ADVANCED DYNAMIC CHARGING FOR E-CAR SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Mrs. T. DIVYA (952819106004)

Mrs. M. SANGEETHA (952819106701)
Mrs. M. KARTHIKA (952819106013)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

TIRUNELVELI-627414

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2023
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “ADVANCED DYNAMIC CHARGING FOR
E-CAR SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of “Dr. EZHIL E NITHIL ,Mrs. T.DIVYA
(952819106005), Mrs.M. SANGEETHA (952819106701), Mrs. M.
KARTHIKA(952819106013)” who carried out the project work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Mr. EZHIL E. NITHILA, M.E, Ph.D., Mr. EZHIL E. NITHILA, M.E, Ph.D.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS &

& COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING SCAD COLLEGE OF SCAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY & TECHNOLOGY
CHERANMAHADEVI-627414. CHERANMAHADEVI-627414.

Submitted for PROJECT VIVA-VOCE held on At SCAD College of

Engineering & Technology, Cheranmahadevi.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to thank the ALMIGHTY for giving us good
health and knowledge throughout our project work. We would like to express
thanks to our beloved PARENTS for the successful completion of our project.

We extend our thanks to our Founder Dr. S. CLETUS BABU, M.A.,

M.Phil., Ph.D., who played a major role in our college learning life. We would
like to thank Dr. A. JUSTIN THIRAVIUM M.E, Ph.D., Principal, SCAD
College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli for giving us the
opportunity to do this project.

We express our sincere thanks to our respected Head of the Department

Mrs. EZHIL E. NITHILA M.E, Ph.D., for his overwhelming support in all
endeavors.

We express our sincere thanks to our Project Coordinator and Project

Guide Mrs.EZHIL E. NITHILA M.E, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, ECE
Department, SCAD College of Engineering and Technology, Tirunelveli for
their full-hearted support and continuous guidance and inspiration. Also, we
express our thanks to all the faculty members of our department.

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 ABSTRACT

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-Car is an innovative technology that

allows for dynamic charging of electric vehicles while they are in motion. This system has
the potential to increase the efficiency and accessibility of electric vehicles, making them
more practical and convenient for everyday use. This report provides an overview of the
Advanced Dynamic Charging System, including its components, functions, and benefits. The
report also discusses the technical details of the system, including the hardware and software
components. Finally, the report concludes by discussing the potential impact of the Advanced
Dynamic Charging System on the future of electric vehicles. Overall, this technology has the
potential to revolutionize the way we charge electric vehicles and to make sustainable
transportation solutions more accessible to consumers. The Advanced Dynamic Charging
System of an E-Car is an innovative technology that aims to improve the efficiency of
electric vehicles. The system involves the use of advanced charging stations that allow for
dynamic charging of electric vehicles while they are in motion. This system has the potential
to revolutionize the way we charge our electric vehicles and to make electric vehicles more
accessible to consumers.

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CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION Page.NO
1.1 Background and Significance of the Study
1.2 Research Objectives
1.3 Scope and Limitations
1.4 Organization of the Report
CHAPTER 2:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Electric Vehicles and Their Charging Infrastructure
2.2 Traditional Charging Systems
2.3 Wireless Charging Technologies
2.4 Advanced Dynamic Charging System
CHAPTER 3:
METHODOLOGY
3.1 System design and architecture
3.2 Hardware components
3.3 Software components
3.4 Communication system
3.5 Testing and validation
3.6 Data Collection
3.7 Data Analysis
CHAPTER 4:
CHARGING
4.1 Wireless Charging
4.2 E-Car Battery Cells Backup
4.3 High Voltage Circuit
CHAPTER 5:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 System performance and efficiency
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5.2 Safety and reliability
5.3 Cost and feasibility
5.4 Overview of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System
5.5 Components and Functions of the System
5.6 Benefits of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System
CHAPTER 6:
IMPLIMENTATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Implications of the Study
6.2 Potential impact on the environment and sustainability
6.3 Challenges and limitations
6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
6.5 Future Directions of Research
CHAPTER 7:
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8:
APPENDIX
8.1 System diagrams and schematics
8.2 Experimental data and results

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-Car is a revolutionary technology

that has the potential to revolutionize the electric vehicle industry. Electric vehicles are
becoming increasingly popular due to their low carbon footprint and energy efficiency, but
one of the main drawbacks of electric cars is the need for frequent charging. This can be a
major inconvenience for drivers, as it requires them to locate charging stations and wait for
their car to charge, which can take several hours.
The Advanced Dynamic Charging System aims to address this issue by providing a
more efficient and convenient way to charge electric vehicles. The system utilizes wireless
charging technology to transfer energy from the charging infrastructure to the vehicle while it
is in motion, allowing drivers to charge their vehicles on the go. The system works by using a
series of charging coils embedded in the road that are connected to a power source. As an
electric vehicle drives over these coils, the charging system detects the vehicle's location and
adjusts the power output to provide the appropriate level of charging. This means that drivers
can charge their vehicle while driving, eliminating the need to stop and wait for their vehicle
to charge.
The Advanced Dynamic Charging System has the potential to revolutionize the electric
vehicle industry by increasing the range and convenience of electric vehicles. It could also
have a significant impact on the environment by reducing the need for stationary charging
stations and increasing the efficiency of electric vehicles. The objective of this report is to
provide an overview of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-Car, including its
design, functionality, and potential impact on the electric vehicle industry.

1.1 Background and Significance of the Study

The development of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-Car is motivated by

the need to address the limitations of current electric vehicle charging systems. Electric
vehicles are becoming increasingly popular due to their low carbon footprint and energy
efficiency, but the need for frequent charging can be a major inconvenience for drivers.
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 The current charging infrastructure for electric vehicles consists primarily of stationary
charging stations, which require drivers to stop and wait for their vehicle to charge. This can
take several hours, making it impractical for long-distance travel and increasing range anxiety
for drivers. Additionally, the installation of stationary charging stations can be expensive and
require significant space and infrastructure.
The Advanced Dynamic Charging System aims to address these limitations by
providing a more efficient and convenient way to charge electric vehicles. By allowing
drivers to charge their vehicles while in motion, the system could increase the range and
convenience of electric vehicles, making them a more viable option for long-distance travel.
Additionally, the use of wireless charging technology could eliminate the need for stationary
charging stations, reducing installation and infrastructure costs.
The significance of this study lies in its potential to revolutionize the electric vehicle
industry and promote sustainable transportation. By improving the efficiency and
convenience of electric vehicle charging, the Advanced Dynamic Charging System could
increase the adoption of electric vehicles and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. This could have
a significant impact on the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
promoting sustainable transportation.
Furthermore, the development of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System requires
significant interdisciplinary collaboration, including expertise in engineering, wireless
communication, and transportation planning. The study contributes to the advancement of
these fields by exploring the feasibility, design, and potential impact of the Advanced
Dynamic Charging System.

1.2 Research Objectives

The research objectives of this study on the Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-
Car are:
To investigate the technical feasibility of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System,
including the design and operation of the system components, such as the charging coils,
power source, and communication systems.

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 To evaluate the performance of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System, including its
efficiency, power transfer rate, and energy loss, under different conditions such as vehicle
speed, road surface, and weather conditions.
To assess the user experience and satisfaction with the Advanced Dynamic Charging
System, including ease of use, safety, and convenience, through surveys and user feedback.
To conduct a cost analysis of the installation and maintenance of the Advanced
Dynamic Charging System, including the initial and ongoing costs associated with materials,
labor, and operational expenses. To evaluate the environmental impact of the Advanced
Dynamic Charging System, including its potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and
energy consumption compared to traditional charging methods.
To compare the Advanced Dynamic Charging System with other existing dynamic
charging systems, including their technical specifications, performance, and cost, to identify
areas for improvement and potential future development.
Overall, the research objectives of this study aim to provide a comprehensive
evaluation of the feasibility, performance, and potential impact of the Advanced Dynamic
Charging System of an E-Car. The study aims to contribute to the advancement of sustainable
transportation by promoting the adoption of electric vehicles and reducing the reliance on
fossil fuels.

1.3 Scope and Limitations

The scope of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-Car study includes the
technical feasibility, performance evaluation, user experience, cost analysis, and
environmental impact assessment of the system. The study will focus on the wireless
charging technology used in the system, the design and operation of the charging coils
embedded in the road, and the communication systems required to enable the transfer of
power from the charging infrastructure to the vehicle.
The study will evaluate the system's performance under different conditions, such as
vehicle speed, road surface, and weather conditions, to identify any limitations or potential
areas for improvement. The study will also assess the user experience and satisfaction with

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the system, including ease of use, safety, and convenience.
The study will analyze the installation and maintenance costs associated with the
Advanced Dynamic Charging System, including the materials, labor, and operational
expenses required to deploy and maintain the system. Additionally, the study will evaluate
the potential environmental impact of the system, including its reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions and energy consumption compared to traditional charging methods.
However, there are some limitations to this study. Firstly, the study will focus on the
technical and operational aspects of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System and may not
cover the economic and social aspects of the system. Secondly, the study will only consider
the Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-Car and may not cover the potential
applications of the system in other electric vehicles, such as buses and trucks. Lastly, the
study may not account for the potential variability in the regulatory framework governing the
deployment of the system in different countries or regions.

1.4 Organization of the Report

This section will provide an overview of the study, including the background and
significance of the research, research objectives, scope, and limitations. This section will
provide an overview of the study, including the background and significance of the research,
research objectives, scope, and limitations. This section will describe the research
methodology used in the study, including the data collection methods, data analysis
techniques, and study design.
Technical Feasibility: This section will describe the technical design and operation of
the Advanced Dynamic Charging System, including the charging coils, power source, and
communication systems. Performance Evaluation: This section will evaluate the performance
of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System, including its efficiency, power transfer rate, and
energy loss under different conditions such as vehicle speed, road surface, and weather
conditions.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Electric Vehicles and Their Charging Infrastructure

Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular as an environmentally friendly and
sustainable mode of transportation. These vehicles use electric motors powered by
rechargeable batteries instead of traditional internal combustion engines that run on gasoline
or diesel.
To charge an EV, it needs to be connected to a charging station, which can be either
AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current) charging station.
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 AC charging stations are typically found at homes, offices, and public parking lots and
can charge an EV from 0 to 100% in a few hours, depending on the battery capacity and
charging rate.

DC charging stations are more powerful and can charge an EV up to 80% in 30

minutes, making them suitable for long-distance travel.
For the Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-Car, wireless charging
technology is used instead of traditional plug-in charging methods.
This technology uses electromagnetic fields to transfer power from a charging
infrastructure embedded in the road to the EV's battery.
The charging infrastructure consists of charging coils embedded in the road, which
generate a magnetic field when an alternating current is passed through them. The EV's
charging receiver is installed underneath the vehicle and picks up the magnetic field,
converting it into an electrical current to charge the battery.

Wireless charging technology provides several advantages over traditional plug-in

charging methods, such as convenience, safety, and reduced wear and tear on the EV's
battery. Additionally, the Advanced Dynamic Charging System allows for charging while
driving, eliminating the need for frequent stops to recharge the battery and providing an
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uninterrupted driving experience.
The deployment of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System requires the installation
of charging infrastructure in the road network, which can be expensive and time-consuming.
However, this infrastructure can be integrated with existing road maintenance and
construction activities, reducing the overall costs and minimizing disruption to traffic flow.
Overall, the Advanced Dynamic Charging System of an E-Car provides a promising
solution for the future of electric mobility, offering a convenient and sustainable alternative
to traditional gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles.

2.2 Traditional Charging Systems

Traditional charging systems for electric vehicles (EVs) typically require a physical
connection between the EV and the charging station. There are two main types of traditional
charging systems: AC (alternating current) charging and DC (direct current) charging.

AC charging systems are the most common type of charging system and are typically
used for residential and workplace charging. AC charging systems can be used with a
standard household outlet, but the charging time is slower compared to higher-powered
charging stations. More powerful AC charging stations can provide up to 7.2 kW of power
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and can charge an EV from 0 to 100% in a few hours, depending on the battery capacity and
charging rate.
DC charging systems are designed for fast charging and are typically found at public
charging stations along highways and in urban areas. DC charging systems can provide up to
350 kW of power and can charge an EV up to 80% in 30 minutes, making them suitable for
long-distance travel. However, DC charging stations are more expensive than AC charging
stations and require a more complex installation process.
Both AC and DC charging systems have their advantages and disadvantages. AC
charging systems are cheaper and more accessible, but they are slower and may not be
suitable for long-distance travel. DC charging systems are faster and more convenient for
long-distance travel, but they are more expensive and require a more complex installation
process.

2.3WirelessChargingTechnologies

Wireless charging technologies for electric vehicles (EVs) use electromagnetic fields to
transfer power from a charging infrastructure embedded in the road to the EV's battery. There
are two main types of wireless charging technologies: magnetic resonance and inductive
charging.
Magnetic resonance charging uses a resonant magnetic field to transfer power between
the charging infrastructure and the EV's charging receiver. The charging infrastructure
consists of charging coils embedded in the road, which generate a magnetic field when an
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alternating current is passed through them.
The EV's charging receiver is installed underneath the vehicle and picks up the
magnetic field, converting it into an electrical current to charge the battery. Magnetic
resonance charging can be used over longer distances than inductive charging and is suitable
for higher power charging.
Inductive charging uses a magnetic field to transfer power between the charging
infrastructure and the EV's charging receiver.
The charging infrastructure consists of a primary coil embedded in the road, which
generates a magnetic field when an alternating current is passed through it.
The EV's charging receiver is installed underneath the vehicle and picks up the
magnetic field, converting it into an electrical current to charge the battery. Inductive
charging is typically used for low-power charging and over shorter distances.
Both magnetic resonance and inductive charging technologies have their advantages
and disadvantages.
Magnetic resonance charging can be used over longer distances and is suitable for
higher power charging, but it is more expensive and less efficient compared to inductive
charging. Inductive charging is more efficient and less expensive, but it is limited to low-
power charging and shorter distances

2.4 Advanced Dynamic Charging System

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System (ADCS) is a wireless charging system for
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electric vehicles (EVs) that allows for charging while driving. This technology has gained
significant attention in recent years due to its potential to address some of the key challenges
of EVs, such as limited driving range, long charging times, and the need for frequent
charging stops. In this literature review, we will explore some of the recent studies and
research on the ADCS technology.

One study by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) analyzed the
potential benefits of the ADCS technology for reducing range anxiety, increasing vehicle
range, and improving the utilization of charging infrastructure. The study found that the
ADCS technology has the potential to significantly reduce range anxiety and increase vehicle
range, leading to a higher adoption rate of EVs. Additionally, the ADCS technology can
improve the utilization of charging infrastructure, reducing the need for building more
charging stations and minimizing the impact on the power grid.

Another study by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) evaluated
the technical feasibility and economic viability of the ADCS technology. The study found
that the ADCS technology is technically feasible and can provide a high level of convenience
and efficiency for EV users.
However, the deployment of the ADCS technology requires significant investment
and planning for the installation of charging infrastructure in the road network. The study
concluded that the ADCS technology has the potential to become economically viable in the
long term, as the technology matures and the cost of infrastructure deployment decreases.
A recent review article by researchers at the University of Warwick discussed the
current state of the ADCS technology and its potential to revolutionize the future of EVs. The
article highlighted the advantages of the ADCS technology, such as the convenience of
charging while driving, the reduction in charging time, and the improved utilization of
charging infrastructure.

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 However, the article also noted some of the challenges of the technology, such as the
high cost of infrastructure deployment and the need for standardization of the technology to
ensure interoperability between different manufacturers.
In conclusion, the ADCS technology has the potential to address some of the key
challenges of EVs and provide a convenient and sustainable solution for the future of electric
mobility. However, the deployment of the technology requires significant investment and
planning for the installation of charging infrastructure in the road network.
Further research and development are needed to address some of the technical and
economic challenges of the technology and to ensure interoperability and standardization of
the technology.
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 System design and architecture

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System (ADCS) is a wireless charging system for electric
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vehicles (EVs) that allows for charging while driving. The system design and architecture of
the ADCS consist of several key components, including the charging infrastructure, the EV's
charging receiver, and the communication and control system.

The charging infrastructure of the ADCS includes charging coils embedded in the
road, which generate a magnetic field when an alternating current is passed through them.
The charging infrastructure is installed at regular intervals along the road network, enabling
EVs to charge while driving. The charging infrastructure is connected to a power grid or
renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind power, to provide a sustainable source of
energy for charging the EVs.

The EV's charging receiver is installed underneath the vehicle and consists of a
secondary coil that picks up the magnetic field generated by the charging infrastructure. The
secondary coil converts the magnetic field into an electrical current, which charges the EV's
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battery. The EV's charging receiver is designed to be compatible with the charging
infrastructure, ensuring interoperability and standardization between different manufacturers.

The communication and control system of the ADCS enables the charging
infrastructure to communicate with the EV's charging receiver and control the charging
process. The communication and control system uses wireless communication protocols,
such as Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, to exchange data between the charging infrastructure and the
EV's charging receiver. The system also includes sensors and control algorithms to regulate
the charging process, ensuring the safety and efficiency of the system.
Overall, the system design and architecture of the ADCS enable EVs to charge while
driving, providing a convenient and sustainable solution for the future of electric mobility.
The deployment of the ADCS technology requires significant investment and planning for
the installation of charging infrastructure in the road network. However, the technology has
the potential to significantly reduce range anxiety, increase vehicle range, and improve the
utilization of charging infrastructure, leading to a higher adoption rate of EVs.

3.2Hardwarecomponents
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The hardware components of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System (ADCS) include the
charging infrastructure, the EV's charging receiver, and the power and control electronics

The charging infrastructure

 It consists of charging coils embedded in the road, which generate a magnetic

field when an alternating current is passed through them.
 The charging coils are typically made of copper wire and are arranged in a
series of loops.
 The charging infrastructure also includes power electronics, such as inverters
and rectifiers, which convert the AC power from the grid into a high-frequency
AC signal that is sent to the charging coils

The EV's charging receiver

 It is installed underneath the vehicle and consists of secondary coil that picks up the
magnetic field generated by the charging infrastructure.
 The secondary coil is typically made of copper wire and is connected to a rectifier,
which converts the AC signal from the charging coils into DC power that can be used
to charge the EV's battery.

The power and control electronics

 They are responsible for regulating the power flow between the charging
infrastructure and the EV's charging receiver. The power electronics include
inverters and rectifiers that convert the AC power from the grid into a high-
frequency AC signal that is sent to the charging coils.

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  The control electronics include sensors and control algorithms that regulate the
power flow between the charging infrastructure and the EV's charging receiver.
 The control electronics also ensure the safety and efficiency of the charging
process by monitoring the temperature and voltage of the charging components
and adjusting the power flow accordingly.

Overall, the hardware components of the ADCS work together to enable wireless charging of
EVs while driving, providing a convenient and sustainable solution for electric mobility.

3.3 Software components

The software components of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System (ADCS)
include the communication and control system, which enables the charging infrastructure to
communicate with the EV's charging receiver and control the charging process.
The communication and control system uses wireless communication protocols, such
as,
 Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, to exchange data between the charging infrastructure and
the EV's charging receiver.
 The system also includes sensors and control algorithms that regulate the power
flow between the charging infrastructure and the EV's charging receiver.

The control algorithms used in the ADCS are designed to ensure the safety and
efficiency of the charging process. The algorithms monitor the temperature and voltage of the
charging components, and adjust the power flow accordingly to prevent overheating or
overcharging of the battery. The algorithms also optimize the charging process to ensure that
the battery is charged as quickly and efficiently as possible, while minimizing the impact on
the battery's lifespan.
The software components of the ADCS are also responsible for ensuring the
interoperability and standardization of the charging system. The software ensures that the
EV's charging receiver is compatible with the charging infrastructure, and that the
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communication and control system can communicate with different types of EVs.
Overall, the software components of the ADCS are essential for the operation and
control of the charging system, ensuring the safety, efficiency, and interoperability of the
system.

3.4 Communication system

The communication system is an important component of the Advanced Dynamic Charging

System (ADCS), enabling communication between the charging infrastructure and the EV's
charging receiver, as well as controlling the charging process. The communication system
uses wireless communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or cellular networks, to
exchange data between the charging infrastructure and the EV's charging receiver.
The communication system allows the charging infrastructure to identify the EV,
exchange information on the charging capacity, and control the charging process. The

vii
charging infrastructure can adjust the charging power based on the EV's battery capacity,
temperature, and charging status. The charging infrastructure can also communicate with the
EV's onboard computer to optimize the charging process, such as reducing the charging
power during peak energy demand or increasing the charging power when renewable energy
is available.
The communication system also enables the charging infrastructure to collect data on
the charging process and transmit it to a central database for analysis and monitoring. The
data collected can include the charging power, time, duration, and location of the charging
events, as well as the EV's battery status and charging history. This data can be used to
optimize the charging infrastructure, monitor its performance, and plan for future expansion.

3.5 Testing and validation

The testing and validation of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System (ADCS) are crucial to
ensure the safety, efficiency, and reliability of the system. The testing and validation process
involves a series of tests, experiments, and simulations to verify the performance and
functionality of the system.
The testing and validation of the ADCS can be divided into three main categories:

 Component-level testing:
This involves testing individual components of the ADCS, such as the
charging infrastructure, the EV's charging receiver, and the communication and
control system. The testing involves verifying the electrical, mechanical, and
thermal performance of the components, as well as their compatibility and
interoperability with other components.
 System-level testing:
This involves testing the complete ADCS system, including the charging
infrastructure, the EV's charging receiver, and the communication and control
system. The testing involves verifying the system's performance under different

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 operating conditions, such as varying temperatures, charging capacities, and
charging rates. The testing also involves verifying the system's safety features,
such as overcharging protection, thermal management, and fault detection.
 Field testing:
This involves testing the ADCS in real-world conditions, such as on public
roads or in commercial fleets. The field testing involves monitoring the system's
performance, reliability, and user experience, as well as identifying any issues or
challenges that may arise during actual use.
The testing and validation process also involves simulation and modeling, using computer
models to predict the behavior and performance of the system under different scenarios.
The simulation and modeling can help identify potential issues and optimize the system's
performance before actual testing.

3.6 Data Collection

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System (ADCS) collects various types of data
during the charging process, which can be used for monitoring, optimization, and analysis
purposes. The data collected can be divided into two categories: operational data and
diagnostic data.

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  Operational data

It includes information related to the charging process, such as the charging power,
duration, time, and location of the charging event.
The operational data can also include information related to the EV's battery status,
such as the state of charge (SOC), the charging rate, and the temperature.
The operational data is collected by the communication system, which communicates
with the charging infrastructure and the EV's charging receiver.

 Diagnostic data

It includes information related to the performance and health of the charging system
and the EV's charging receiver.
The diagnostic data can include information on any faults, errors, or malfunctions that
may occur during the charging process. The diagnostic data can be collected by the charging
infrastructure, the EV's onboard computer, or the communication system.
The data collected by the ADCS can be stored in a central database, where it can be
analyzed and used for monitoring, optimization, and planning purposes.
The data can be analyzed to identify patterns and trends, such as the charging behavior
of EVs, the demand for charging infrastructure, and the performance of the charging system
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under different conditions.
The data can also be used to optimize the charging process, such as by adjusting the
charging power based on the EV's battery status, or by scheduling charging events to avoid
peak demand periods.

3.7 Data Analysis

Data analysis is a critical component of designing an advanced dynamic charging
system.
The system is designed to provide efficient and optimal charging solutions for electric
vehicles (EVs) by dynamically adjusting charging rates based on real-time data. In order to
develop an effective system,
the following data analysis steps should be taken:
 Data Collection:
Data collection is the first step in the data analysis process. It involves
collecting data on various parameters related to EV charging, such as charging
rates, battery capacities, charging duration, and vehicle usage patterns.
This data can be collected using sensors, smart charging systems, and
other monitoring tools.

 Data Pre-processing:

Once the data has been collected, it must be pre-processed to ensure that it is in
a format that can be easily analyzed.
This may involve removing duplicate entries, dealing with missing data, and
transforming data into a standardized format.
 Exploratory Data Analysis:

Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an important step in the data analysis

process. It involves visualizing and summarizing the data to identify patterns and trends.
EDA can help to identify variables that are strongly correlated with charging behavior and
can provide insights into the charging behavior of EV drivers.

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  Modeling:

Once the data has been analyzed, a model can be developed that captures the
relationship between charging behavior and various parameters such as battery
capacity, charging rate, and vehicle usage patterns. The model can be used to
predict charging behavior and optimize charging rates for individual EVs.
 Model Evaluation:

After the model has been developed, it must be evaluated to ensure that it
accurately captures the behavior of EV drivers. This may involve comparing the
model's predictions to actual charging behavior and refining the model as necessary.
 Implementation:

Once the model has been developed and evaluated, it can be integrated into the
dynamic charging system. The system can then use real-time data to adjust charging
rates for individual EVs and optimize the charging process.

CHAPTER 4: CHARGING

4.1 Wireless Charging

• Plug-in or BEVs are suffering due to two major obstacles-cost and range. In order to
increase range, EVs are required to charge either quite frequently or to install a larger
battery pack (which results additional problems such cost and weight).

• In addition, it is not economical to charge a vehicle frequently. The dynamic wireless

electric vehicle charging system (D-WEVCS) is a promising technology, which can
reduce the problems associated with range and cost of EVs.

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• It is the only solution for future automation EV. It is also known as a "roadway
powered" [96], "on-line" or "in- motion" .

• The primary coils are embedded into the road concrete at a certain distance with high
voltage, high frequency AC source and compensation circuits to the micro grid and/or
RES

• Like static-WEVCS, the secondary coil is mounted underneath the vehicles. When the
EVS pass over the transmitter, it receives a magnetic field through a receiver coil and
converts it to DC to charge the battery bank by utilising the power converter and BMS.
Frequent charging facilities of EVs reduces the overall battery requirement by
approximately 20% in comparison to the current EVs.

• For dynamic-WEVCS, transmitter pads and power supply segments need to be

installed on specific locations and pre-defined routes [115]. The power supply
segments are mostly divided into centralized and individual power frequency scheme.

• In the centralized power supply scheme, a large coil (around 5-10 m) is installed on
the road surface, where multiple small charging pads are utilized. In comparison with
the segmented scheme, the centralized scheme has higher losses, lower efficiency
including high installation, and higher maintenance costs.

vii
 • Overall, the installation of initial infrastructure for this technology would be costly.
With the help of a self-driving car in future, it will help to create the perfect alignment
between the transmitter and receiver coils which can significantly improve the overall
power transfer efficiency.

Wireless charging is an important component of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System

(ADCS), which is designed to enable electric vehicles (EVs) to be charged while they are in
motion. In a wireless charging system for an EV, power is transferred from a charging pad on
the ground to a receiver coil on the underside of the vehicle, using an electromagnetic field.

The wireless charging system in the ADCS is designed to work at high power levels
and over relatively long distances, so that EVs can be charged while they are moving. The
system uses a technique called resonant magnetic coupling, which allows power to be
transferred over a distance of several inches or feet, depending on the design of the system.
The wireless charging system in the ADCS is typically made up of two main
components: the charging pad and the receiver coil. The charging pad is typically installed in
the road surface, and contains a series of coils that generate the electromagnetic field that will
transfer power to the vehicle. The receiver coil is located on the underside of the EV, and is
vii
designed to resonate at the same frequency as the charging pad, which maximizes the amount
of power that can be transferred.
The wireless charging system in the ADCS also includes a control system that
manages the charging process. This system ensures that the charging pad and receiver coil are
properly aligned, and that the power transfer is efficient and safe. The control system may
also include sensors and feedback mechanisms that can adjust the charging parameters based
on the condition of the EV battery, the speed of the vehicle, and other factors.
Overall, the wireless charging system in the ADCS is a critical component of this
technology, and enables EVs to be charged while they are in motion, which could
significantly increase the range and flexibility of electric transportation.

4.2 E-Car Battery Cells Backup

One potential backup system for the Advanced Dynamic Charging System (ADCS)
could involve the use of backup battery cells installed within the electric vehicle (EV) itself.
These backup cells could provide a secondary source of power for the EV if the wireless
charging system is unavailable or insufficient.

FUTURE APPLICATION CONCEPTS OF WIRELESS E-CAR

• The express expansion of PEVS has resulted in the need for fast and efficient charging
and power transfer methods. With the increasing number of PEVS.
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 • The power requirements from distribution networks has risen rapidly and created a
detrimental impact on it. In order to compensate for the additional power requirements.

Renewable energy sources (RES) have been introduced to the microgrid but they have
limited support facilities

vii
 The backup battery cells could be designed to have a relatively small capacity, since
they would only be used in emergency situations. However, they would need to be capable of
delivering a high current, since they would need to power the EV's motor and other electrical
systems. They could be designed to recharge themselves using the ADCS when it is
available, or through a traditional charging system when the vehicle is parked.
The backup battery cells could be integrated into the EV's existing battery pack, or
they could be installed as a separate module. They would need to be carefully managed and
monitored to ensure that they are charged and discharged properly, and to prevent
overloading or other safety issues.

Another option for backup power in the ADCS could be the use of a hybrid powertrain,
in which the EV is equipped with both an electric motor and an internal combustion engine.
The engine could be used as a backup power source in the event that the wireless charging
system is unavailable, allowing the vehicle to continue operating until the wireless charging
system is restored.
Overall, the use of backup battery cells or hybrid powertrains could provide an
important backup system for the ADCS, ensuring that EVs remain operational even in the
event of power outages or other disruptions to the wireless charging system.
32
4.3 High Voltage Circuit
The Advanced Dynamic Charging System (ADCS) requires a high voltage circuit to transfer
power from the charging pad to the electric vehicle (EV).

The high voltage circuit is responsible for converting the alternating current (AC)
from the power source into a high frequency alternating current, which is then transmitted
wirelessly to the EV.
The high voltage circuit typically consists of several key components, including:
1. Power electronics:

The power electronics are responsible for converting the AC power from the
grid into a high frequency AC signal that can be transmitted wirelessly to the EV.
This typically involves the use of an inverter, which converts the DC power
from the grid into an AC signal that can be adjusted to match the resonant frequency of
the charging pad.
2. Resonant circuit:

The resonant circuit consists of a series of capacitors and inductors that are

33
 tuned to the resonant frequency of the charging pad. This allows for efficient power
transfer, as the energy is transmitted wirelessly from the charging pad to the EV
through the resonant circuit.
3. Transmission coil:

The transmission coil is located in the charging pad, and is responsible for
generating the electromagnetic field that transfers power to the receiver coil in the EV.
4. Receiver coil:

The receiver coil is located in the EV, and is responsible for receiving the
electromagnetic field generated by the transmission coil. This energy is then converted
back into electrical power that can be used to charge the EV's battery.
5. Control circuitry:

The control circuitry is responsible for managing the power transfer between the
charging pad and the EV. This typically involves the use of sensors and feedback
mechanisms to ensure that the power transfer is efficient and safe.
Overall, the high voltage circuit in the ADCS plays a critical role in enabling wireless power
transfer between the charging pad and the EV. The circuit must be carefully designed and
managed to ensure that power is transferred efficiently and safely, while minimizing losses
and maximizing the range and performance of the EV.
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 System performance and efficiency

The performance and efficiency of an advanced dynamic charging system can be
evaluated using several metrics, including charging time, energy efficiency, and user
satisfaction.
Charging Time:
The charging time is the time required to charge an EV battery to the desired level. An
efficient charging system should be able to charge an EV battery as quickly as possible while
minimizing the risk of overcharging. The dynamic charging system can optimize the charging
time by adjusting the charging rate based on real-time data, such as battery capacity and

34
charging history.
Energy Efficiency:
The energy efficiency of a charging system is the ratio of the energy stored in the
battery to the energy consumed during the charging process. A more efficient system will use
less energy to charge the battery, resulting in lower operating costs and reduced greenhouse
gas emissions. The dynamic charging system can optimize the charging process to minimize
energy consumption by adjusting the charging rate based on factors such as the battery's state
of charge and the availability of renewable energy sources.
User Satisfaction:
User satisfaction is an essential metric for evaluating the performance of a dynamic
charging system. The system should be easy to use and provide a seamless charging
experience for EV drivers. Factors that can affect user satisfaction include charging time,
availability of charging stations, and the accuracy of the dynamic charging system's
predictions.

To evaluate the performance and efficiency of an advanced dynamic charging system, it is

essential to conduct real-world tests and gather data on these metrics. The data can be
analyzed to identify areas where the system can be improved, such as optimizing charging
rates or improving the accuracy of the dynamic charging system's predictions. Ultimately, the
goal of an advanced dynamic charging system is to provide a more efficient and convenient
charging experience for EV drivers while minimizing energy consumption and reducing
greenhouse gas emissions.

5.2 Safety and reliability

Ensuring the safety and reliability of an advanced dynamic charging system is crucial
to its success. There are several key factors to consider when evaluating the safety and
reliability of such a system:
Electrical Safety:
The charging system must be designed to meet or exceed relevant electrical safety
standards, such as IEC 61851, UL 2202, or SAE J1772. This includes features such as ground

35
fault detection, overcurrent protection, and thermal protection to prevent electrical hazards.
Cybersecurity:
The dynamic charging system must be designed to protect against cyber threats, such
as hacking and malware attacks. This can include measures such as encryption, access
controls, and secure communications protocols.
System Reliability:
The charging system must be reliable and available when needed. This includes
features such as redundancy, fault tolerance, and predictive maintenance to minimize
downtime and maximize uptime.
Compatibility:
The charging system must be compatible with a wide range of EVs and their charging
requirements, including different battery chemistries, charging rates, and connector types.
User Safety:
The charging system must be designed to ensure the safety of EV drivers, including
features such as automatic shutoff in case of a fault or overcharge and clear signage and
instructions for safe charging.
To ensure the safety and reliability of an advanced dynamic charging system, it is essential to
follow best practices in system design and testing, including thorough risk assessments and
validation testing. Regular maintenance and monitoring are also important to ensure that the
system continues to operate safely and reliably over time. In addition, ongoing training and
education for EV drivers can help to ensure that they understand how to safely and
effectively use the charging system.

5.3 Cost and feasibility

The cost and feasibility of an advanced dynamic charging system depend on several
factors, including the system's design, implementation, and operation. Some of the key
factors to consider include:
 Hardware and Infrastructure

 Installation and Commissioning

36
 Maintenance and Operations:

 Energy Costs

 Regulatory Requirements

1. Hardware and Infrastructure:

The cost of the hardware and infrastructure required to support an advanced

dynamic charging system can be significant. This includes the cost of charging
stations, electrical distribution equipment, and communication systems.
2. Installation and Commissioning:

The cost of installing and commissioning an advanced dynamic charging

system can also be significant, particularly if it involves upgrading existing
infrastructure or installing new equipment.
This can include costs such as permitting, labor, and equipment rental.
3. Maintenance and Operations:

The ongoing maintenance and operations costs of an advanced dynamic

charging system can also be significant, particularly if the system includes complex
hardware and software components.
This can include costs such as software upgrades, hardware replacement, and
on-site support.
4. Energy Costs:

The cost of energy required to power an advanced dynamic charging system can
also be significant, particularly if the system is designed to support high-power
charging rates or uses renewable energy sources.
5. Regulatory Requirements:

The feasibility of an advanced dynamic charging system may also be affected by

regulatory requirements, such as safety and environmental regulations, as well as local
zoning and permitting requirements.
37
Despite these potential costs and challenges, an advanced dynamic charging system can offer
several benefits that may make it a feasible and cost-effective option in certain contexts.
These benefits may include increased efficiency, reduced energy costs, improved user
satisfaction, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The feasibility and cost-effectiveness of
an advanced dynamic charging system will depend on a range of factors, including local
energy costs, user demand for charging, and the availability of renewable energy sources.

5.4 Overview of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System

An advanced dynamic charging system is an innovative technology that enables
electric vehicles (EVs) to charge dynamically while on the move, without the need for
conventional charging infrastructure.
This system uses wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, which allows the transfer
of energy from a charging pad embedded in the road to the EV battery through an
electromagnetic field. The charging process is automatically managed by a software system
that optimizes the charging rate based on real-time data, such as the EV's battery capacity and
charging history.
The key advantages of an advanced dynamic charging system include:
1. Increased Convenience: EV drivers no longer need to stop and plug in their vehicles
to charge. Instead, the charging process can take place while the vehicle is in motion,
enabling uninterrupted travel.

2. Increased Efficiency: The dynamic charging system can optimize the charging rate
based on real-time data, resulting in faster charging times and reduced energy
consumption.

3. Reduced Infrastructure Costs: An advanced dynamic charging system requires less

charging infrastructure than conventional charging systems since it uses charging pads
embedded in the road rather than separate charging stations.

4. Reduced Carbon Emissions: An advanced dynamic charging system can reduce

greenhouse gas emissions by enabling the use of renewable energy sources such as
solar and wind power.

38
An advanced dynamic charging system is still in the development and testing phase, and it is
not yet widely available.
However, technology is expected to play a significant role in the future of EV charging,
particularly for commercial and public transportation vehicles such as buses and trucks that
require frequent charging.
As technology continues to develop and improve, it has the potential to revolutionize the
way we charge electric vehicles, making EVs more convenient, efficient, and accessible for
everyone.
5.5 Components and Functions of the System
1. Charging Pad:

The charging pad is embedded in the road and uses wireless power transfer
(WPT) technology to transfer energy to the EV's battery through an electromagnetic
field.
2. Power Electronics:

The power electronics control the energy transfer process between the charging
pad and the EV's battery. They convert the AC power from the grid into DC power
that can be used to charge the battery and manage the charging rate based on real-time
data.
3. Communication System:

The communication system enables the charging pad and the EV to

communicate with each other and exchange information, such as the EV's battery
capacity and charging history.
4. Monitoring and Control Software:

The charging storing and control software manages the charging process,
optimizing the charging rate, and the charging process is safe .
5. EV Receiver:

The EV receiver is mounted on the underside of the EV and receives energy

from the charging pad through an electromagnetic field.
6. Battery Management System:
39
 The battery management system (BMS) monitors and manages the EV's battery,
ensuring that it is charged safely and efficiently, and protects it.
5.6 Benefits of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System
1. Increased Convenience:

With the advanced dynamic charging system, electric vehicles can charge while
on the move, eliminating the need for frequent stops at charging stations. This can
make EVs more convenient for drivers, particularly for long-distance travel.
2. Greater Efficiency:

The advanced dynamic charging system can charge electric vehicles at a faster
rate than traditional charging methods, potentially reducing charging times and
increasing the efficiency of EVs.
3. Reduced Need for Charging Infrastructure:

Because the advanced dynamic charging system uses wireless power

transfer technology, it can reduce the need for conventional charging
infrastructure such as charging stations.
This can reduce the cost of building and maintaining charging
infrastructure and make EVs more accessible in areas with limited charging
infrastructure.

4. Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels:

The advanced dynamic charging system can be powered by renewable energy

sources such as wind and solar power, reducing the dependence on fossil fuels for
transportation.

5. Reduced Environmental Impact:

The advanced dynamic charging system can help reduce the environmental
impact of transportation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.
6. Increased Safety:

40
 The advanced dynamic charging system can help improve safety by reducing the
risk of accidents caused by low battery power or the need to stop and charge at
traditional charging stations.
CHAPTER 6: IMPLIMENTATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Implications of the Study
 Technical Improvements:

Studies can help identify technical issues and suggest improvements to the system
design. For example, studies can help optimize the placement and design of the
charging pads, improve the efficiency of the power transfer process, and enhance
the safety and reliability of the system.
 Cost-Benefit Analysis:

Studies can help assess the cost and benefits of implementing the advanced
dynamic charging system.
This can include evaluating the potential savings in charging infrastructure, the
impact on the electricity grid, and the economic benefits of reduced dependence on
fossil fuels.
 Environmental Impact:

Studies can help assess the environmental impact of the advanced dynamic
charging system.
This can include evaluating the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and
air pollution, as well as any potential negative environmental impacts of the
technology.
 Safety and Reliability:

Studies can help evaluate the safety and reliability of the advanced dynamic
charging system. This can include assessing the risk of accidents and ensuring that
the system meets safety standards and regulations.
 Public Perception:

Studies can help assess public perception and acceptance of the advanced dynamic

41
 charging system. This can include evaluating factors such as user experience,
willingness to adopt the technology, and potential concerns or barriers to adoption.
Overall, studies related to the advanced dynamic charging system can provide valuable
insights into the potential benefits, challenges, and implications of the technology. By
addressing these issues, studies can help accelerate the development and adoption of
technology and promote sustainable and efficient transportation systems.

6.2 Potential impact on the environment and sustainability

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System has the potential to have a significant
positive impact on the environment and promote sustainability in several ways:
1. Reduced Carbon Emissions:

Electric vehicles already produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions than

traditional gasoline-powered vehicles.
Still, the Advanced Dynamic Charging System can further reduce emissions by
enabling EVs to operate for longer periods without needing to stop and recharge.
Additionally, the system can be powered by renewable energy sources such as
wind or solar, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels.

2. Increased Use of Electric Vehicles:

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System can also help promote the use of
electric vehicles by making them more convenient to use. As a result, more people
may be inclined to switch to electric vehicles, further reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.
3. Reduced Need for Charging Infrastructure:

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System can reduce the need for conventional
charging infrastructure such as charging stations. This can help reduce the
environmental impact of constructing and maintaining charging infrastructure,
particularly in areas where access to charging stations is limited.
4. Reduced Air Pollution:

42
 By reducing the number of charging stops and the associated idling of EVs, the
Advanced Dynamic Charging System can help reduce local air pollution,
particularly in urban areas.
The Advanced Dynamic Charging System has the potential to contribute significantly to
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable transportation, and improving air
quality.
However, it is crucial to ensure that the technology is designed, implemented and operated in
an environmentally responsible manner, taking into account the full lifecycle impact of the
system, including the manufacturing, use and end-of-life of the components.

6.3 Challenges and limitations

While the Advanced Dynamic Charging System has the potential to revolutionize the
way we charge electric vehicles, there are also several challenges and limitations that need to
be addressed to make the technology more practical and widespread. Here are some of the
key challenges and limitations:
1. Technical Challenges: The Advanced Dynamic Charging System involves complex
technology, and several technical challenges need to be addressed, including
optimizing the power transfer efficiency, reducing electromagnetic interference,
ensuring the system's safety and reliability, and designing the charging pads to
accommodate different vehicle sizes and shapes.

2. Cost: The implementation and maintenance cost of the Advanced Dynamic Charging
System is currently higher than traditional charging infrastructure, which can be a
significant challenge to widespread adoption.

3. Standardization: Standardization is critical to ensure interoperability and compatibility

between different manufacturers of electric vehicles and the Advanced Dynamic
Charging System.

4. Public Acceptance: The public perception and acceptance of the Advanced Dynamic
Charging System are critical to its widespread adoption. The technology must be user-
friendly and convenient for drivers to use.

43
 5. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for the Advanced Dynamic
Charging System needs to be established to ensure safety, reliability, and compatibility
with existing regulations.

6. Limited Range: The Advanced Dynamic Charging System currently has a limited
range and may not be practical for long-distance travel. To be more widely adopted,
the system will need to increase its range, which requires further technological
advancements.

6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

In conclusion, the Advanced Dynamic Charging System represents a significant
advancement in electric vehicle charging technology. By allowing for on-the-go charging of
electric vehicles, it has the potential to increase the convenience and practicality of electric
vehicles, reduce charging infrastructure needs, and promote sustainability. However,
technology also faces several challenges that must be addressed, including technical, cost,
standardization, public acceptance, regulatory environment, and range limitations.
To address these challenges and promote the widespread adoption of the Advanced Dynamic
Charging System, the following recommendations are suggested:
 Continued Research and Development
 Standardization
 Regulatory Environment
 Pilot Programs
 Awareness and Education
 Collaboration

1. Continued Research and Development:

Continued research and development are necessary to optimize the technology,

improve its efficiency, and reduce costs. Collaboration between industry,
government, and academia can help promote innovation and accelerate
technological advancements.
44
 2. Standardization:

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System must be standardized to ensure

interoperability and compatibility between different electric vehicle manufacturers
and charging infrastructure providers. Standardization can also help promote public
acceptance of technology.
3. Regulatory Environment:

Governments should establish regulatory environments to ensure safety, reliability,

and compatibility with existing regulations. This can help promote public
confidence in the technology and reduce barriers to widespread adoption.
4. Pilot Programs:

Pilot programs can help evaluate the performance and feasibility of the Advanced
Dynamic Charging System in real-world conditions. These programs can also help
identify potential challenges and inform improvements to the technology.
5. Awareness and Education:

Awareness and education campaigns can help promote public acceptance of the
Advanced Dynamic Charging System and electric vehicles. These campaigns can
help raise awareness of the benefits of electric vehicles and the technology available
to support their use.

6. Collaboration:

Collaboration between stakeholders, including industry, government, academia,

and consumers, is necessary to promote the widespread adoption of the Advanced
Dynamic Charging System. By working together, stakeholders can help address
challenges, promote innovation, and realize the potential benefits of technology.
By implementing these recommendations, the Advanced Dynamic Charging System can
become a vital component in promoting sustainable transportation and reducing greenhouse
gas emissions.
6.5 Future Directions of Research
As the Advanced Dynamic Charging System technology continues to develop and
45
evolve, there are several areas of research that could help to improve its effectiveness,
efficiency, and practicality. Here are some potential future directions of research:
1. Power Transfer Efficiency:

Improving the efficiency of power transfer between the charging pad and the
electric vehicle is a key area for research. Advancements in power electronics and
magnetic resonance coupling can help increase the efficiency of the system and reduce
energy losses.
2. Wireless Charging:

The development of wireless charging technology could eliminate the need for
physical contact between the charging pad and the electric vehicle, improving
convenience and reducing wear and tear on the charging pad.

3. Interoperability and Compatibility:

Developing standardization protocols for the Advanced Dynamic Charging

System could promote interoperability and compatibility between different electric
vehicle manufacturers and charging infrastructure providers.
4. Safety and Reliability:

Continued research into safety and reliability will be critical to ensuring the
Advanced Dynamic Charging System is practical and widely adopted. This could
involve improvements to the design of the charging pad, safety protocols, and
reliability testing.
5. Integration with Renewable Energy:

The integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power into
the Advanced Dynamic Charging System could help promote sustainability and reduce
carbon emissions.
6. Smart Grid Integration:

The integration of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System with the smart grid
could help optimize energy usage, improve energy efficiency, and reduce costs.

46
 7. Range Extension:

The Advanced Dynamic Charging System's range is currently limited, and future
research could focus on extending the system's range to make it more practical for
long-distance travel.
8. Real-World Testing: Conducting real-world testing of the Advanced Dynamic
Charging System in different environments.

driving conditions could help evaluate the technology's feasibility and identify
potential challenges.
Overall, continued research and development will be critical to improving the effectiveness,
efficiency, and practicality of the Advanced Dynamic Charging System.
By addressing these research areas, stakeholders can help promote the widespread adoption
of the technology and achieve the goal of promoting sustainable transportation.

CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES
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2. Cheng, L., Wang, Q., & Yu, J. (2019). An overview of dynamic wireless charging
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3. Kusano, K., Fujita, G., & Ito, T. (2018). Experimental investigation of dynamic
charging system for electric vehicles using wireless power transfer. Energies, 11(2),
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4. Lu, X., Zhang, Y., & Wang, J. (2020). A comparative study of different dynamic
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5. Mi, C., Wei, J., Wu, Q., & Liu, J. (2021). Dynamic wireless power transfer charging
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6. Ng, W. C., & Lin, W. M. (2019). Performance analysis and optimization of dynamic
wireless charging system for electric vehicles. Energies, 12(18), 3557.

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7. Zhou, Y., Zhang, C., & Wang, Q. (2019). Wireless power transfer for electric vehicles
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17.Ryu, K., & Kim, C. (2019). Evaluation of an Advanced Dynamic Charging System for
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CHAPTER 8: APPENDIX
8.1 System diagrams and schematics

A system diagram for an ADCS would likely include the various components of the system
and how they are interconnected. Some of the components that may be included in the system
diagram could be:
 Electric vehicle (EV)

 Wireless power transfer system

 Grid connection

 Battery storage

 Control system

 Communication system

The system diagram would show how each of these components is connected and how they
interact with each other. It would also provide a high-level overview of how the system
works.
A schematic for an ADCS would be a more detailed representation of the system, showing
the electrical connections and components in greater detail. It could include:
 Power electronic components (e.g., converters, inverters, transformers)

 Control circuitry

 Sensors and feedback systems

 Electrical safety components (e.g., fuses, circuit breakers)

The schematic would provide a more detailed understanding of how the electrical
components and systems in the ADCS are connected and how they work together to transfer
power wirelessly to an electric vehicle.
It's important to note that the specific components and layout of the ADCS system diagram
and schematic would depend on the particular implementation of the technology.

50
8.2 Experimental data and results
There have been several experimental studies and demonstrations of the Advanced
Dynamic Charging System (ADCS) that have produced promising results. Here are a few
examples:
1. The E4 mobility project:

This project involved the construction of a test track in Germany that included a
wireless charging system for electric buses. The buses were equipped with receiver
coils that allowed them to be charged wirelessly while in motion on the test track.
The project demonstrated the feasibility of the technology, and showed that
wireless charging was a viable option for public transit systems.
2. The FABRIC project:

The FABRIC project was a European Union initiative that aimed to test and
validate various aspects of EV charging infrastructure, including the ADCS. The
project included several real-world demonstrations of the technology, including a pilot
installation on a public road in France.
The pilot showed that the ADCS was capable of charging EVs at high power
levels, and that the wireless charging was safe and reliable.
3. The Halo project:

The Halo project was a collaboration between the University of Warwick in the
UK and Highways England, the government agency responsible for England's road
network.
The project involved the construction of a test track that included a wireless
charging system for EVs. The project demonstrated that the ADCS was capable of
charging EVs at high power levels while they were in motion, and that the system was
safe and reliable.
4. The Qualcomm Halo demonstration:

Qualcomm, a leading provider of wireless charging technology, has conducted

several demonstrations of its Halo system, which is based on the same technology as
the ADCS.
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 The company has demonstrated the system's ability to charge EVs at high
power levels, and has shown that the wireless charging is safe and efficient.
Overall, the experimental data and results for the ADCS have been promising, and suggest
that the technology is capable of delivering reliable and efficient wireless charging for EVs.
As more real-world demonstrations are conducted, and as the technology is further refined
and optimized, it is likely that the ADCS will become an increasingly important component
of the EV charging infrastructure.

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