Analytic Geometry

SHEILA MARIE C. NAVARRO

Distance and Midpoint Formula

𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪
𝒅=
𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩 𝟐 (-3,0)

(1,-3)
Division of line segment
• Internal Division
(0, 0)
The line segment PQ is trisected. Find the
point of trisection nearer to P. The
coordinate of P and Q are (0, 0) and (-4, -3)
?
respectively. 1 unit

2 units
(-4,-3)
Division of line segment
• External Division
The line segment PQ is extended beyond P so
that its length is doubled. Find the terminal point
B. The coordinate of P and Q are (0, 0) and (-4, -
3) respectively.
4 units

P(0, 0)

Q(-4, -3)
1 unit
Area of Triangle
Suppose 𝑷 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 , 𝑸 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 , 𝑹(𝒙𝟑 , 𝒚𝟑 ) are vertices of a
triangle in counterclockwise direction, the area of
triangle PQR is given by:

𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
𝐴 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2 𝑥 𝑦3 1
3
Question:
Find the length of the median through (−𝟐, −𝟓) of the
triangle whose vertices are −𝟔, 𝟐 , 𝟐, −𝟐 , 𝐚𝐧𝐝 −𝟐, −𝟓 .
a. 3
b. 4
−6+2 2+ −2
𝑀𝑑𝑝𝑡 = 2
, 2 = (−2,0)

c. 5 2
𝑑 = −2 + 2 2 + 0 + −5
d. 6 𝒅 = 𝟓 units

ANS: C
Question:
How far is the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 15 = 0 from the origin?
a. 1
3 0 −4 0 +15
b. 2 𝑑 =
32 + −4 2
c. 3 15
𝑑 = 25
d. 4 𝟏𝟓
𝒅 = or 3
𝟓

ANS: C
Question:
The segment from (−𝟏, 𝟒) to (𝟐, −𝟐) is extended three
times its own length. The terminal point is
a. (𝟏𝟏, −𝟏𝟖) −1 − 2 1
=
−1 − 𝑥 4
b. 𝟏𝟏, −𝟐𝟒 −12 = −1 − 𝑥
𝑥 = 11
c. 𝟏𝟏, −𝟐𝟎
4 − −2 1
d. −11, −20 4−𝑦
=
4
24 = 4 − 𝑦
𝑦 = −20
ANS: C
Question:
Find the are of the triangle whose vertices are
𝐴 −3, −1 , 𝐵 5, 3 , and 𝐶(2, −8).
a. 34 1 5 3 1
𝐴 = −3 −1 1
b. 36 1
2
2 −8 1
=2 | −5 + 6 + 24 − −2 − 40 − 9 |
c. 38 = 38
d. 32

ANS: C
Equation of the line
• Standard Form of a Linear Equation: Ax + By + C = 0
• Slope-Intercept Form. Given a slope 𝒎 and 𝒚-intercept, 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃.
• Point-Slope Form. Given a point 𝑷𝟏 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 and slope 𝒎, 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 =
𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ).
• Two-Point Form. Given a two points 𝑷𝟏 (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 ) and 𝑸(𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ),
𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
𝒙−𝒙𝟏
= 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
.
𝒙 𝒚
• Two-Intercept Form. Given an 𝒙- and 𝒚-intercept, +𝒃 = 𝟏.
𝒂
Slope of line
• The slope of the line passing through points 𝑷𝟏 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 and
𝑷𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 ) is:
𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆, 𝒎 = =
𝒓𝒖𝒏 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
Note:
1. 𝒎 is positive if the line is inclined upwards to the right;
2. 𝒎 is negative if the line is inclined downwards to the right;
3. 𝒎 is zero for horizontal lines.
4. If the slopes of the two lines are equal, 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐 , then the two lines are parallel.
5. If the slope
𝟏
of the line 𝒍𝟏 is a negative reciprocal of the slope of the other line 𝒍𝟐 ,
𝒎𝟏 = − 𝒎 , then the line 𝒍𝟏 and 𝒍𝟐 are parallel.
𝟐
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
The angle between lines 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑳𝟐 is the angle 𝜽 that
𝑳𝟏 must be rotated in a counterclockwise direction
to make it coincide with 𝑳𝟐 .
𝐿2
𝜶𝟏 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒎𝟏
𝐿1
𝜶𝟐 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒎𝟐
𝛼2
𝜃
𝛼1
𝜽 = 𝜶𝟐 − 𝜶𝟏
𝒎𝟐 −𝒎𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝟏+𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
Question:
Find the slope of the line defined by 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 5.
a. 1
𝑦 =𝑥+5
b. -1/2 𝑚=1
c. ¼
d. 5+x

ANS: A
Find the equation of the bisector of the obtuse angle
between the lines 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 and 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 7.
a. 4𝑦 = 1
b. 8𝑥 = 15 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8
− 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 7
c. 2𝑦 = 3 4𝑦 = 1

d. 8𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 6

ANS: A
Question:
What is the equation of the line that passes
through(4, 0) and is parallel to the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0?
a. 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 4 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑥−2
b. 𝑦 − 𝑥 + 4 = 0 𝑚=1

c. 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 4 = 0 𝑦−0 =1 𝑥−4
d. 𝑦 + 𝑥 − 4 = 0 𝑦 = 𝑥−4
𝒚−𝒙+𝟒=𝟎

ANS: B
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS,
DRISA
A function is a relation such that no two-ordered
pairs have the same first element. The graph of a
function is intersected by any vertical line in at most
one point.
D-domain
symmetric with respect to y-axis: x is replaced by -x.
R-range symmetric with respect to x-axis: y is replaced by –y.
symmetry with respect to origin: x is replaced by –x and y
I-intercept is replaced by –y.
S-symmetry
A-asymptote
Second-Degree Equation in X
and Y
• Standard 2nd –degree equation in x and y
𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
Note:If 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 < 𝟎, the graph is an ellipse.
If 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 = 𝟎, the graph is a parabola.
If 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟒𝑨𝑪 > 𝟎, the graph is a hyperbola.

• Circle
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 or 𝒙 − 𝒉 𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝒌 𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 .
The graph of this equation maybe a circle, point or empty set.
Note: 𝒓 is radius and (𝒉, 𝒌) is the center.
Second-Degree Equation in X
and Y
• Parabola
if 𝑩 = 𝟎 and 𝑨𝑪 = 𝟎 , the equation becomes either

a) 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 which is equivalent to 𝒙 − 𝒉 𝟐

= ±𝟐𝒑 𝒚 − 𝒌
𝑝 𝑝
𝑉(ℎ, 𝑘), 𝐹 ℎ, 𝑘 ± 2 , axis is 𝑥 = ℎ, directrix is 𝑦 = 𝑘 ± 2, opens up/down.

b) 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 which is equivalent to 𝑦 − 𝑘 2
= ±2𝑝 𝑥 − ℎ
𝑝 𝑝
𝑉 ℎ, 𝑘 , 𝐹 ℎ ± , 𝑘 , axis is 𝑦 = 𝑘 , directrix is 𝑥 = ℎ ± , opens to the right/left.
2 2
P

Focus
P/2
Vertex

Directrix
Second-Degree Equation in X
and Y
• Ellipse
( x  h)  y  k  ( y  k)  x  h
2 2 2 2

if 𝑩 = 𝟎 and 𝑨𝑪 > 𝟎, 2
 2
1 or 2
 2
1
a b a b
𝟐𝒃 𝟐
2c is the distance between the two foci; 𝒂 > 𝒄, 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 , 𝒂 is the
𝒄
length of the latus rectum and eccentricity is 𝒂 < 𝟏.
a) Major axis is parallel to the x-axis; minor axis is parallel to the y-axis, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌), foci at 𝑭(𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌),
𝒄 𝒂
vertices at 𝑽(𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌), eccentricity is 𝒂, directrices: 𝒙 = 𝒉 ± 𝒆 .
b) major axis is parallel to the y-axis; minor axis is parallel to the x-axis, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌), foci at 𝑭(𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒄),
𝒄 𝒂
vertices at 𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒂), eccentricity is 𝒂, directrices: 𝒚 = 𝒌 ± 𝒆 .
 (𝟎, 𝒃)

(−𝒄, 𝟎) Center (𝒄, 𝟎) Vertices

(−𝒂, 𝟎) Major Axis (𝟎, 𝟎) Focus (𝒂, 𝟎)

(𝟎, −𝒃)
Minor Axis
Second-Degree Equation in X
and Y
• Hyperbola
( x  h) 2  y  k  ( y  k )2  x  h 
2 2

if 𝐵 = 0 and 𝐴𝐶 < 0, a2

b2
1 or a2

b2
1
2 2 2 𝑐
2𝑐 is the distance between the two foci; > 𝑎, 𝑎 = 𝑐 − 𝑏 , and 𝑒 = > 1.
𝑎

a) The transverse axis is parallel to the x-axis, the conjugate axis is parallel to the y-axis, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌),
𝒄 𝒂 𝒃 𝒙−𝒉
𝑽 𝒉 ± 𝒂, 𝒌 , 𝑭(𝒉 ± 𝒄, 𝒌), 𝒆 = 𝒂, directrices: 𝒚 = ± 𝒆 , asymptotes: 𝒚 = 𝒌 ± .
𝒂
b) The transverse axis is parallel to the y-axis, the conjugate axis is parallel to the x-axis, 𝑪(𝒉, 𝒌),
𝒄 𝒂 𝒂 𝒙−𝒉
𝑽(𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒂), 𝑭(𝒉, 𝒌 ± 𝒄), 𝒆 = 𝒂, directrices: 𝒙 = ± 𝒆 , asymptotes: 𝒚 = 𝒌 ± .
𝒃
 Conjugate Axis

(𝟎, 𝒃)

Transverse Vertex (𝒄, 𝟎)

Axis (−𝒂, 𝟎) (𝒂, 𝟎)
(𝒄, 𝟎) Focus

(𝟎, −𝒃)
Question:
This straight line is said to be such of the curve if
the curve approaches this line more and more
closely but never really touches it except as limiting
position at infinity.
a. asymptote
b. symmetry
c. intercept
d. Domain
ANS: A
 1,1

Question: 3,3

Find the eqn of the circle passing through P(1,1) and

is tangent to the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 at the point Q(3,3).
a. (𝑥 − 1)2 +(𝑦 − 5)2 = 20 𝑚 = − 12 1
𝑦 − 3 = −2 𝑥 − 3

b. (𝑥 − 1) +(𝑦 + 5) = 20
2 2 2𝑦 − 6 = −𝑥 + 3
2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 9

c. (𝑥 + 1) +(𝑦 + 5) = 20 9 − 2𝑦 − 1 2 + 𝑦 − 1 2 = 9 − 2𝑦 − 3 2 + 𝑦 − 3 2
2 2 Center (9 − 2𝑦, 𝑦)

−2𝑦 + 8 2 + 𝑦 − 1 2 = −2𝑦 + 6 2 + 𝑦 − 3 2
d. (𝑥 + 1) +(𝑦 − 5) = 20 4𝑦2 − 32𝑦 + 64 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 4𝑦2 − 24𝑦 + 36 + 𝑦2 − 6𝑦 + 9
2 2
−34𝑦 + 65 = −30𝑦 + 45
𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 = −1
𝑟 = −1 − 3 2 + 5 − 3 2 = 20
𝑥 + 1 2 + 𝑦 − 5 2 = 20 ANS: D
Question:
Find the value of 𝑘 for which the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑘 = 0 represents a point circle.
a. 5
(𝑥 2 +4𝑥) + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑘
b. -5 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 𝑘 + 4 + 1

c. 6
Point if
𝑘+4+1= 0
d. -6 𝑘 = −5

ANS: B
Question:
The parabola 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 open in which direction.
a. to the right
b. to the left
c. upward
d. downward

ANS: D
QUESTION:
Determine the axis of symmetry of the quadratic
function 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟓.
a. 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 𝑏
Axis of symmetry = − 2𝑎
b. 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 𝑥=− −
7
2(2)
c. 𝒙 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 4𝑥 = 7

d. 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
4𝑥 − 7 = 0

ANS: B
Question:
1 2
Find the directrix of the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 .
2
1
a. 𝑦= −
2 𝑥 2 = 2𝑦
b. 𝑦 = −2 2𝑝 = 2 2
=2
𝑝 1

c. 𝑦=0 Directrix
𝑦 =𝑘−𝑝
d. 𝑦=1 1
𝑦 =0− =−
1
2 2

ANS: A
Question:
What are the vertices of 6 x 2  9 y 2  24 x  54 y  51  0 ?
a. (0, 3) & (-1, 2)
6𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 + 9𝑦 2 − 54𝑦 = −51
b. (-1, 3) & (5, 3) 6 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 9 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 + 9 = −51 + 6 4 + 9(9)
6 𝑥 − 2 2 + 9 𝑦 − 3 2 = 54
d. (3, 3) & (5, 3) 𝑥−2 2 𝑦−3 2
+ =1
d. (1, 5) & (3, 7) 9 6
𝑎 = 9 = 3; 𝑏 = 6; 𝑐 = 9 − 6 = 3
𝑉(ℎ ± 𝑎, 𝑘)
therefore 𝑉1 2 + 3,3 = (5, 3) and 𝑉2 2 − 3, 3 = (−1,3)

ANS: B
Question:
The arch of bridge is in the shape of a semi-ellipse
having a horizontal span of 40 m and a height of 16
m at its center. How high is the arch 9 m to the right
and left of the center? Center (0, 0) 9
𝑎 = 20; 𝑏 = 16;
a. 15.21 m
𝑥2 𝑦2
b. 15.06 m +
400 256
=1 16 ?

c. 14.58 m 81
+
𝑦2
=1
400 256
d. 14.28 m 2
𝑦 =
319
256 = 204.16
40
400
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟐𝟖 ANS: D
Question:
Find the length of the latus rectum of the ellipse
𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒚 + 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟏 = 𝟎
25𝑥 2 − 300𝑥 + 9𝑦 2 − 144𝑦 = −1251
a. 3.4 25 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 36 + 9 𝑦 2 − 16𝑦 + 64 = −1251 + 25 36 + 9(64)
25 𝑥 − 6 2 + 9 𝑦 − 8 2 = 225
b. 3.2 𝑥−6 2
+
𝑦−8 2
=1
9 25
c. 3.6 𝑎 = 5; 𝑏 = 3
2𝑏 2 2 3 2
d. 3.0 𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎
=
5
= 3.6

ANS: C
Question:
What is the asymptote of 25𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 225?
a. 𝑦 = ±3𝑥 + 5
3𝑥 𝑥2 𝑦2
b. 𝑦 = ± −
9 25
=1
5
c. 𝑦 = ±5𝑥 − 3
5𝑥
d. 𝑦 = ± 𝐶 0,0
3 𝑎 = 5; 𝑏 = 3
𝒂 𝒙−𝒉 5 𝑥−0 5𝑥
𝒚=𝒌± =0± =𝑦=±
𝒃 3 3
ANS: D
Question:
Find the equation of the hyperbola with vertices at (0,  6)
and e = 5/3. Formula of eccentrivity: e=c/a
𝑦 2 𝑥 2
a. 36 − 64 = 1 Vertex (ℎ, 𝑘 ± 𝑎): thus a=6
𝑐 5
𝑦2 𝑥2 Given: = and 𝑎 = 6
b. − =1 𝑐 5
𝑎 3
64 36 =3
𝑦 2 +6 𝑥2 6
c. 36
− 64 = 1 30
𝑐 = 3 = 10
𝑦+6 2 𝑥2 Using the property 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
d. − 64 = 1
36 𝑏 2 = 10 2 − 62 = 64
𝑦2 𝑥2 ANS: A
Thus, 36
− 64 =1
Polar Coordinates
In polar coordinates, the location of a point is determined relative t a fixed reference point
O (the pole) and to a given ray (polar axis) beginning at O.
Sign Convection:
• 𝜽 is positive + if measured counterclockwise.
• 𝜽 is negative − if measure clockwise
• 𝒓 is positive (+) if laid off at the terminal side of 𝜽.
• 𝒓 is negative (−) if laid off at the prolongation through 𝑶 from the terminal side of 𝜽.

Distance between two points. 𝒅 = 𝒓𝟐𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝟐 − 𝜽𝟏

Relationship Between Polar and Rectangular Coordinates
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒓 =𝒙 +𝒚
𝒚
𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝜽 = 𝒂𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
Question:
Express 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 as polar equation:
a. 𝑟 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
b. 𝑟 = cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 Using the identity 𝑟 2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

and 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃; 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃.

c. 𝑟 = ±1 𝑟 2 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃
d. 𝑟 = cos 2𝜃 Divided both side by r
𝑟 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃

ANS: A
Question:
Give the Cartesian coordinate − 3, −1 , find the
polar coordinates 𝑟, 𝜃 for which 𝑟 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
𝜋
a. 10, − 6 Using the identity 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
2
𝑟= − 3 + −1 2 = 10
𝜋
b. 10, 6 And using 𝜃 = arctan 𝑥
𝑦

𝜋 1
c. 2, 𝜃 = arctan −
− 3
6 7𝜋
7𝜋 𝜃=
d. 2, 6 6
Note that both x and y are negative

ANS: D
Hence 𝜃 is in quadrant III