
L = 60
Answers
W = 15
L = 60

Question # 3
x/2 + y = 6
y – 3x = 1/2
Solution
① =>
x/2 + y = 6
𝑥
y=6-
2
② =>
y – 3x = 1/2
1
y= + 3x
2
① =>
𝑥
y=6-
2
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 4
② =>
1
y= + 3x
2
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -8.5 -5.5 -2.5 0.5 3.5 6.5 9.5 12.5
15 12.5
Graph 9.5
7.5 10
7 6.5 6.5
6 5.5 5 4.5
3.5 4
5
Answers 0.5
x = 1.6 -2.5 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-5.5
y = 5.3 -5
-8.5
-10

Question # 4
Two sides of rectangle differ by 3.5 cm. Find the dimensions of the rectangle
if its perimeter is 67 cm.
Solution
If
Width of rectangle = x ––––––––– ①
Length of rectangle = x + 3.5 ––––––––– ②
Parameter of rectangle = 2 (L + W)
Put the value of equation 2
67 = 2 (x + 3.5 + x)
67 = 2 (2x + 3.5)
67 = 4x + 7
4x = 60
x = 15
Width of rectangle = 15 cm
Length of rectangle = x + 3.5
= 15 + 3.5
Length of rectangle = 18.5 cm
Answers
W = 15cm
L = 18 cm

Question # 5
3x – 2y = 4
-6x + 4y = 7
Solution
① =>
3x – 2y = 4
② =>
-6x + 4y = 7
7+ 6𝑥
y=
4
① =>
3𝑥−4
y=
2
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -6.5 -5 -3.5 -2 -0.5 1 2.5 4
② =>
7+ 6𝑥
y=
4
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -2.75 -1.25 0.25 1.75 3.25 4.75 6.25 7.75
10
Graph 7.75
8
6.25
6 4.75
4
3.25
Answers 4 2.5
1.75
2 1
0.25
Both lines are -0.5
-1.25 0
parallel. -4 -3
-2.75 -2 -1
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5
-3.5 -2
-5 -4
-6.5
-6
-8

Quadratic Inequality
A quadratic inequality is simply a type of equation which does not have an
equal sign (contains greater than or less than sign) and includes the highest degree
two. The wavy curve method is a method used to solve quadratic inequalities.
Solving quadratic inequalities is the same as solving quadratic equations. e.g., x > 2,
x < 1, x2 + 1 > 8, etc.
Example:
x2 – x ≥ 12
Solve by using Mid-Point method
x2 – x ≥ 12
x2 – x - 12 ≥ 0
x2 – 4x + 3x - 12 ≥ 0
x (x – 4) + 3 (x – 4) ≥ 0
(x + 3) (x - 4) ≥ 0
x +3 ≥ 0 x-4≥0
Route / Fixed Point is:
x ≥ -3 x≥4
Draw the points on Real Line
Draw Phase Space

Quadratic Inequality Example Question for Practice
Question 1: - 2x2 + 11x + 6 > 0

Factorization:
−2𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6 > 0
−2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 > 0
2𝑥 (−𝑥 + 6) + 1(− 𝑥 + 6) > 0
(2𝑥 + 1)( −𝑥 + 6) > 0
(2𝑥 + 1) > 0, ( −𝑥 + 6) > 0
2𝑥 > −1, − 𝑥 >−6
𝑥 > −1/2, 𝑥> 6
Draw on a real number line:

𝑥 > −0.5 𝑥 > 6
Draw Phase Space:

Question 2: x2 + 2x – 8 ≥ 0
Factorization:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 ≥ 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 ≥ 0
𝑥 (𝑥 + 4 ) − 2 (𝑥 + 4) ≥ 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4) ≥ 0
(𝑥 − 2) ≥ 0, (𝑥 + 4) ≥ 0
𝑥 ≥ 2, 𝑥 ≥ −4
𝑥 ≥ −4 𝑥 ≥ 2
Draw Phase Space:

Question 3: x2 + 3x – 4 > 0
Factorization:
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 > 0
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 − 4 > 0
𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 1(𝑥 + 4) > 0
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 1) > 0
(𝑥 + 4) > 0, (𝑥 − 1) > 0
𝑥 > −4, 𝑥 > 1
𝑥 > −4 𝑥 > 1
Draw Phase Space:

Question 4: x2 – 10x + 16 < 0

Quadratic Formula:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
=
2𝑎
𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 16 < 0
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −10, 𝑐 = 16
−(−10) ± √(−10)2 − 4(1)(16)

𝑥=
2(1)
10 ± √(−10)2 − 4(1)(16)
𝑥=
2(1)
10 ± √100 − 64
𝑥 =
2
10 ± √36
𝑥=
2
10 + 6 10 − 6
𝑥= 𝑥=
2 2
𝑥 < 4 𝑥 < 2

𝑥 < 2 𝑥 < 4

Draw Phase Space:
Question 5: 2x2 + x – 15 ≥ 0
Factorization:
2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 15 ≥ 0
2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 15 ≥ 0
2𝑥 (𝑥 + 3) − 5 (𝑥 + 3) ≥ 0
(2𝑥 − 5) (𝑥 + 3) ≥ 0
(2𝑥 − 5) ≥ 0, (𝑥 + 3) ≥ 0
𝑥 ≥ 5/2, 𝑥 ≥ −3
𝑥 ≥ −3 𝑥 ≥ 5/2
Draw Phase Space:

Slope / Gradient
What is Slope?
The slope of a line is defined as the change in y coordinate with respect to the
change in x coordinate of that line. It is denoted by m
Methods to find the Slope
1. Slope between two points
When two point is given:
𝑦1 −𝑦2
m=
𝑥1 −𝑥2
B = (x2, y2)
A = (x1, y1)
2. By tanΘ method
When and angle is provided
m = tanΘ
Incline Angle
The angle is not zero and not equal or greater than 90o. The line is called incline
line or plane
3. Derivative Method
𝑑𝑦
m=
𝑑𝑥
Roles to find the slope directly

• When two lines are parallel the slope must be same.

• When two slopee are perpendicular then the product of their slope is equal
to -1 (m1m2 = -1)
Equation of Straight / Tangent Line
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
Example Question for find equation of line
Question 1
A = (8, 6)
B = (-4, 2)
Solution
y – y1 = m (x – x1) ----1
First find the value of m
6−2 4
m= =
8+4 12
1
m=
3
Put the value in equation 1

1
y–6= (x – 8)
3
3y – 18 = x – 8
x – 3y +10 = 0
Question 2
A = (1, 3)
Θ = 45o
Solution
y – y1 = m (x – x1) ----1
m = tanΘ
m = tan45
m=1

y – 3 = 1 (x – 1)
x–y+2=0
Question 3
x intercept is 3
y intercept is 4
Solutions
x intercept (3, 0)
y intercept (0, 4)
y – y1 = m (x – x1) ----1
0−4 −4
m= =
3−0 3
−4
m=
3

−4
y–0= (x – 3)
3
3y = -4x + 12
4x + 3y -12 = 0
Question 4
Find the equation of straight line related through points (3, 5) and parallel to
3x + y = 5
Solitons
y – y1 = m (x – x1) ----1
When two lines are parallel, their slope must be equal to line 1 (y = mx + c) is
parallel to 3x + y = 5 so to slope m = - 3
y – 5 = -3 (x – 3)
3x + y – 14 = 0
Question 5
Find the equation of straight line passing through points (5, -1) and
perpendicular to 2x + y = 1
Solitons
y – y1 = m (x – x1) ----1
When two slope are perpendicular then the product of their slope is equal to -1
line (y = mx + c) is perpendicular to 2x + y = 1 so to slope m = 1/2
y + 1 = 1/2 (x – 5)
2y + 2 = x - 5
x - 2y - 7 = 0
Linear Programing
In Mathematics, linear programming is a method of optimizing operations
with some constraints. The main objective of linear programming is to maximize or
minimize the numerical value. It consists of linear functions which are subjected to
the constraints in the form of linear equations or in the form of inequalities.
Example Question for linear Programing
Question 1
f (x, y) = 2x + 5y
find the maximum subject
Constraints
2y – x ≤ 8 ----1
x – y ≤ 4 ---- 2
x=0 y=0
Solution
2y – x = 8 ---- 3
x – y = 4 ---- 4
Find x-intercept and y-intercept of equation 3

x intercept = (-8, 0) y-intercept = (0, 4)

Find x-intercept and y-intercept of equation 4
x intercept = (4, 0) y-intercept = (0, -4)
Draw Graph
Orgin test
x=0 y=0
Put in equation 1
2y – x ≤ 8
0–0≤8
0 ≤ 8 (True)
If the result is true the graph is plotted to the organ

Put in equation 2
x–y ≤4
0–0≤4
0≤4
If the result is true the graph is plotted to the organ
x=0 y=0
Corner Point
O = (0, 0)
A = (4, 0)
B = (0, 4)
C = (x, y)
To find the x and y solve equation 3 and 4
2y – x = 8
x–y =4
y=x-4
Put in equation 3
2(x - 4) – x = 8
x = 16
Put in equation 4
16 – y = 4
y = 12
O = (0, 0)
A = (4, 0)
B = (0, 4)
C = (16, 12)
Putting the Corner point in f (x, y) to find the maximum subject
f (x, y) = 2x + 5y
Put O = (0, 0)
f (x, y) = 2x + 5y
f (x, y) = 0
A = (4, 0)
f (x, y) = 2x + 5y
f (x, y) = 8
B = (0, 4)
f (x, y) = 2x + 5y
f (x, y) = 20
C = (16, 12)

f (x, y) = 2x + 5y
f (x, y) = 92
Result
The maximum subject value is at corner point C = (16, 12)
Question 2
f (x, y) = 2x + y
find the minimum subject
Constraints
x + y ≥ 3 ----1
7x + 5y ≤ 35 ---- 2
x=0 y=0
Question 3
Each unit of food X costs Rs.25 and contains 2 units of protein and 4 units of iron
while each unit of food Y costs Rs.30 and contains 3 units of protein and 2 unit of
iron. Each animal must receive at least 12 units of protein and 16 units of iron each
day. How many units of each food should be fed to each animal at the minimum
possible cost?
Question 4
A dealer wishes to purchase a number of fans and sewing machines. He has only Rs.
5760 to invest and has space atmost for 20 items. A fan costs him Rs. 360 and a
sewing machine costs Rs. 240. His expectation is that the can sell a fan at a profit of
Rs. 22 and a sewing machine at a profit of Rs. 18. Assuming that he can sell all the
items that he can buy, how should he invest his money in order to maximize his
profit?

Stat For Business
Probability

Scanned with CamScanner
Discrete Probability Distribution

Simple Regression and Correlation

Multiple Regression and Correlation

Application of Derivatives (Point of Inflection)

Process:
a) First derivative of Function

𝑑𝑦 ℩
= 𝑦1 = 𝑦℩ = 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
b) Second derivative of the Answer of First Derivative
2
𝑑 𝑦 ℩℩
2
= 𝑦2 = 𝑦℩℩ = 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑 𝑥
Derivative is a linearity function means it is applied on all terms separately.
Example 1:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 − 40 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 – 20
Solution:
a) First Derivative
𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 − 40 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 – 20
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦1 = (3𝑥5 ) − (40 𝑥3 ) + (3𝑥) – (20)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5−1 𝑑𝑥 3−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 = (3) × (5) × (𝑥 ) − (40) × 3 × (𝑥 ) + (3) – (0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑
b) Second Derivative
(To again find difference w.r.t x)
𝑦1 = 15𝑥4 − 120𝑥2 + 3
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑦2 = (15𝑥4 ) − (120𝑥2 ) + ( 3)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 = (15) × (4) × (𝑥3 ) − (120) × (2) × (𝑥) + (0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒚𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝒙𝟑 − 240𝒙
c) To Get Stationary Values

⟹ 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑦2 = 0
60𝑥 3 − 240𝑥 = 0
60𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
60𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
x = 0, x = 2, x = −𝟐
these are the possible points of inflection, but we have to test it.
d) Testing Possible Points of Inflection

Put all root values in main equation
⟹ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 − 40 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 – 20
(0, – 20),
(2, – 40),
(– 2, 40)
e) For x = 0
Take 2 values, each from before and after the root value i.e., 0.
Suppose we take, -1 and 1:
Before Value After Value

x = -1 x=1
by putting in second derivative by putting in second derivative
𝑦2 = 60𝑥3 − 240𝑥 𝑦2 = 60𝑥3 − 240𝑥
3 3
𝑦2 |𝑥 = − 1 = 60 (−1) 𝑦2 |𝑥 = 1 = 60(1) − 240(1)
− 240 (−1)
𝑦2 |𝑥 = 1 = 60 − 240
3
𝑦2 |𝑥 = − 1 = 60 (−1)
− 240 (−1) 𝒚𝟐 |𝒙 = 𝟏 = −𝟏𝟖𝟎 (𝑵𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝒚𝟐 |𝒙 = − 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 (𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)

Concern is with the positivity or negativity of the answer.

One answer is positive while the other is negative, it means it is
concave up and down as well.
f) For x = 2
Take 2 values, each from before and after the root value i.e., 2.
Suppose we take, -3 and 3:

x = -3 x=3
𝑦2 = 60𝑥3 − 240𝑥 𝑦2 = 60𝑥3 − 240𝑥
3 3
𝑦2 |𝑥 = − 3 = 60 (−3) 𝑦2 |𝑥 = 3 = 60(3) − 240(3)
− 240 (−3)
𝑦2 |𝑥 = 3 = 1620 − 720
𝑦2 |𝑥 = − 3 = −1620 + 720
𝒚𝟐 |𝒙 = 𝟑 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 (𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝒚𝟐 |𝒙 = − 𝟑 = −𝟗𝟎𝟎 (𝑵𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)
g) For x = −2
Take 2 values, each from before and after the root value i.e., -2.
Suppose we take, - 4 and 4:

x=-4 x=4
𝑦2 = 60𝑥3 − 240𝑥 𝑦2 = 60𝑥3 − 240𝑥
3 3
𝑦2 |𝑥 = − 4 = 60 (− 4) 𝑦2 |𝑥 = 4 = 60(4) − 240(4)
− 240 (−4)
𝑦2 |𝑥 = 4 = 3840 − 960
𝑦2 |𝑥 = − 4 = −3840 + 960
𝒚𝟐 |𝒙 = 𝟒 = 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟎 (𝑷𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)
𝒚𝟐 |𝒙 = − 𝟒
= −𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟎 (𝑵𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆)


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Written by: Hammad Ahmad Bhatti

Business Math & Stats

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Math for Business

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4. Infinite / Unlimited Set

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e.g., 3: Fifty Whole Numbers

System of Linear Equation

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Linear Equation Examples for Practice

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Draw Phase Space

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Quadratic Inequality Example Question for Practice

Question 1: - 2x2 + 11x + 6 > 0

−2𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6 > 0

2𝑥 (−𝑥 + 6) + 1(− 𝑥 + 6) > 0

(2𝑥 + 1)( −𝑥 + 6) > 0

(2𝑥 + 1) > 0, ( −𝑥 + 6) > 0

2𝑥 > −1, − 𝑥 >−6

𝑥 > −1/2, 𝑥> 6

Draw on a real number line:

Draw Phase Space:

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Draw on a real number line:

Draw Phase Space:

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𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 1(𝑥 + 4) > 0

𝑥 > −4, 𝑥 > 1

Draw on a real number line:

Draw Phase Space:

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Question 4: x2 – 10x + 16 < 0

−(−10) ± √(−10)2 − 4(1)(16)

Draw on a real number line:

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Draw Phase Space:

Draw Phase Space:

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Roles to find the slope directly

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Put the value in equation 1

Put the value in equation 1

Put the value in equation 1

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x intercept = (-8, 0) y-intercept = (0, 4)

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Stat For Business