CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter discusses several things such as a) approach and type of the
research, b) the role of the research, c) steps of the research, d) place and time of
the research, e)source of the data, f) collecting the data, g) technique of analysis
the data and h) checking validity.

A. Approach and Type of the Research

1. Approach of the Research
This research use qualitative research. Qualitative research is a
research method used to examine the condition of natural objects, where
the researcher is a key instrument. According to Creswell (2007: 37)
Qualitative research begins with assumptions, a worldview, the possible
use of a theoretical lens, and the study of research problems inquiring
into the meaning individuals or groups to a social or human problem. To
study this problem, qualitative researchers use an emerging qualitative
approach to inquiry, the collection of data in a natural setting sensitive to
the people and places under study, and data analysis that is inductive and
establishes patterns or themes.
The reasearcher use multiple sources of data to collect data. The
researchers typically gather multiple forms of data, such as interviews,
observations, and documents, rather than rely on a single data source.
2. Type of the research
This research uses descriptive qualitative research in order to describe
about Teacher’s and Student’s Perception Towards Reward and
Punishment in Teaching Writing for First Grade at SMK PGRI 4 Kota
Kediri.
Case study is one of classification in qualitative research. As
Creswell (2007) said that case study research is a qualitative approach in
which the investigator explores a bounded system or multiple bounded
systems over time, through detailed, in-depth data collection involving
 multiple sources of information (e.g., observations, interviews,
audiovisual material, and documents and reports), and reports a case
description and case-based themes.
B. The Role of the Research

According to Ary (2010:424), in qualitative studies, the investigator is the

primary instrument for gathering and analyzing of data. By knowing the condition
of the class it is easy for the researcher to get the data accurately and analyzing
about Teacher’s and Student’s Perception Towards Reward and Punishment in
Teaching Writing.
C. The Steps of the Research

1. Preliminary study
In Preliminary study the researcher gathered the information which relates
on the case in the field. Then, he searches information about Reward and
Punishment in Teaching Writing. This activity was done in March 2019 when
the researcher did observation in Magang 1.
2. Collecting data
The researcher observed the strategies that used by the teacher in Reward
and Punishment in Teaching Writing. Then, I did interview to get some data by
interviewing the teacher and some of the students. The researcher did collecting
data in April 2020. Because of the Covid 19 Pandemic, the reseacher did online
interview using Whatsapp application.
3. Analyzing data
The next researcher analyzed the data. As Creswell (2012) stated that
analyzing and interpreting the data involves drawing conclusions about it;
representing it in tables, figures, and pictures to summarize it; and explaining
the conclusions in words to provide answers to your research question. It can
be concluded that the researcher has to make detail description of the data to
answer all the research questions.
4. Writing report
 In this stage, the researcher arranged the data about Teacher’s and
Student’s Perception Toward Reward and Punishment in Teaching Writing.

D. Place and Time of the Research

1. Place of the Research.

This research will be conducted to the 10th grade student at SMKN PGRI 4
Kediri.
2. Time of the Research
The researcher organized this research in the time schedule in order to
decide get the accurate result. The research of activity can be seen in the
following table:

Table 3.1 The Time Schedule

2019 2020
No Activity March April May June
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Preliminary Study
1 (Observation in Magang
1)
Collecting Data
2 (Online Interview using
Whatsaap application)
3 Analyzing Data
4 Writing report

E. Source of Data

The source of the data on this research includes Teacher’s and Student’s
Perception Towards Reward and Punishment in Teaching Writing that consist
of:

1. Kinds of data that were collected

 a. Implementation of reward and punishment
b. Teacher’s response toward reward and punishment
c. Students’ response toward reward and punishment

Those data were colleted from the teacher and the students. From the
teacher, the researcher tried to find the preparation, practice, evaluation, the
process and response of Reward and Punishment in teaching writing. From the
students, the researcher tried to find about their response, that are cognitive,
affective and conative/ psychomotor.

F. Technique of Collecting Data

In order to collect the data the writer used instrument:
1. Questionaire
A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions
or other types of prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent.
According to O’Leary (2014), Questionnaires have many uses, most notably to
discover what the masses are thinking. These include: market research, political
polling, customer service feedback, evaluations, opinion polls, and social
science research.
a) Overall for the various forms of questionnaire in quantitative research
characteristics, including the following;
1) Closed Questionnaire, where the questions in the questionnaire are
limited or determined so that the respondent has no other choice than
the available answers.
2) Open Questionnaire, is a question in quantitative research for answers
given freely or freely.
3) Mixed Questionnaire, is an open and closed question is a mixture of
types of open questions and types of closed questions. This type of
question implies that the contents of a questionnaire are mixed between
the limits in the answers given by respondents and the opinions of a
respondent.
 Related to its characteristics, the writer use closed questionnaire, because
the respondents’ response were limited on determind by the researcher.
b) Bell & Waters (2014), utilizes Youngman (1982)’s Question Types:
1) Verbal / Open
2) List
3) Category
4) Ranking
5) Quantity
6) Grid
7) Scale
In this research, the writer used scale question type to limit respondents in
the questionnaire to be more directed.
c) Respondents' answers in the form of choices from five alternatives,
namely:
1) SS : strongly agree
2) S : agree
3) N : Neutral
4) TS : Disagree
5) STS : Strongly Disagree
Each answer has the following values:
1) SS :5
2) S :4
3) N :3
4) TS :2
5) STS :1
 d) Indicators’ question

Focus Indicators Question

Reward Affective 1, 2, 3
Cognitive 4, 5, 6
Conative/ Psychomotor 7, 8
Punishment Affective 9, 10, 11
Cognitive 12, 13
Conative/ Psychomotor 14, 15

2. Interview.
According to Lerbin (1992; Hadi, 2007), interviews are a method of data
collection by a one-sided question and answer method that is carried out
systematically and based on the research objectives.
a) Types of interview
Estenberg in Sugiyono (2010: 233) suggests three types of interviews,
namely structured, semistructured, and unstructured interviews.
1) Structured interviews are used as data collection techniques if the
researcher already knows for certain what information will be
obtained.
2) Semistructure interviews (semistructure interviews) are included in
the category of in-depth interviews where the implementation is
more free when compared to structured interviews. The purpose of
this type of interview is to find the problem more openly and the
parties invited to the interview are asked for their opinions.
3) Unstructured interviews are free interviews and researchers do not
use interview guidelines that have been arranged systematically
and completely for the collection of data. The interview guide used
only outlines the issues that will be asked
In order to get the information deeply about the data, the researcher use
semistructured interviews. Because, In addition to directing respondent
according to the guidelines, the writer seeks information related to learning, the
writer also asks for opinions about the use of reward and punishment in
teaching writing.
b) Interview behavior
In the interview process verbal and nonverbal behavior is
something that needs to be considered, in addition to seeing the suitability
of the answer to the question, can be to see someone's interest in following
the interview. Verbal behavior is speech that appears in the form of words,
while nonverbal behavior is body language. According to Ducan (in
Rakhmat, 2013) there are six types of nonverbal messages:
1) gestures
2) paralinguistic or sound
3) prosemics or use of personal and social spaces
4) olfaction or smell
5) skin sensitivity
6) artifactual factors such as clothing and cosmetics.
When interviewing, the writer uses verbal behavior. Because this
research is only for finding data sources. The writer needs information
related to the application of reward and punishment in teaching writing.
c) Indicators’ interview
Patton as quoted by Maleong (in Sugiyono, 2011) classifies 6 types of
questions.
1) Questions relating to experience
2) Questions related to opinions
3) Questions relating to questions
4) Questions about knowledge
5) Questions regarding the senses
6) Questions relating to background or demographics

With the guideline of the question, researchers only use a few guideline
questions. such as, relating to experience, relating to opinions, about
knowledge and relating to background or demographics.
 d. Indicators question

Focus Indicators Sub-Indicators Question

1. Reward 1.1. Type Social 1
psychic
1.2. Kinds of Praise 2, 3
Symbolic
Token
Tangible and Activity
1.3. The Positive 4, 5
Effect Negative
2. Punishment 2.1. Type Positive 6
Negative
3.1. Kinds of Psychic 7, 8
Words and sentences
Stimulus psychical
Inconvenient
3.2. The Positive 9, 10
Effect Negative

G. Technique of Analysis Data

In qualitative research, data analysis is the process of analyzing data that

focuses on the teacher’s and students’ response in class X TKR 3 related to
reward and punishment in teaching writing at SMKN PGRI 4 Kediri. Data
obtained by researcher from interview with teacher who teach in class and
closed questionnaires for students.
1. Interview
Interview according to Satori & Komariah (2011: 130) is a data collection
technique to get information extracted from data sources directly through
conversation or question and answer. Sugiyono (2010: 194) explains that
the interview is used as a data collection technique if the researcher wants
to conduct a preliminary study to find problems that need to be
investigated, and also to know things from respondents in more depth and
 the object of respondents is a little. The object for getting the data in this
interview is the English teacher in grade X at SMK PGRI 4 Kota Kediri.
2. Questionnare
The questionnaire is a data collection technique that is done by giving a set
of questions or written statements to respondents to answer (Sugiyono,
2010: 199). The questionnaire is efficient if the researcher knows with
certainty the variables to be measured and knows what is expected of the
respondent. Questionnaires are suitable for use if there are many
respondents. Questionnaires can be in the form of questions or statements
that are closed or open. The object for getting the data in this questionnaire
are the students of class X TKR 3 at SMK PGRI 4 Kota Kediri.

H. Checking Validity

In this research the researchers used triangulation for testing the validity of
the data. Triangulation means using more than one method to collect data on the
same topic. This is a way of assuring the validity of research through the use of a
variety of methods to collect data on the same topic, which involves different
types of samples as well as methods of data collection. According to Denzin
(1970) among experts in triangulation in the social sciences, there continues to be
a general consensus on the usefulness of the four types of triangulation originally
identified by (1) triangulation data; (2) triangulation investigator; (3) theory
triangulation; and (4) methodological or method triangulation. From what Denzin
said, the researcher used triangulation data to check the validity. In addition, based
on Denzin (1970) Data triangulation is the use of a variety of data sources,
including time, space and persons, in a study. In this research, the researcher used
technique based on the collected of data are observation, interview, questionnaire,
and documentation. this is becomes the best way to eliminate the differences in
the construction of reality in the context of a study when collecting the data.