Schaum's College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 2

Chapter 27: Solutions to Solved Problems
27.29 Problem : Determine the probability that a digit chosen at random from the digits 1, 2, 3, …, 9 will be (a) odd, (b) even, (c) a multiple of 3.
Solution 1 :
Event : Random choosing of a digit

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
(a) odd
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the digit drawn is an odd
No. of odd digits available to draw randomly

p =
Total No. of digits available to draw randomly
5
Answer : p =
9
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
(b) even
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the digit drawn is an even
No. of even digits available to draw randomly

p =
4
Answer : p =
9
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
(c) a multiple of 3
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the digit drawn is a multiple of 3
No. of digits to draw randomly is a multiple of 3

p =
3
=
9
1
Answer : p =
3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
(a) odd
Recall : p +q =1
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the digit drawn is an odd

q = Probability that the digit drawn is not an odd
No. of non-odd digits available to draw randomly

q =
4
q =
9
p + q = 1
4
p + = 1
9
4
p = 1 -
9
5
Answer : p =
9
Solution 2 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
(b) even
Recall : p +q =1
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is even

q = Probability that the ball drawn is not even
No. of non-even digits available to draw randomly

q =
5
q =
9
p + q = 1
5
p + = 1
9
5
p = 1 -
9
4
Answer : p =
9
Solution 2 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
(c) a multiple of 3
Recall : p +q =1
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is a multiple of 3

q = Probability that the ball drawn is not a multiple of 3
No. of non-multiple of 3 digits available to draw randomly

q =
6
=
9
2
q =
3
p + q = 1
2
p + = 1
3
2
p = 1 -
3
1
Answer : p =
3
27.30 Problem : A coin is tossed three times. If H = head and T = tail, what is the probability of the tosses coming up in the order (a) HTH, (b) THH, (c) HHH?
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
(a) HTH
Type : Independent Events
Let : p = Probability that the coin tossed coming up in the order HTH
p1 = Probability that the coin tossed for the first time is a head
q2 = Probability that the coin tossed for the second time is a tail
p3 = Probability that the coin tossed for the third time is a head
Since Events p 1 , q 2 , and p 3 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed three times in the order HTH is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 · q2 · p3
Head Tail Head

p = (
Head + Tail 1
· ) (
Head + Tail ) ·(
2 Head + Tail )
3
1 1 1
= · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
Answer : p =
8
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
(b) THH
Let : p = Probability that the coin tossed coming up in the order THH
q1 = Probability that the coin tossed for the first time is a tail
p2 = Probability that the coin tossed for the second time is a head
Since Events q 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed three times in the order THH is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = q1 · p2 · p3
Tail Head Head

p = (
Head + Tail 1
· ) (Head + Tail ) ·(
2 Head + Tail )
3
1 1 1
= · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
Answer : p =
8
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
(c) HHH
Let : p = Probability that the coin tossed coming up in the order HHH
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed three times in the order HHH is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 · p2 · p3
Head Head Head

p = (
Head + Tail 1
· ) (Head + Tail ) ·(
2 Head + Tail )
3
1 1 1
= · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
Answer : p =
8
27.31 Problem : If three coins are tossed, what is the probability of obtaining (a) three heads, (b) two heads and a tail?
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
(a) three heads
Let : p = Probability that the coin tossed coming up in the order HHH
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed three times in the order HHH is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 · p2 · p3
Head Head Head

p = (
Head + Tail 1
· ) (
Head + Tail ) ·(
2 Head + Tail )
3
1 1 1
= · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
Answer : p =
8
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
(b) two heads and a tail
Case 1 : 1st coin is a head, 2nd coin is a head, and 3rd coin is a tail
Let : pA = Probability of Case No. 1

p4 = Probability that the 1st coin is a head
p5 = Probability that the 2nd coin is a head
q1 = Probability that the 3rd coin is a tail
Since Events p 3 , p 4 , and q 1 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed three times in the order HHT is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p4 · p5 · q1
Coin 1 is Head Coin 2 is Head Coin 3 is Tail

pA = ( Coin 1 Head + Coin 1 Tail ) ·(
1 Coin 2 Head + Coin 2 Tail ) ·(
2 Coin 3 Head + Coin 3 Tail )
3
Coin 1 is Head 1 (Since there is only one head

p4 = ( Coin 1 Head + Coin 1 Tail ) 1
=
2 out of 2 sides of Coin 1 )
=
Coin 3 is Tail 1 (Since there is only one tail
q1 = ( Coin 3 Head + Coin 3 Tail ) 3
=
1 1 1 1
pA = · · =
2 2 2 8
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 2 : 1st coin is a tail, 2nd coin is a head, and 3rd coin is a head
Let : pB = Probability of Case No. 2

q2 = Probability that the 1st coin is a tail
p6 = Probability that the 2nd coin is a head
p7 = Probability that the 3rd coin is a head
Since Events q 2 , p 6 , and p 7 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed three times in the order THH is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pB = q2 · p6 · p7
Coin 1 is Tail Coin 2 is Head Coin 3 is Head

pB = ( Coin 1 Head + Coin 1 Tail ) ·(
1 Coin 2 Head + Coin 2 Tail ) ·(
3

=
=
=
1 1 1 1
pB = · · =
2 2 2 8
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 3 : 1st coin is a head, 2nd coin is a tail, and 3rd coin is a head
Let : pC = Probability of Case No. 2

p8 = Probability that the 1st coin is a head
q3 = Probability that the 2nd coin is a tail
p9 = Probability that the 3rd coin is a head
Since Events p 8 , q 3 , and p 9 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed three times in the order HTH is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pC = p8 · q3 · p9
Coin 1 is Head Coin 2 is Tail Coin 3 is Head

pC = ( Coin 1 Head + Coin 1 Tail ) ·( 1 Coin 2 Head + Coin 2 Tail ) ·(
3

=
=
=
1 1 1 1
pC = · · =
2 2 2 8
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Type : Mutually Exclusive Events
Let : p = Probability of obtaining two heads and a tail

pA = Probability of Case No. 1
pB = Probability of Case No. 2
pC = Probability of Case No. 3
Since Events p A , p B , and p C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability of obtaining two heads and a tail is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC
1 1 1
= + +
8 8 8
3
Answer : p =
8
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
(a) three heads
p +q =1
Recall :
P = n Cr ·p r ·q (n-r)
Type : Independent Event
Let : p = Probability that the coins result in heads

q = Probability that the coins did not result in heads
P = Probability that a single toss with 3 coins will result in exactly 3 heads
n = Number of coins available to throw once
r = Number of desired results which in this case is exactly 3 heads
n = 3 (Since there are 3 coins to throw once )

r = 3 (Since the desired outcome must be 3 heads )
1
p = (Since there is exactly only one head out of 2 possible outcomes )
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
(Since there are 1 out of 2 possible outcomes )
3 (3 - 3)
1 1
P = 3C3 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
1
Answer : P =
8
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
p +q =1
Recall :

P = Probability that a single toss with 3 coins will result in exactly 2 heads
n = Number of coins available to throw once
n = 3 (Since there are 3 coins to throw once )

1
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
2 (3 - 2)
1 1
P = 3C2 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
3
Answer : P =
8
27.32 Problem : Find the probability of throwing a total of 7 in a single throw with two dice.
Solution 1 :
Event : Throwing of dice

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Case 1 : 1st die is 1 and 2nd die is 6 in order to have a total of 7
Let : p A = Probability of Case No. 1

p 1 = Probability that the 1st throw of a die is 1
p 2 = Probability that the 2nd throw of a die is 6
Since both Events p 1 and p 2 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability of Case No. 1 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · p2
1st throw of a die is No. 1 2nd throw of a die is No. 6

pA = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
Total No. of Faces of a die )
2
1st throw of a die is No. 1 1 (Since there is only one '1'

p1 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) 1
=
6 out of 6 faces of a die )
2nd throw of a die is No. 6 1 (Since there is only one '6'
=
1 1
pA = ·
6 6
1
pA =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p B = Probability of Case No. 2

pB = p3 · p4

pB = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pB = ·
6 6
1
pB =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p C = Probability of Case No. 3

pC = p5 · p6

pC = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pC = ·
6 6
1
pC =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p D = Probability of Case No. 4

pD = p7 · p8

pD = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pD = ·
6 6
1
pD =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p E = Probability of Case No. 5

pE = p 9 · p 10

pE = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
p 10 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) 2
=
1 1
pE = ·
6 6
1
pE =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p F = Probability of Case No. 6

pF = p 11 · p 12

pF = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

p 11 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die )1
=
=
1 1
pF = ·
6 6
1
pF =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Since Events p A , p B , p C , …, and p K are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total of 7 is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE + pF
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + +
36 36 36 36 36 36
6
=
36
1
Answer : p =
6
Solution 2 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
2nd throw of a die

7 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 
1 throw of a die
2 
3 
4 
5 
st
6 
Note : Since both Die 1 and Die 2 have 6 possibilities each, therefore the total no. of possibilities is the product of each die which equals to 36 .
Let : p = Probability of throwing a total of 7 in a single throw with two dice

p1 = Probability that the 1st throw is 1 and the 2nd throw is 6 = 1 of 36 (Look for the table above for reference )
Solution 2 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , …, and p 6 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total of 7 in a single throw with two dice is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + p5 + p6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + +
36 36 36 36 36 36
6
=
36
1
Answer : p =
6
27.33 Problem : What is the probability of throwing a total of 8 or 11 in a single throw with two dice?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces

pA = p1 · p2

pA = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pA = ·
6 6
1
pA =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces

pB = p3 · p4

pB = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pB = ·
6 6
1
pB =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p C = Probability of Case No. 3

pC = p5 · p6

pC = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pC = ·
6 6
1
pC =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p D = Probability of Case No. 4

pD = p7 · p8

pD = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pD = ·
6 6
1
pD =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p E = Probability of Case No. 5

pE = p 9 · p 10

pE = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
p 10 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) 2
=
1 1
pE = ·
6 6
1
pE =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p F = Probability of Case No. 6

pF = p 11 · p 12

pF = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pF = ·
6 6
1
pF =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p G = Probability of Case No. 7

pG = p 11 · p 12

pG = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pG = ·
6 6
1
pG =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p G are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total is 8 or 11 in a single throw is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE + pF + pG
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + +
36 36 36 36 36 36 36
7
Answer : p =
36
Solution 2 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
8 2nd throw of a die

or 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
1 throw of a die
2 
3 
4 
5  
st
6  
Let : p = Probability of throwing a total of 8 or 11 in a single throw with two dice

st nd
p7 = Probability that the 1 throw is 6 and the 2 throw is 5 = 1 of 36 (Look for the table above for reference )
Solution 2 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Die Faces
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , …, and p 7 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes,
therefore the probability that the total of 8 or 11 in a single throw with two dice is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + p5 + p6 + p7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + +
36 36 36 36 36 36 36
7
Answer : p =
36
27.34 Problem : A die is thrown twice. What is the probability of getting a 4 or 5 on the first throw and a 2 or 3 on the second throw? What is the probability
of not getting a one on either throw?
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 1 : 1st throw is either 4 or 5

Since both Events p 1 and p 2 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability of Case No. 1 is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 + p2
1st throw of a die is No. 4 1st throw of a die is No. 5

pA = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) +(
1 Total No. of Faces of a die )
1

p1 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die )
1
=
2
=
1 1
pA = +
6 6
2
=
6
1
pA =
3
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 2 : 2nd throw is either 2 or 3

Since both Events p 3 and p 4 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
pB = p3 + p4
2nd throw of a die is No. 2 2nd throw of a die is No. 3

pA = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) +(
2

2
=
2
=
1 1
pB = +
6 6
2
=
6
1
pB =
3
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : P 1 = Probability of getting a 4 or 5 on the 1st throw and a 2 or 3 on the 2nd throw
p A = Probability that the 1st throw is either 4 or 5
p B = Probability that the 2nd throw is either 2 or 3
Note : Event p A is Case No. 1 while Event p B is Case No. 2 .
Since both Events p A and p B are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes), therefore
the probability of getting a 4 or 5 on the 1 st throw and a 2 or 3 on the 2 nd throw is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
P1 = pA · pB
1 1 (Since the two events cannot happen simultaneously and also the operand 'and' is also indicated therefore the
= ·
3 3 operation to be used is multiplication )
1
Answer : P1 =
9
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 3 : 1st and 2nd throw are not 1
Let : q A = Probability of Case No. 3

q 1 = Probability that the 1st throw of a die is not 1
q 2 = Probability that the 2nd throw of a die is not 1
Since both Events q 1 and q 2 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
qA = q1 · q2
st nd
qA = ( 1 Total
throw of a die is not No. 1
No. of Faces of a die )
· (
1
2 throw of a die is not No. 1
Total No. of Faces of a die ) 2
st
1 5 (Since there are 5 out of 6
q1 = ( 1 Total
= (
1
1 -
6 ) =
6 faces of a die )
nd
q2 =
( 2 Total No. of Faces of a die )
= (
2
1 -
6 ) =
6 faces of a die )
5 5
qA = ·
6 6
25
Answer : qA =
36
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 1 : 1st throw is either 4 or 5
Type : Simple Event

q 1 = Probability that the 1st throw of a die is neither 4 nor 5
pA = 1 - q1
1st throw of a die is not No. 4 or 5 4

q1 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die )
1
=
6
(Since there are 4 out of 6 faces of a die and '4' & '5' are both excluded )
2
q1 =
3
2
pA = 1 -
3
1
pA =
3
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 2 : 2nd throw is either 2 or 3
Type : Simple Event

q 2 = Probability that the 2nd throw of a die is neither 2 nor 3
pB = 1 - q2
1st throw of a die is not No. 2 or 3 4

1
=
6
(Since there are 4 out of 6 faces of a die and '2' & '3' are both excluded )
2
q2 =
3
2
pB = 1 -
3
1
pB =
3
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : P 1 = Probability of getting a 4 or 5 on the 1st throw and a 2 or 3 on the 2nd throw
p A = Probability that the 1st throw is either 4 or 5
p B = Probability that the 2nd throw is either 2 or 3
Note : Event p A is Case No. 1 while Event p B is Case No. 2 .
Since both Events p A and p B are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes), therefore
the probability of getting a 4 or 5 on the 1 st throw and a 2 or 3 on the 2 nd throw is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
P1 = pA · pB
1 1 (Since the two events cannot happen simultaneously and also the operand 'and' is also indicated therefore the
= ·
3 3 operation to be used is multiplication )
1
Answer : P1 =
9
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 3 : 1st throw is 1 while 2nd throw is not 1
Let : q A = Probability of Case No. 3

q 3 = Probability that the 2nd throw of a die is not 1
Since both Events p 1 and q 3 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
qA = p1 · q3
1st throw of a die is No. 1 nd

qA = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) · ( 2 Total
1
No. of Faces of a die ) 2
st
1 throw of a die is No. 1 1 (Since there is only one '1'
=
nd
2 throw of a die is not No. 1 1 5 (Since there are 5 out of 6
q3 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) = (2
1 -
6 ) =
6 faces of a die )
1 5
qA = ·
6 6
5
qA =
36
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 4 : 1st throw is not 1 while 2nd throw is 1
Let : q B = Probability of Case No. 4

q 4 = Probability that the 1st throw of a die is not 1
Since both Events q 4 and p 2 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
qB = q4 · p2
st
2nd throw of a die is No. 1
qB = ( 1 Total
· (
1 Total No. of Faces of a die ) 2
st
q4 =
( 1 Total No. of Faces of a die )
= (
1
1 -
6 ) =
6 faces of a die )
nd
2 throw of a die is No. 1 1 (Since there is only one '1'
=
2 6 out of 6 faces of a die )
5 1
qB = ·
6 6
5
qB =
36
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 5 : 1st throw is 1 while 2nd throw is 1
Let : q C = Probability of Case No. 4

qC = q4 · p2

qC = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) ·(
2

1
=
2
=
1 1
qC = ·
6 6
1
qC =
36
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : P2 = Probability of not getting a one on either throw

Q1 = Probability of getting a one on either throw
qA = Probability of Case No. 3
qB = Probability of Case No. 4
qC = Probability of Case No. 5
Since Events q A , q B , and q C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability of getting a one on either throw is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
Q1 = qA + qB + qC
5 5 1
= + +
36 36 36
11
Q1 =
36
Since the question is the probability of not getting a one on either throw, therefore the equation to be used is:
P2 = 1 - Q1
11
= 1 -
36
25
Answer : P2 =
36
27.35 Problem : What is the probability that a coin will turn up heads at least once in six tosses of a coin?
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 1 : H - T - T - T - T - T

q2 = Probability that the coin tossed for the third time is a tail
q3 = Probability that the coin tossed for the fourth time is a tail
q4 = Probability that the coin tossed for the fifth time is a tail
q5 = Probability that the coin tossed for the sixth time is a tail
Since Events p 1 , q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , q 4 , & q 5 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-T-T-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5
H T T T T T
pA = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pA =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 2 : T - H - T - T - T - T

q 10 = Probability that the coin tossed for the sixth time is a tail
Since Events q 6 , p 2 , q 7 , q 8 , q 9 , & q 10 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-T-T-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pB = q6 · p2 · q7 · q8 · q9 · q 10
T H T T T T
pB = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pB =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 3 : T - T - H - T - T - T

q 11 = Probability that the coin tossed for the first time is a tail
q 12 = Probability that the coin tossed for the second time is a tail
q 13 = Probability that the coin tossed for the fourth time is a tail
q 14 = Probability that the coin tossed for the fifth time is a tail
Since Events q 11 , q 12 , p 3 , q 13 , q 14 , & q 15 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-H-T-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p C = q 11 · q 12 · p3 · q 13 · q 14 · q 15
T T H T T T
pC = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pC =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 4 : T - T - T - H - T - T
Let : pD = Probability of Case No. 4

q 18 = Probability that the coin tossed for the third time is a tail
p4 = Probability that the coin tossed for the fourth time is a head
Since Events q 16 , q 17 , q 18 , p 4 , q 19 , & q 20 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-T-H-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p D = q 16 · q 17 · q 18 · p4 · q 19 · q 20
T T T H T T
pD = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pD =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 5 : T - T - T - T - H - T
Let : pE = Probability of Case No. 5

p5 = Probability that the coin tossed for the fifth time is a head
Since Events q 21 , q 22 , q 23 , q 24 , p 5 , & q 25 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-T-T-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p E = q 21 · q 22 · q 23 · q 24 · p5 · q 25
T T T T H T
pE = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pE =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 6 : T - T - T - T - T - H
Let : pF = Probability of Case No. 6

p6 = Probability that the coin tossed for the sixth time is a head
Since Events q 26 , q 27 , q 28 , q 29 , q 30 , & p 6 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-T-T-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p F = q 26 · q 27 · q 28 · q 29 · p 30 · p6
T T T T T H
pF = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pF =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 7 : H - H - T - T - T - T
Let : pG = Probability of Case No. 7

Since Events p 7 , p 8 , q 31 , q 32 , q 33 , & q 34 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-T-T-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pG = p7 · p8 · q 31 · q 32 · q 33 · q 34
H H T T T T
pG = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pG =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 8 : T - H - H - T - T - T
Let : pH = Probability of Case No. 8

p 10 = Probability that the coin tossed for the third time is a head
Since Events q 35 , p 9 , p 10 , q 36 , q 37 , & q 38 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-H-T-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p H = q 35 · p9 · p 10 · q 36 · q 37 · q 38
T H H T T T
pH = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pH =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 9 : T - T - H - H - T - T
Let : pI = Probability of Case No. 9

p 12 = Probability that the coin tossed for the fourth time is a head
Since Events q 39 , q 40 , p 11 , p 12 , q 41 , & q 42 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-H-H-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p I = q 39 · q 40 · p 11 · p 12 · q 41 · q 42
T T H H T T
pI = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pI =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 10 : T - T - T - H - H - T
Let : pJ = Probability of Case No. 10

p 14 = Probability that the coin tossed for the fifth time is a head
Since Events q 43 , q 44 , q 45 , p 13 , p 14 , & q 46 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-T-H-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p J = q 43 · q 44 · q 45 · p 13 · p 14 · q 46
T T T H H T
pJ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pJ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 11 : T - T - T - T - H - H
Let : pK = Probability of Case No. 11

p 16 = Probability that the coin tossed for the sixth time is a head
Since Events q 47 , q 48 , q 49 , q 50 , p 15 , & p 16 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-T-T-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p K = q 47 · q 48 · q 49 · q 50 · p 15 · p 16
T T T T H H
pK = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pK =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 12 : H - T - H - T - T - T
Let : pL = Probability of Case No. 12

p 17 = Probability that the coin tossed for the first time is a head
Since Events p 17 , q 51 , p 18 , q 52 , q 53 , & q 54 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-H-T-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p L = p 17 · q 51 · p 18 · q 52 · q 53 · q 54
H T H T T T
pL = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pL =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 13 : H - T - T - H - T - T
Let : pM = Probability of Case No. 13

Since Events p 19 , q 55 , q 56 , p 20 , q 57 , & q 58 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-T-H-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p M = p 19 · q 55 · q 56 · p 20 · q 57 · q 58
H T T H T T
pM = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pM =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 14 : H - T - T - T - H - T
Let : pN = Probability of Case No. 14

Since Events p 21 , q 59 , q 60 , q 61 , p 22 , & q 62 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-T-T-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p N = p 21 · q 59 · q 60 · q 61 · p 22 · q 62
H T T T H T
pN = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pN =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 15 : H - T - T - T - T - H
Let : pO = Probability of Case No. 15

Since Events p 23 , q 63 , q 64 , q 65 , q 66 , & p 24 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-T-T-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p O = p 23 · q 63 · q 64 · q 65 · q 66 · p 24
H T T T T H
pO = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pO =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 16 : T - H - T - H - T - T
Let : pP = Probability of Case No. 16

p 25 = Probability that the coin tossed for the second time is a head
Since Events q 67 , p 25 , q 68 , p 26 , q 69 , & q 70 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-T-H-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p P = q 67 · p 25 · q 68 · p 26 · q 69 · q 70
T H T H T T
pP = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pP =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 17 : T - H - T - T - H - T
Let : pQ = Probability of Case No. 17

Since Events q 71 , p 27 , q 72 , q 73 , p 28 , & q 74 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-T-T-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p Q = q 71 · p 27 · q 72 · q 73 · p 28 · q 74
T H T T H T
pQ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pQ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 18 : T - H - T - T - H - T
Let : pR = Probability of Case No. 18

Since Events q 75 , p 29 , q 76 , q 77 , q 78 , & p 30 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-T-T-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p R = q 75 · p 29 · q 76 · q 77 · q 78 · p 30
T H T T T H
pR = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pR =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 19 : T - T - H - T - H - T
Let : pS = Probability of Case No. 19

Since Events q 79 , q 80 , p 31 , q 81 , p 32 , & q 82 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-H-T-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p S = q 79 · q 80 · p 31 · q 81 · p 32 · q 82
T T H T H T
pS = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pS =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 20 : T - T - H - T - T - H
Let : pT = Probability of Case No. 20

Since Events q 83 , q 84 , p 33 , q 85 , q 86 , & p 34 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-H-T-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p T = q 83 · q 84 · p 33 · q 85 · q 86 · p 34
T T H T T H
pT = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pT =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 21 : T - T - T - H - T - H
Let : pU = Probability of Case No. 21

Since Events q 87 , q 88 , q 89 , p 35 , q 90 , & p 36 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-T-H-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p U = q 87 · q 88 · q 89 · p 35 · q 90 · p 36
T T T H T H
pU = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pU =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 22 : H - H - H - T - T - T
Let : pV = Probability of Case No. 22

Since Events p 37 , p 38 , p 39 , q 91 , q 92 , & q 93 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-H-T-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p V = p 37 · p 38 · p 39 · q 91 · q 92 · q 93
H H H T T T
pV = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pV =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 23 : T - T - T - H - H - H
Let : pW = Probability of Case No. 23

Since Events q 94 , q 95 , q 96 , p 40 , p 41 , & p 42 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-T-H-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p W = q 94 · q 95 · q 96 · p 40 · p 41 · p 42
T T T H H H
pW = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pW =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 24 : H - T - H - T - H - T
Let : pX = Probability of Case No. 24

Since Events p 43 , q 97 , p 44 , q 98 , p 45 , & q 99 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-H-T-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
p X = p 43 · q 97 · p 44 · q 98 · p 45 · q 99
H T H T H T
pX = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pX =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 25 : T - H - T - H - T - H
Let : pY = Probability of Case No. 25

Since Events q 100 , p 46 , q 101 , p 47 , q 102 , & p 48 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-T-H-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pY = q 100 · p 46 · q 101 · p 47 · q 102 · p 48
T H T H T H
pY = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pY =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 26 : H - H - T - H - T - T
Let : pZ = Probability of Case No. 26

Since Events p 49 , p 50 , q 103 , p 51 , q 104 , & q 105 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-T-H-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pZ = p 49 · p 50 · q 103 · p 51 · q 104 · q 105
H H T H T T
pZ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pZ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 27 : T - T - H - T - H - H

Since Events q 106 , q 107 , p 52 , q 108 , p 53 , & p 54 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-H-T-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pA = q 106 · q 107 · p 52 · q 108 · p 53 · p 54
T T H T H H
pA = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pA =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 28 : H - H - T - T - H - T
Let : pB̅ = Probability of Case No. 28

Since Events p 55 , p 56 , q 109 , q 110 , p 57 , & q 111 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-T-T-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pB̅ = p 55 · p 56 · q 109 · q 110 · p 57 · q 111
H H T T H T
pB̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pB̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 29 : T - T - H - H - T - H

Since Events q 112 , q 113 , p 58 , p 59 , q 114 , & p 60 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-H-H-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pC = q 112 · q 113 · p 58 · p 59 · q 114 · p 60
T T H H T H
pC = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pC =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 30 : H - H - T - T - T - H
Let : pD̅ = Probability of Case No. 30

Since Events p 61 , p 62 , q 115 , q 116 , q 117 , & p 63 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-T-T-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pD̅ = p 61 · p 62 · q 115 · q 116 · q 117 · p 63
H H T T T H
pD̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pD̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 31 : T - T - H - H - H - T

Since Events q 118 , q 119 , p 64 , p 65 , p 66 , & q 120 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-H-H-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pE = q 118 · q 119 · p 64 · p 65 · p 66 · q 120
T T H H H T
pE = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pE =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 32 : H - T - H - H - T - T
Let : pF̅ = Probability of Case No. 32

Since Events p 67 , q 121 , p 68 , p 69 , q 122 , & q 123 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-H-H-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pF̅ = p 67 · q 121 · p 68 · p 69 · q 122 · q 123
H T H H T T
pF̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pF̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 33 : T - H - T - T - H - H
Let : pG̅ = Probability of Case No. 33

Since Events q 124 , p 70 , q 125 , q 126 , p 71 , & p 72 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-T-T-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pG̅ = q 124 · p 70 · q 125 · q 126 · p 71 · p 72
T H T T H H
pG̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pG̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 34 : H - T - T - H - H - T
Let : pH̅ = Probability of Case No. 34

Since Events p 73 , q 127 , q 128 , p 74 , p 75 , & q 129 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-T-H-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pH̅ = p 73 · q 127 · q 128 · p 74 · p 75 · q 129
H T T H H T
pH̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pH̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 35 : T - H - H - T - T - H

Since Events q 130 , p 76 , p 77 , q 131 , q 132 , & p 78 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-H-T-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pI = q 130 · p 76 · p 77 · q 131 · q 132 · p 78
T H H T T H
pI = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pI =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 36 : H - T - T - T - H - H
Let : pJ̅ = Probability of Case No. 36

Since Events p 79 , q 133 , q 134 , q 135 , p 80 , & p 81 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-T-T-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pJ̅ = p 79 · q 133 · q 134 · q 135 · p 80 · p 81
H T T T H H
pJ̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pJ̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 37 : T - H - H - H - T - T
Let : pK̅ = Probability of Case No. 37

Since Events q 136 , p 82 , p 83 , p 84 , q 137 , & q 138 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-H-H-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pK̅ = q 136 · p 82 · p 83 · p 84 · q 137 · q 138
T H H H T T
pK̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pK̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 38 : T - H - H - T - H - T
Let : pL̅ = Probability of Case No. 38

Since Events q 139 , p 85 , p 86 , q 140 , p 87 , & q 141 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-H-T-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pL̅ = q 139 · p 85 · p 86 · q 140 · p 87 · q 141
T H H T H T
pL̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pL̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 39 : H - T - T - H - T - H
Let : pM̅ = Probability of Case No. 39

Since Events p 88 , q 142 , q 143 , p 89 , q 144 , & p 90 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-T-H-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pM̅ = p 88 · q 142 · q 143 · p 88 · q 144 · p 90
H T T H T H
pM̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pM̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 40 : T - H - T - H - H - T
Let : pN̅ = Probability of Case No. 40

Since Events q 145 , p 91 , q 146 , p 92 , p 93 , & q 147 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-T-H-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pN̅ = q 145 · p 91 · q 146 · p 92 · p 93 · q 147
T H T H H T
pN̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pN̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 41 : H - T - H - T - T - H
Let : pO = Probability of Case No. 41

Since Events p 94 , q 148 , p 95 , q 149 , q 150 , & p 96 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-H-T-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pO = p 94 · q 148 · p 95 · q 149 · q 150 · p 96
H T H T T H
pO = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pO =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 42 : T - T - H - H - H - H
Let : pP̅ = Probability of Case No. 42

Since Events q 151 , q 152 , p 97 , p 98 , p 99 , & p 100 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-H-H-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pP̅ = q 151 · q 152 · p 97 · p 98 · p 99 · p 100
T T H H H H
pP̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pP̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 43 : H - T - T - H - H - H
Let : pQ̅ = Probability of Case No. 43

Since Events p 101 , q 153 , q 154 , p 102 , p 103 , & p 104 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-T-H-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pQ̅ = p 101 · q 153 · q 154 · p 102 · p 103 · p 104
H T T H H H
pQ̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pQ̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 44 : H - H - T - T - H - H
Let : pR̅ = Probability of Case No. 44

Since Events p 105 , p 106 , q 155 , q 156 , p 107 , & p 108 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-T-T-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pR̅ = p 105 · p 106 · q 155 · q 156 · p 107 · p 108
H H T T H H
pR̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pR̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 45 : H - H - H - T - T - H
Let : pS̅ = Probability of Case No. 45

Since Events p 109 , p 110 , p 111 , q 157 , q 158 , & p 112 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-H-T-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pS̅ = p 109 · p 109 · p 111 · q 157 · q 158 · p 112
H H H T T H
pS̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pS̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 46 : H - H - H - H - T - T
Let : pT̅ = Probability of Case No. 46

Since Events p 113 , p 114 , p 115 , p 116 , q 159 , & q 160 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-H-H-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pT̅ = p 113 · p 114 · p 115 · p 116 · q 159 · q 160
H H H H T T
pT̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pT̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 47 : T - H - T - H - H - H
Let : pU = Probability of Case No. 47

Since Events q 161 , p 117 , q 162 , p 118 , p 119 , & p 120 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-T-H-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pU = q 161 · p 117 · p 162 · p 118 · p 119 · p 120
T H T H H H
pU = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pU =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 48 : T - H - H - T - H - H
Let : pV̅ = Probability of Case No. 48

Since Events q 163 , p 121 , p 122 , q 164 , p 123 , & p 124 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-H-T-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pV̅ = q 163 · p 121 · p 122 · q 164 · p 123 · p 124
T H H T H H
pV̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pV̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 49 : T - H - H - H - T - H
Let : pW̅ = Probability of Case No. 49

Since Events q 165 , p 125 , p 126 , p 127 , q 166 , & p 128 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-H-H-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pW̅ = q 165 · p 125 · p 126 · p 127 · q 166 · p 128
T H H H T H
pW̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pW̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 50 : T - H - H - H - H - T
Let : pX̅ = Probability of Case No. 50

Since Events q 167 , p 129 , p 130 , p 131 , p 132 , & q 168 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-H-H-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pX̅ = q 167 · p 129 · p 130 · p 131 · p 132 · q 168
T H H H H T
pX̅ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pX̅ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 51 : H - T - H - T - H - H
Let : pY̅ = Probability of Case No. 51

Since Events p 133 , q 169 , p 134 , q 170 , q 135 , & p 136 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-H-T-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pY̅ = p 133 · q 169 · p 134 · q 170 · p 135 · p 136
H T H T H H
pY = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pY =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 52 : H - T - H - H - T - H
Let : pZ̅ = Probability of Case No. 52

Since Events p 137 , q 171 , p 138 , p 139 , q 172 , & p 140 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-H-H-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pZ̅ = p 133 · q 169 · p 134 · q 170 · p 135 · p 136
H T H H T H
pZ = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pZ =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 53 : H - T - H - H - H - T
Let : pa = Probability of Case No. 53

Since Events p 141 , q 173 , p 142 , p 143 , p 144 , & q 174 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-H-H-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pa = p 141 · q 173 · p 142 · p 143 · p 144 · q 174
H T H H H T
pa = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pa =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 54 : H - H - T - H - T - H
Let : pb = Probability of Case No. 54

p 146 = Probability that the coin tossed for the second time is a tail
q 175 = Probability that the coin tossed for the third time is a head
Since Events p 145 , p 146 , q 175 , p 147 , q 176 , & p 148 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-T-H-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pb = p 145 · p 146 · q 175 · p 147 · q 176 · p 148
H H T H T H
pb = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pb =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 55 : H - H - T - H - H - T
Let : pc = Probability of Case No. 55

Since Events p 149 , p 150 , q 177 , p 151 , p 152 , & q 178 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-T-H-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pc = p 149 · p 150 · q 177 · p 151 · p 152 · q 178
H H T H H T
pc = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pc =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 56 : H - H - H - T - H - T
Let : pd = Probability of Case No. 56

Since Events p 153 , p 154 , p 155 , q 179 , p 156 , & q 180 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-H-T-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pd = p 153 · p 154 · p 155 · q 179 · p 156 · q 180
H H H T H T
pd = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pd =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 57 : H - H - H - H - H - T
Let : pe = Probability of Case No. 57

Since Events p 157 , p 158 , p 159 , p 160 , p 161 , & q 181 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-H-H-H-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pe = p 157 · p 158 · p 159 · p 160 · p 161 · q 181
H H H H H T
pe = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pe =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 58 : H - H - H - H - T - H
Let : pe = Probability of Case No. 58

Since Events p 162 , p 163 , p 164 , p 165 , q 182 , & p 166 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-H-H-T-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pe = p 162 · p 163 · p 164 · p 165 · q 182 · p 166
H H H H T H
pe = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pe =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 59 : H - H - H - T - H - H
Let : pf = Probability of Case No. 59

Since Events p 167 , p 168 , p 169 , q 183 , p 170 , & p 171 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-H-T-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pf = p 167 · p 168 · p 169 · q 183 · p 170 · p 171
H H H T H H
pf = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pf =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 60 : H - H - T - H - H - H
Let : pg = Probability of Case No. 60

Since Events p 172 , p 173 , q 184 , p 174 , p 175 , & p 176 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-T-H-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pg = p 172 · p 173 · q 184 · p 174 · p 175 · p 176
H H T H H H
pg = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pg =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 61 : H - T - H - H - H - H
Let : ph = Probability of Case No. 61

Since Events p 177 , q 185 , p 178 , p 179 , p 180 , & p 181 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-T-H-H-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
ph = p 177 · q 185 · p 178 · p 179 · p 180 · p 181
H T H H H H
ph = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
ph =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 62 : T - H - H - H - H - H
Let : pi = Probability of Case No. 62

Since Events q 186 , p 182 , p 183 , p 184 , p 185 , & p 186 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-H-H-H-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pi = q 186 · p 182 · p 183 · p 184 · p 185 · p 186
T H H H H H
pi = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pi =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 63 : H - H - H - H - H - H
Let : pj = Probability of Case No. 63

Since Events p 187 , p 188 , p 189 , p 190 , p 191 , & p 192 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order H-H-H-H-H-H is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pj = p 187 · p 188 · p 189 · p 190 · p 191 · p 192
H H H H H H
pj = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pj =
64
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Since Events pA, pB, …, pZ, pA, pB̅, … pZ̅, pa, pb, …, and pj are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not
affect each other's outcomes, therefore the probability that a coin will turn up heads at least once in six tosses of a coin is to obtain the sum of
their probabilities which yields to:
P = pA + pB + … + pZ + pA + pB̅ + … + p Z̅ + pa + pb + … + pc
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + … + + + + … + + + + … +
64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64
63
Answer : P =
64
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 1 : Heads once
p +q =1
Recall :

PA = Probability that exactly 1 head occurs
n = Number of tosses of a single coin
r = Number of desired results which in this case is exactly 1 head
n = 6 (Since there are 6 tosses of a single coin )

r = 1 (Since the desired outcome must be 1 head )
1
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
1 (6 - 1)
1 1
PA = 6C1 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
3
PA =
32
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 2 : Heads twice
p +q =1
Recall :

PB = Probability that exactly 2 heads occurs

1
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
2 (6 - 2)
1 1
PB = 6C2 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
15
PB =
64
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 3 : Heads thrice
p +q =1
Recall :

PC = Probability that exactly 3 heads occurs

1
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
3 (6 - 3)
1 1
PC = 6C3 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
5
PC =
16
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 4 : Heads four times
p +q =1
Recall :

PD = Probability that exactly 4 heads occurs

1
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
4 (6 - 4)
1 1
PD = 6C4 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
15
PD =
64
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 5 : Heads five times
p +q =1
Recall :

PE = Probability that exactly 5 heads occurs

1
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
5 (6 - 5)
1 1
PE = 6C5 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
3
PE =
32
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 6 : Heads six times
p +q =1
Recall :

PF = Probability that exactly 6 heads occurs

1
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
6 (6 - 6)
1 1
PF = 6C6 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
1
PF =
64
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
p +q =1
Recall :
Since Events P A , P B , …, and P F are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes,
therefore the probability that a coin will turn up heads at least once in six tosses of a coin is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
P = PA + PB + PC + PD + PE + PF
3 15 5 15 3 1
= + + + + +
32 64 16 64 32 64
63
Answer : P =
64
Solution 3 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 1 : T - T - T - T - T - T
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that a coin will turn up heads at least once in six tosses of a coin
q = Probability of Case No. 1
q6 = Probability that the coin tossed for the sixth time is a tail
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , q 4 , q 5 , & q 6 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's outcomes,
therefore the probability that the coin tossed six times in the order T-T-T-T-T-T is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
q = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6
T T T T T T
q = ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T ) · ( H+T )
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
(1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1) (1 + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
= · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
q =
64
Solution 3 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Recall : p +q =1
p = 1 - q
1
= 1 -
64
63
Answer : p =
64
Solution 2 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Case 1 : Tails six times
P +Q =1
Recall :
Q = n Cr ·p r ·q (n-r)

Q = Probability that exactly 6 tails occurs
r = Number of desired results which in this case is exactly 6 tails

r = 6 (Since the desired outcome must be 6 tails )
1
2
1 1
q = ( 1 -
2 ) =
2
6 (6 - 6)
1 1
Q = 6C6 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
1
Q =
64
Solution 4 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin Slot
Ways : Coin
Recall : P +Q =1
P = 1 - Q
1
= 1 -
64
63
Answer : P =
64
27.36 Problem : Five discs in a bag are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on three discs chosen at random is
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 1 : 2 - 4 - 5
Type : Dependent Event

p1 = Probability that the 1st disc drawn is number 2
p2 = Probability that the 2nd disc drawn is number 4
p3 = Probability that the 3rd disc drawn is number 5
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each number drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of discs) therefore the probability that the sum on three discs chosen at random that is greater than
ten is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · p2 · p3
Disc No. 2 1 (Since there is only Disc No. 2 out of the 5 discs inside the bag )
p1 = =
Total No. of Discs in a Bag Available 5
Disc No. 4 1 (Since there is only Disc No. 4 out of the 4 remaining discs inside the bag )
p2 = =
p3 = =
1 1 1
pA = · ·
5 4 3
1
pA =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 2 : 2 - 5 - 4

pB = p4 · p5 · p6
p4 = =
p5 = =
p6 = =
1 1 1
pB = · ·
5 4 3
1
pB =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 3 : 3 - 4 - 5

pC = p7 · p8 · p9
p7 = =
p8 = =
p9 = =
1 1 1
pC = · ·
5 4 3
1
pC =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 4 : 3 - 5 - 4
Let : pD = Probability of Case No. 4

p 10 = Probability that the 1st disc drawn is number 3
p 11 = Probability that the 2nd disc drawn is number 5
p 12 = Probability that the 3rd disc drawn is number 4
pD = p 10 · p 11 · p 12
p 10 = =
p 11 = =
p 12 = =
1 1 1
pD = · ·
5 4 3
1
pD =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 5 : 4 - 2 - 5

pE = p 13 · p 14 · p 15
p 13 = =
p 14 = =
p 15 = =
1 1 1
pE = · ·
5 4 3
1
pE =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 6 : 4 - 5 - 2
Let : pF = Probability of Case No. 6

pF = p 16 · p 17 · p 18
p 16 = =
p 17 = =
p 18 = =
1 1 1
pF = · ·
5 4 3
1
pF =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 7 : 4 - 3 - 5
Let : pG = Probability of Case No. 7

pG = p 19 · p 20 · p 21
p 19 = =
p 20 = =
p 21 = =
1 1 1
pG = · ·
5 4 3
1
pG =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 8 : 4 - 5 - 3
Let : pH = Probability of Case No. 8

pH = p 22 · p 23 · p 24
p 22 = =
p 23 = =
p 24 = =
1 1 1
pH = · ·
5 4 3
1
pH =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 9 : 5 - 2 - 4

pI = p 25 · p 26 · p 27
p 25 = =
p 26 = =
p 27 = =
1 1 1
pI = · ·
5 4 3
1
pI =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 10 : 5 - 4 - 2
Let : pJ = Probability of Case No. 10

pI = p 28 · p 29 · p 30
p 28 = =
p 29 = =
p 30 = =
1 1 1
pJ = · ·
5 4 3
1
pJ =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 11 : 5 - 3 - 4
Let : pK = Probability of Case No. 11

pK = p 31 · p 32 · p 33
p 28 = =
p 29 = =
p 30 = =
1 1 1
pK = · ·
5 4 3
1
pK =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Case 12 : 5 - 4 - 3
Let : pL = Probability of Case No. 12

pL = p 34 · p 35 · p 36
p 28 = =
p 29 = =
p 30 = =
1 1 1
pL = · ·
5 4 3
1
pL =
60
greater than 10?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p L are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes,
therefore the probability that the sum of the numbers on three discs chosen at random is greater than 10 is to obtain the sum of their probabilities
which yields to:
P = pA + pB + … + pL
1 1 1
= + + … +
60 60 60
12
=
60
1
Answer : P =
5
greater than 10?
Solution 2 :

Thing : Digit Slot
Ways : Digits
n!
Recall : nPr =
(n - r)!
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the sum of the numbers on three discs chosen at random is greater than 10 (all arrangements possible)
n = Total number of discs available
r = Total number of discs to be chosen
n1 = The number of discs remaining after choosing Disc No. 5
r1 = Two discs to be chosen after choosing Disc No. 5
n1Pr1 (Instead of combination, permutation is used because the arrangement of the discs greater than 10 provides the
p =
nPr maximum number of results ( see Sol. 1 ) over the total number of arrangements of 3 discs out of 5 available discs )
4P 2 (There are 4 discs remaining since Disc No. 5 is already used and there are only 2 discs to arrange out of 4 )
=
5P 3 (There are 5 total discs available and 3 total discs to arrange out of 5 )
4! 4! 4 · 3 · 2!
4P 2 = = = = 4 · 3 = 12
(4 - 2)! (2)! 2!
5! 5! 5 · 4 · 3 · 2!
5P 3 = = = = 5·4·3 = 60 (This is the maximum result )
(5 - 3)! (2)! 2!
12
p =
60
1
Answer : p =
5
27.37 Problem : Three balls are drawn at random from a box containing 5 red, 8 black, and 4 white balls. Determine the probability that (a) all three are white,
(b) two are black and one red, (c) one of each color is selected.
Solution 1 :
Event : Random drawing of balls

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Type : Dependent Events
Let : p = Probability that all 3 balls are white

p1 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is white
p2 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
p3 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is white
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that all 3 white balls are drawn is to obtain the product of
p = p1 · p2 · p3
Total No. of White Balls Numbers Available 4 4 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p1 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (5 + 8 + 4) 17 are 17 total balls inside the box )
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 3 3 (There are 3 white balls available while there
p2 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (5 + 8 + 3) 16 are now only 16 total balls inside the box )
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 2 2 (There are 2 white balls available while there
p3 = = =
4 3 2 24
p = · · =
17 16 15 4,080
1
Answer : p =
170
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) 2 are black and one red
Case 1 : R-B-B
Let : p = Probability that all 2 are black and 1 is red p 4 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is red
p A = Probability of Case No. 1 p 5 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is black
p 6 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is black
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red and 2 black balls are drawn is to obtain the
product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p4 · p5 · p6
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 5 5 (There are 5 red balls available while there are
p4 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (5 + 8 + 4) 17 17 total balls inside a box to draw )
Total No. of Black Balls Numbers Available 8 8 1 (There are 8 black balls available while there
p5 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (4 + 8 + 4) 16 2 are now only 16 total balls inside the box )
Total No. of Black Balls Numbers Available 7 7 (There are 7 black balls available while there
p6 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (4 + 7 + 4) 15 are now only 15 total balls inside the bag )
5 1 7 35
pA = · · =
17 2 15 510
7
pA =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 2 : B-R-B
Let : p = Probability that all 2 are black and 1 is red p 7 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is black
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 8 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
pB = p7 · p8 · p9
p7 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (5 + 8 + 4) 17 are 17 total balls inside a box to draw )
p8 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (4 + 8 + 4) 16 now only 16 total balls inside the box )
p9 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (4 + 7 + 4) 15 are now only 15 total balls inside the bag )
8 5 7 280
pB = · · =
17 16 15 4,080
7
pB =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 3 : B-B-R
Let : p = Probability that all 2 are black and 1 is red p 10 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is black
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 11 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is black
p 12 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is red
pC = p 10 · p 11 · p 12
p 10 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (5 + 8 + 4) 17 are 17 total balls inside a box to draw )
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 7 7 (There are 7 black balls available while there
p 11 = = =
Total No. of Black Balls Numbers Available 5 5 1 (There are 5 red balls available while there are
p 12 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (4 + 7 + 4) 15 3 now only 15 total balls inside the bag )
8 7 1 56
pC = · · =
17 16 3 816
7
pC =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Let : p = Probability that all 2 are black and 1 is red

Since Events p A , p B , and p C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that 2 balls are white and 1 ball is red is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC
7 7 7
= + +
102 102 102
21
=
102
7
Answer : p =
34
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(c) one of each color is selected
Case 1 : R-W-B
Let : p = Probability that one of each color is selected p 13 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is red
p A = Probability of Case No. 1 p 14 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red, 1 white, and 1 black ball is drawn is to obtain
the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p 13 · p 14 · p 15
p 13 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (5 + 8 + 4) 17 17 total balls inside a box to draw )
Total No. of White Balls Numbers Available 4 4 1 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p 14 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (4 + 8 + 4) 16 4 are now only 16 total balls inside the box )
Total No. of Black Balls Numbers Available 8 8 (There are 8 blue balls available while there are
p 15 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available (4 + 8 + 3) 15 now only 15 total balls inside the box )
5 1 8 40
pA = · · =
17 4 15 1,020
2
pA =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 2 : R-B-W
Let : p = Probability that one of each color is selected p 16 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is red
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 17 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is black
p 18 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is white
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red, 1 black, and 1 white ball is drawn is to obtain
pB = p 16 · p 17 · p 18
p 16 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (5 + 8 + 4) 17 17 total balls inside a bag to draw )
Total No. of Blue Balls Numbers Available 8 8 1 (There are 8 black balls available while there
p 17 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (4 + 8 + 4) 16 2 are now only 16 total balls inside the box )
p 18 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (4 + 7 + 4) 15 are now only 15 total balls inside the box )
5 1 4 20
pB = · · =
17 2 15 510
2
pB =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 3 : W-R-B
Let : p = Probability that one of each color is selected p 19 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is white
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 20 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 white, 1 red, and 1 black ball is drawn is to obtain
pC = p 19 · p 20 · p 21
p 19 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (5 + 8 + 4) 17 are 17 total balls inside a box to draw )
p 20 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (5 + 8 + 3) 16 now only 16 total balls inside the box )
p 21 = = =
4 5 8 160
pC = · · =
17 16 15 4,080
2
pC =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 4 : W-B-R
Let : p = Probability that one of each color is selected p 22 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is white
p D = Probability of Case No. 4 p 23 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is black
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 white, 1 black, and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
pD = p 22 · p 23 · p 24
p 22 = = =
Total No. of Black Balls Numbers Available 8 8 1 (There are 8 black balls available while there
p 23 = = = =
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 5 5 1 (There are 5 red balls available while there are
p 24 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (5 + 7 + 3) 15 3 now only 15 total balls inside the box )
4 1 1 4
pD = · · =
17 2 3 102
2
pD =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 5 : B-R-W
Let : p = Probability that one of each color is selected p 25 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is black
p E = Probability of Case No. 5 p 26 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
p 27 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is white
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 black, 1 red, and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain
pE = p 25 · p 26 · p 27
p 25 = = =
p 26 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (5 + 7 + 4) 16 now only 16 total balls inside the box )
p 27 = = =
8 5 4 160
pE = · · =
17 16 15 4,080
2
pE =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 6 : B-W-R
Let : p = Probability that one of each color is selected p 28 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is black
p F = Probability of Case No. 6 p 29 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 black, 1 red, and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain
pF = p 28 · p 29 · p 30
p 28 = = =
Total No. of White Balls Numbers Available 4 4 1 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p 29 = = = =
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 5 5 1 (There are 5 red balls available while there are
p 30 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (6 + 3 + 7) 15 3 now only 15 total balls inside the box )
8 1 1 8
pF = · · =
17 4 3 204
2
pF =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Let : p = Probability that at least 1 red ball is drawn

pD = Probability of Case No. 4
pE = Probability of Case No. 5
pF = Probability of Case No. 6
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p F are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that at least 1 of each color is drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + +
51 51 51 51 51 51
12
=
51
4
Answer : p =
17
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Let : n = No. of diff. white balls = 4

m = No. of diff. total balls available = 17
r = No. of diff. white balls to be drawn = 3
No. of selections of 3 out of 4 white balls nCr 4C3

p = = =
No. of selections of 3 out of 17 total balls mCr 17C3
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 17!
4C3 = 17C3 =
3! · (4 - 3)! 3! · (17 - 3)!
4! 17!
= =
3! · (1)! 3! · (14)!
4 · 3! 17 · 16 · 15 · 14!
= =
3! · 1! 3! · 14!
4 17 · 16 · 15
= =
1 3!
4C3 = 4 17 · 16 · 15
=
3·2·1
4,080
=
6
17C3 = 680
4C3 4 1
Answer : p =
17C3
; p =
680 ; p =
170
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) two are black and one red
Let : n1 = No. of diff. black balls = 8

n2 = No. of diff. red balls = 5
r1 = No. of diff. black balls to be drawn = 2
r2 = No. of diff. red balls to be drawn = 1
r = No. of diff. black and red balls to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 2 black balls AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) also 1 red ball, the number of
selections of 2 out of 8 black balls must be multiplied to the number of selections of 1 out of 5 red balls and divide the product to the
number of selections of 3 out of 17 total balls in order to obtain the probability of 2 are black and 1 is red ball that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 8 black balls) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 5 red balls)
p =
No. of selections of 3 out of 17 total balls
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
8C2 · 5C1
p =
17C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
n1! n2! m!
n1Cr1 = n2Cr2 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r! · (m - r)!
8! 5! 17!
8C2 = 5C1 = 17C3 =
2! · (8 - 2)! 1! · (5 - 1)! 3! · (17 - 3)!
8! 5! 17!
= = =
2! · (6)! 1! · (4)! 3! · (14)!
8 · 7 · 6! 5 · 4! 17 · 16 · 15 · 14!
= = =
2! · 6! 1! · 4! 3! · 14!
8·7 5 17 · 16 · 15
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
8·7 5C1 = 5 17 · 16 · 15
= =
2·1 3·2·1
8C2 = 28 4,080
=
6
17C3 = 680
8C2 · 5C1
p =
18C3
28 · 5
=
680
140
=
680
7
Answer : p =
34
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Let : n1 = No. of diff. red balls = 5

n2 = No. of diff. white balls = 4
n3 = No. of diff. black balls = 8
r1 = No. of diff. red balls to be drawn = 1
r2 = No. of diff. white balls to be drawn = 1
r3 = No. of diff. blue balls to be drawn = 1
r = No. of diff. colored balls only to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 1 red ball, 1 white ball, AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) 1 black ball, the number of
selections of 1 out of 5 red balls must be multiplied to the number of selections of 0 out of 12 non-red balls and divide the product to the
number of selections of 3 out of 17 total balls in order to obtain the probability of 1 of each color is drawn that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 5 red balls) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 4 white balls) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 8 black balls)
p =
No. of selections of 3 out of 17 total balls
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
· n3Cr3
=
C
m r
5C1 · 4C1 · 8C1

p =
17C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
n1! n2! n3! m!

n1Cr1 = n2Cr2 = n3Cr3 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
5! 4! 8! 17!
5C1 = 4C1 = 8C1 = 17C3 =
1! · (5 - 1)! 1! · (4 - 1)! 1! · (8 - 1)! 3! · (17 - 3)!
5! 4! 8! 17!
= = = =
1! · (4)! 1! · (3)! 1! · (7)! 3! · (14)!
5 · 4! 4 · 3! 8 · 7! 17 · 16 · 15 · 14!
= = = =
1! · 4! 1! · 3! 1! · 7! 3! · 14!
5 4 8 17 · 16 · 15
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1! 1! 1! 3!
5C1 = 5 4C1 = 4 8C1 = 8 17 · 16 · 15
=
3·2·1
4,080
=
6
17C3 = 680
6C1 · 4C1
· 8C1
p =
C
18 3
5 · 4 · 8 160
= =
680 680
4
Answer : p =
17
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : R-R-R

q1 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a red ball
q2 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a red ball
q3 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a red ball
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and q 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that all 3 red balls are drawn is to obtain the product of
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
Total No. of Red Balls Available 5 (There are 5 red balls available while there are
q1 = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available 17 17 total balls inside a box to draw )
Total No. of Red Balls Available 4 1 (There are 4 red balls available while there are
q2 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available 16 4 16 total balls inside a box to draw )
q3 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : R-R-R
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
5 1 1
= · ·
17 4 5
5
=
340
1
qA =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : R-R-B

q5 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a red ball
q6 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a black ball
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 red balls and 1 black ball are drawn is to obtain the
qB = q4 · q5 · q6
q4 = =
q5 = = =
Total No. of Black Balls Available 8 (There are 8 black balls available while there
q6 = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available 15 are 16 total balls inside a box to draw )
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : R-R-B
qB = q4 · q5 · q6
5 1 8
= · ·
17 4 15
40
=
1,020
2
qB =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : R-B-R

q8 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a black ball
q9 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a red ball
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 black ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qC = q7 · q8 · q9
q7 = =
Total No. of Black Balls Available 8 1 (There are 8 black balls available while there
q8 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available 16 2 are 16 total balls inside a box to draw )
q9 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : R-B-R
qC = q7 · q8 · q9
5 1 4
= · ·
17 2 15
20
=
510
2
qC =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : B-R-R

qD = Probability of Case No. 4
q 10 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a black ball
q 11 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a red ball
q 12 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a red ball
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 black ball and 2 red balls are drawn is to obtain the
qD = q 10 · q 11 · q 12
q 10 = =
q 11 = =
q 12 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : B-R-R
qD = q 10 · q 11 · q 12
8 5 4
= · ·
17 16 15
160
=
4,080
2
qD =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : B-B-R

qE = Probability of Case No. 5
q 14 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a black ball
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 black balls and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain the
qE = q 13 · q 14 · q 15
q 13 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 17 are 17 total balls inside a box to draw )
q 14 = =
q 15 = = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 15 3 15 total balls inside a box to draw )
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : B-B-R
qE = q 13 · q 14 · q 15
8 7 1
= · ·
17 16 3
56
=
816
7
qE =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : B-R-B

qF = Probability of Case No. 6
q 18 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a black ball
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 black ball, 1 red ball, and 1 black ball are drawn is to
qF = q 16 · q 17 · q 18
q 16 = =
q 17 = =
q 18 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : B-R-B
qF = q 16 · q 17 · q 18
8 5 7
= · ·
17 16 15
280
=
4,080
7
qF =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : R-B-B

qG = Probability of Case No. 7
q 19 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a red ball
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball and 2 black balls are drawn is to obtain the
qG = q 19 · q 20 · q 21
q 19 = =
q 20 = = =
q 21 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : R-B-B
qG = q 19 · q 20 · q 21
5 1 7
= · ·
17 2 15
35
=
510
7
qG =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : B-B-B

qH = Probability of Case No. 8
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that all 3 black balls are drawn is to obtain the product of their
probabilities which yields to:
qH = q 22 · q 23 · q 24
q 22 = =
q 23 = =
q 24 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : B-B-B
qH = q 22 · q 23 · q 24
8 7 2
= · ·
17 16 5
112
=
1,360
7
qH =
85
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : R-W-B

qI = Probability of Case No. 9
p1 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a white ball
Since Events q 25 , p 1 , and q 26 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 white ball, and 1 black ball are drawn is to
qI = q 25 · p1 · q 26
q 25 = =
Total No. of White Balls Available 4 1 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p1 = = =
Total No. of Black Balls Available 8 (There are 8 blue balls available while there are
q 26 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : R-W-B
qI = q 25 · p 1 · q 26
5 1 8
= · ·
17 4 15
40
=
1,020
2
qI =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : R - B - W

qJ = Probability of Case No. 10
p2 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a white ball
Since Events q 27 , q 28 , and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 black ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to
qJ = q 27 · q 28 · p2
q 27 = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available 17 17 total balls inside a bag to draw )
q 28 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available 16 2 are 16 total balls inside a bag to draw )
Total No. of White Balls Available 4 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p2 = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available 15 are 15 total balls inside a bag to draw )
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : R - B - W
qJ = q 27 · q 28 · p2
5 1 4
= · ·
17 2 15
20
=
510
2
qJ =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : W - R - B

qK = Probability of Case No. 11
p3 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a white ball
q 30 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a blue ball
Since Events p 3 , q 29 , and q 30 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 red ball, and 1 black ball are drawn is to
qK = p3 · q 29 · q 30
p3 = =
q 29 = =
q 30 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : W - R - B
qK = p3 · q 29 · q 30
4 5 8
= · ·
17 16 15
160
=
4,080
2
qK =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : W - B - R

qL = Probability of Case No. 12
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 black ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qL = p4 · q 31 · q 32
p4 = =
q 31 = = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 16 2 are 16 total balls inside a box to draw )
q 32 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : W - B - R
qL = p4 · q 31 · q 32
4 1 1
= · ·
17 2 3
4
=
102
2
qL =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 13 : B - R - W

qM = Probability of Case No. 13
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 black ball, 1 red ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to
qM = q 33 · q 34 · p5
p5 = =
Total No. of Balls in a Box Available 17 are 17 total balls inside a bag to draw )
q 33 = =
q 34 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 13 : B - R - W
qM = q 33 · q 34 · p5
8 5 4
= · ·
17 16 15
160
=
4,080
2
qM =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 14 : B - W - R

qN = Probability of Case No. 14
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 black ball, 1 white ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qN = q 35 · p6 · q 36
q 35 = =
p6 = = =
q 36 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 14 : B - W - R
qN = q 35 · p 6 · q 36
8 1 1
= · ·
17 4 3
8
=
204
2
qN =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 15 : R - R - W

qO = Probability of Case No. 15
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 red balls and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain the
qO = q 37 · q 38 · p7
q 37 = =
q 38 = = =
p7 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 15 : R - R - W
qO = q 37 · q 38 · p7
5 1 4
= · ·
17 4 15
20
=
1,020
1
qO =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 16 : R - W - R

qP = Probability of Case No. 16
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 white ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qP = q 39 · p8 · q 40
q 39 = =
p8 = = =
q 40 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 16 : R - W - R
qP = q 39 · p 8 · q 40
5 1 4
= · ·
17 4 15
20
=
1,020
1
qP =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 17 : W - R - R

qQ = Probability of Case No. 17
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, and 2 red balls are drawn is to obtain the
qQ = p9 · q 41 · q 42
p9 = =
q 41 = =
q 42 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 17 : W - R - R
qQ = p9 · q 41 · q 42
4 5 4
= · ·
17 16 15
80
=
4,080
1
qQ =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 18 : B - W - W

qR = Probability of Case No. 18
p 10 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a white ball
p 11 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a white ball
Since Events q 43 , p 10 , and p 11 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 black ball, and 2 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
qR = q 43 · p 10 · p 11
q 40 = =
p 13 = = =
p 14 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 18 : B - W - W
qR = q 43 · p 10 · p 11
8 1 1
= · ·
17 4 5
8
qR =
340
2
qR =
85
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 19 : W - B - W

qS = Probability of Case No. 19
p 12 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a white ball
Since Events p 12 , q 44 , and p 13 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 black ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain
qS = p 12 · q 44 · p 13
p 12 = =
q 44 = = =
p 13 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 19 : W - B - W
qS = p 12 · q 44 · p 13
4 1 1
= · ·
17 2 5
4
=
170
2
qS =
85
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 20 : W - W - B

qT = Probability of Case No. 20
Since Events p 17 , p 18 , and q 42 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 white balls and 1 blue ball are drawn is to obtain the
qT = p 14 · p 15 · q 45
p 14 = =
p 15 = =
q 45 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 20 : W - W - B
qT = p 14 · p 15 · q 45
4 3 8
= · ·
17 16 15
96
=
4,080
2
qT =
85
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 21 : R - W - W

qU = Probability of Case No. 21
Since Events q 46 , p 16 , and p 17 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball and 2 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
qU = q 46 · p 16 · p 17
q 46 = =
p 16 = = =
p 17 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 21 : R - W - W
qU = q 46 · p 16 · p 17
5 1 1
= · ·
17 4 5
5
=
340
1
qU =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 22 : W - R - W

qV = Probability of Case No. 22
Since Events p 18 , q 47 , and p 19 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white, 1 red, and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain the
qV = p 18 · q 47 · p 19
p 18 = =
q 47 = =
p 19 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 22 : W - R - W
qV = p 18 · q 47 · p 19
4 5 1
= · ·
17 16 5
1
qV =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 23 : W - W - R

qW = Probability of Case No. 23
Since Events p 20 , p 21 , and q 48 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 white balls and 1 red ball ball are drawn is to obtain the
q W = p 20 · p 21 · q 48
p 20 = =
p 21 = =
q 48 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 23 : W - W - R
q W = p 20 · p 21 · q 48
4 3 1
= · ·
17 16 3
12
qW =
306
1
qW =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 24 : W - B - B

qX = Probability of Case No. 24
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball and 2 black balls are drawn is to obtain the
qX = p 22 · q 49 · q 50
p 22 = =
q 49 = = =
q 50 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 24 : W - B - B
qX = p 22 · q 49 · q 50
4 1 7
= · ·
17 2 15
28
qX =
510
14
qX =
255
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 25 : B - W - B

qY = Probability of Case No. 25
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 black ball, 1 white ball, and 1 black ball are drawn is to
qY = q 51 · p 23 · q 52
q 51 = =
Total No. of Red Balls Available 4 1 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p 23 = = =
q 52 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 25 : B - W - B
qY = q 51 · p 23 · q 52
8 1 7
= · ·
17 4 15
56
=
1,020
14
qY =
255
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 26 : B - B - W

qZ = Probability of Case No. 26
p 24 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a red ball
the box, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 black balls and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain the
qZ = q 53 · q 54 · p 24
q 53 = =
q 54 = =
p 24 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Case 26 : B - B - W
qZ = q 53 · q 54 · p 24
8 7 4
= · ·
17 16 15
224
=
4,080
14
qZ =
255
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are white
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q Z are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no all 3 are white balls drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG + qH + qI + qJ + qK + qL + qM + qN +
qO + qP + qQ + qR + qS + qT + qU + qV + qW + qX + qY + qZ
1 2 2 2 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
68 51 51 51 102 102 102 85 51 51 51 51 51 51
1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 14 14 14
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
51 51 51 85 85 85 68 68 68 255 255 255
169
q =
170
Solving for the value of p using the equation above yields to:
169
p + q = 1 ; p +
170
= 1
169
p = 1 -
170
1
Answer : p =
170
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
A table below shows all the possible cases that are the complementaries of Item (b). All the probabilities of the listed cases is the value of q.
The probabilities of each case can be seen on Item (a) Sheet 27.37 Pt. 1 to 53 Sol. 3
Case No. Variable Condition Probability Case No. Variable Condition Probability
1 qA R-R-R 1/68 13 qM R-W-R 1/51
2 qB R-R-B 2/51 14 qN W-R-R 1/51
3 qC R-B-R 2/51 15 qO B-W-W 2/85
4 qD B-R-R 2/51 16 qP W-B-W 2/85
5 qE B-B-B 7/85 17 qQ W-W-B 2/85
6 qF R-W-B 2/51 18 qR R-W-W 1/68
7 qG R-B-W 2/51 19 qS W-R-W 1/68
8 qH W-R-B 2/51 20 qT W-W-R 1/68
9 qI W-B-R 2/51 21 qU W-B-B 14/255
10 qJ B-R-W 2/51 22 qV B-W-B 14/255
11 qK B-W-R 2/51 23 qW B-B-W 14/255
12 qL R-R-W 1/51 24 qX W-W-W 1/170
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q X are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 2 blacks and 1 red drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG + qH + qI + qJ + qK + qL + qM + qN +
qO + qP + qQ + qR + qS + qT + qU + qV + qW + qX
1 2 2 2 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
68 51 51 51 85 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51
2 2 2 1 1 1 14 14 14 1
+ + + + + + + + + +
85 85 85 68 68 68 255 255 255 170
27
q =
34
27
p + q = 1 ; p +
34
= 1
27
p = 1 -
34
7
Answer : p =
34
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
A table below shows all the possible cases that are the complementaries of Item (c). All the probabilities of the listed cases is the value of q.
The probabilities of each case can be seen on both Items (a) and (b) starting on Sheet 27.37 Pt. 1 Sol. 3 and 27.37 Pt. 54 Sol. 3, respectively.
Case No. Variable Condition Probability Case No. Variable Condition Probability
1 qA R-R-R 1/68 16 qP W-R-W 1/68
2 qB R-R-B 2/51 17 qQ W-W-R 1/68
3 qC R-B-R 2/51 18 qR W-B-B 14/255
4 qD B-R-R 2/51 19 qS B-W-B 14/255
5 qE B-B-R 7/102 20 qT B-B-W 14/255
6 qF B-R-B 7/102 21 qU W-W-W 1/170
7 qG R-B-B 7/102
8 qH B-B-B 7/85
9 qI R-R-W 1/51
10 qJ R-W-R 1/51
11 qK W-R-R 1/51
12 qL B-W-W 2/85
13 qM W-B-W 2/85
14 qN W-W-B 2/85
15 qO R-W-W 1/68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q V are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 1 of each color drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG + qH + qI + qJ + qK + qL + qM + qN + qO
+ qQ + qR + qS + qT + qU + qV
1 2 2 2 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 1
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
68 51 51 51 102 102 102 85 51 51 51 85 85 85 68
1 1 14 14 14 1
+ + + + + +
68 68 255 255 255 170
13
q =
17
13
p + q = 1 ; p +
17
= 1
13
p = 1 -
17
4
Answer : p =
17
27.38 Problem : Four cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that (a) all are kings, (b) two are kings and two are aces, (c) all are of the
same suit, (d) all are clubs
Solution 1 :
Event : Random drawing of cards

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Let : p = Probability that all 4 cards are kings

p 1 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a king p 3 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a king
p 2 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a king p 4 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a king
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , and p 4 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each card drawn is not returned back to a deck
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that all 4 kings are drawn is to obtain the product of their
p = p1 · p2 · p3 · p4
Total No. of Kings in a Deck Available 4 1 (There are 4 kings available while there are 52
p1 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 13 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Aces in a Deck Available 3 1 (There are now only 3 kings available while
p2 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 17 there are now only 51 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Aces in a Deck Available 2 1 (There are now only 2 kings available while
p3 = = =
Total No. of Aces in a Deck Available 1 (There is 1 king available while there are now
p4 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 49 only 49 cards in a deck )
1 1 1 1 1
p = · · · =
13 17 25 49 270,725
1
Answer : p =
270,725
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) two are kings and two are aces
Case 1 : Ace - Ace - King - King p5 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is an ace
p6 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is an ace
Let : p = Probability that two are kings and two are aces p7 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a king
p A = Probability of Case No. 1 p8 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a king
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that 2 aces and 2 kings are drawn is to obtain the product of their
pA = p5 · p6 · p7 · p8
Total No. of Aces Available 4 1 (There are 4 aces available while there are 52
p5 = = =
Total No. of Aces Available 3 1 (There are now only 3 aces available while there
p6 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 17 are now only 51 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Kings Available 4 2 (There are 4 kings available while there are 50
p7 = = =
Total No. of Kings Available 3 (There are now only 3 kings available while
p8 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 49 there are now only 49 cards in a deck )
1 1 2 3 6
pA = · · · =
13 17 25 49 270,725
6
pA =
270,725
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 2 : Ace - King - Ace - King p9 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is an ace
p 10 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a king
Let : p = Probability that two are kings and two are aces p 11 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is an ace
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 12 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a king
Since Events p 9 , p 10 , p 11 , and p 12 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each card drawn is not returned back to
a deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that an ace, a king, an ace, and a king is to obtain the
pB = p9 · p 10 · p 11 · p 12
p9 = = =
Total No. of Kings Available 4 (There are 4 kings available while there are 51
p 10 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Aces Available 3 (There are now only 3 aces available while there
p 11 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 50 are now only 50 cards in a deck )
p 12 = =
1 4 3 3 36
pB = · · · =
13 51 50 49 1,624,350
6
pB =
270,725
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 3 : Ace - King - King - Ace p 13 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is an ace
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 16 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a king
a deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that an ace, a king, an ace, and a king is to obtain the
pB = p 13 · p 14 · p 15 · p 16
p 13 = = =
Total No. of Kings Available 4 (There are 4 kings available while there are 51
p 14 = =
p 15 = =
p 16 = =
1 4 3 3 36
pC = · · · =
13 51 50 49 1,624,350
6
pC =
270,725
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 4 : King - King - Ace - Ace p 17 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a king
p D = Probability of Case No. 4 p 20 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is an ace
a deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that 2 kings and 2 aces is to obtain the product of
pD = p 17 · p 18 · p 19 · p 20
p 17 = = =
Total No. of Kings Available 3 1 (There are now only 3 kings available while
p 18 = = =
p 19 = = =
p 20 = =
1 4 3 3 36
pD = · · · =
13 51 50 49 1,624,350
6
pD =
270,725
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 5 : King - Ace - King - Ace p 21 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a king
p 22 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is an ace
Let : p = Probability that two are kings and two are aces p 23 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a king
p E = Probability of Case No. 2 p 24 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is an ace
a deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a king, an ace, a king, and an ace is to obtain the
pE = p9 · p 10 · p 11 · p 12
p 21 = = =
Total No. of Aces Available 4 (There are 4 aces available while there are 51
p 22 = =
p 23 = =
Total No. of Aces Available 3 (There are now only 3 acess available while
p 24 = =
1 4 3 3 36
pE = · · · =
13 51 50 49 1,624,350
6
pE =
270,725
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 6 : King - Ace - Ace - King p 25 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a king
p 26 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is an ace
p F = Probability of Case No. 6 p 28 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a king
a deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a king, 2 aces, and a king is to obtain the
pF = p 13 · p 14 · p 15 · p 16
p 25 = = =
Total No. of Aces Available 4 (There are 4 aces available while there are 51
p 26 = =
p 27 = =
p 28 = =
1 4 3 3 36
pF = · · · =
13 51 50 49 1,624,350
6
pF =
270,725
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : p = Probability that two are kings and two are aces
Since Events p A , p B , p C , and p D are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that two are kings and two are aces is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
6 6 6 6 6 6
= + + + + +
270,725 270,725 270,725 270,725 270,725 270,725
36
Answer : p =
270725
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are of the same suit
Case 1 : Club - Club - Club - Club p 29 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a club
p 30 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a club
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit p 31 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a club
p A = Probability of Case No. 1 p 32 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a club
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that 4 are clubs are drawn is to obtain the product of their
pA = p 29 · p 30 · p 31 · p 32
Total No. of Clubs Available 13 1 (There are 13 clubs available while there are 52
p 29 = = =
Total No. of Clubs Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 clubs available while
p 30 = = =
Total No. of Clubs Available 11 (There are now only 11 clubs available while
p 31 = =
p 32 = =
1 4 11 10 440
pA = · · · =
4 17 50 49 166,600
11
pA =
4,165
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 2 : Spade - Spade - Spade - Spade p 33 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a club
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit p 35 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a club
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 36 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a club
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that 4 are spades are drawn is to obtain the product of their
pB = p 33 · p 34 · p 35 · p 36
Total No. of Spades Available 13 1 (There are 13 spades available while there are
p 33 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 4 52 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Spades Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 spades available while
p 34 = = =
Total No. of Spades Available 11 (There are now only 11 spades available while
p 35 = =
Total No. of Spades Available 10 (There are now only 10 spades available while
p 36 = =
1 4 11 10 440
pB = · · · =
4 17 50 49 166,600
11
pB =
4,165
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 3 : Heart - Heart - Heart - Heart p 37 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a heart
p 38 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit p 39 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a heart
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 40 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a heart
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that 4 are hearts are drawn is to obtain the product of their
pC = p 37 · p 38 · p 39 · p 40
Total No. of Hearts Available 13 1 (There are 13 hearts available while there are
p 37 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 4 52 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Hearts Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 hearts available while
p 38 = = =
Total No. of Hearts Available 11 (There are now only 11 hearts available while
p 39 = =
Total No. of Hearts Available 10 (There are now only 10 hearts available while
p 40 = =
1 4 11 10 440
pC = · · · =
4 17 50 49 166,600
11
pC =
4,165
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 4 : Diamond - Diamond - Diamond - Diamond p 41 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a heart
p 42 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit p 43 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a heart
p D = Probability of Case No. 4 p 44 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a heart
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that 4 are diamonds are drawn is to obtain the product of
pD = p 41 · p 42 · p 43 · p 44
Total No. of Diamonds Available 13 1 (There are 13 diamonds available while there
p 41 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 4 are 52 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Diamonds Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 diamonds available
p 42 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 17 while there are now only 51 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Diamonds Available 11 (There are now only 11 diamonds available
p 43 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 50 while there are now only 50 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Diamonds Available 10 (There are now only 10 diamonds available
p 44 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 49 while there are now only 49 cards in a deck )
1 4 11 10 440
pD = · · · =
4 17 50 49 166,600
11
pD =
4,165
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit

therefore the probability that all are of the same suit is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD
11 11 11 11
= + + +
4,165 4,165 4,165 4,165
44
Answer : p =
4,165
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Let : p = Probability that all are clubs p 45 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a club
p 47 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a club
p 48 = Probability that the 4th card drawn is a club
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that 4 are clubs are drawn is to obtain the product of their
p = p 45 · p 46 · p 47 · p 48
Total No. of Clubs Available 13 1 (There are 13 clubs available while there are 52
p 45 = = =
Total No. of Clubs Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 clubs available while
p 46 = = =
p 47 = =
p 48 = =
1 4 11 10 440
p = · · · =
4 17 50 49 166,600
11
Answer : p =
4,165
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Let : n = No. of kings available = 4

m = No. of cards available = 52
r = No. of kings to be drawn = 4
No. of selections of 4 out of 4 kings nCr 4C4

p = = =
No. of selections of 4 out of 52 cards mCr 52C4
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 52!
4C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (4 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
4! 52!
= =
4! · (0)! 4! · (48)!
4! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= (0! = 1 ) =
4! · 1 4! · 48!
4C4 = 1 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
=
4!
52 · 51 · 50 · 49
=
4·3·2·1
6,497,400
=
24
52C4 = 270,725
4C4 1
Answer : p =
52C4
; p =
270,725
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : n1 = No. of kings available = 4

n2 = No. of aces available = 4
m = No. of cards available = 52
r1 = No. of kings to be drawn = 2
r2 = No. of aces to be drawn = 2
r = No. of kings and aces to be drawn = 4
(No. of selections of 2 out of 4 kings) · (No. of selections of 2 out of 4 aces)

p =
No. of selections of 4 out of 52 cards
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
p =
mCr
4C2 · 4C2
p =
52C4
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n! n! m!
r! · (n - r)! r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 4! 52!
4C2 = 4C2 = 52C4 =
2! · (4 - 2)! 2! · (4 - 2)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
4! 4! 52!
= = =
2! · (2)! 2! · (2)! 4! · (48)!
4 · 3 · 2! 4 · 3 · 2! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
2! · 2! 2! · 2! 4! · 48!
4·3 4·3 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2! 2! 4!
4·3 4·3 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2·1 2·1 4·3·2·1
12 12 6,497,400
= = =
2 2 24
4C2 = 6 4C2 = 6 52C4 = 270,725
4C2 · 4C2
p =
52C4
6 · 6
=
270,725
36
Answer : p =
270,725
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 1 : Club - Club - Club - Club
Let : n = No. of diff. clubs = 13

m = No. of diff. total cards available = 52
r = No. of diff. clubs to be drawn = 4
r' = No. of diff. cards to be drawn = 4
Since the event is to draw 4 clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 13 clubs and then divide it to the number of
selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
No. of selections of 4 out of 13 clubs

pA =
No. of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available
nCr
=
mCr'
13C4
pA =
52C4
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 1 : Club - Club - Club - Club
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (13 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 52!
= =
4! · (9)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 · 9! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 9! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
17,160 6,497,400
= =
24 24
13C4 = 715 52C4 = 270,725
13C4 715
pA = ; pA =
52C4 270,725
11
pA =
4,165
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 2 : Spade - Spade - Spade - Spade
Let : n = No. of diff. spades = 13

r = No. of diff. spades to be drawn = 4
Since the event is to draw 3 clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 13 spades and then divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 4 out of 13 spades

pB =
nCr
=
mCr'
13C4
pB =
52C4
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 2 : Spade - Spade - Spade - Spade
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (13 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 52!
= =
4! · (9)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 · 9! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 9! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
17,160 6,497,400
= =
24 24
13C4 = 715 52C4 = 270,725
13C4 715
pB = ; pB =
52C4 270,725
11
pB =
4,165
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 3 : Heart - Heart - Heart - Heart
Let : n = No. of diff. hearts = 13

r = No. of diff. hearts to be drawn = 4
Since the event is to draw 3 hearts, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 13 hearts and then divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 4 out of 13 hearts

pC =
nCr
=
mCr'
13C4
pC =
52C4
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 3 : Heart - Heart - Heart - Heart
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (13 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 52!
= =
4! · (9)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 · 9! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 9! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
17,160 6,497,400
= =
24 24
13C4 = 715 52C4 = 270,725
13C4 715
pC = ; pC =
52C4 270,725
11
pC =
4,165
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 4 : Diamond - Diamond - Diamond - Diamond
Let : n = No. of diff. diamonds = 13

r = No. of diff. diamonds to be drawn = 4
Since the event is to draw 3 diamonds, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 13 diamonds and then divide it to the
number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
No. of selections of 4 out of 13 diamonds

pD =
nCr
=
mCr'
13C4
pD =
52C4
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 4 : Diamond - Diamond - Diamond - Diamond
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (13 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 52!
= =
4! · (9)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 · 9! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 9! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
17,160 6,497,400
= =
24 24
13C4 = 715 52C4 = 270,725
13C4 715
pD = ; pD =
52C4 270,725
11
pD =
4,165
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards

therefore the probability that all are of the same suit is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD
11 11 11 11
= + + +
4,165 4,165 4,165 4,165
44
Answer : p =
4,165
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Let : n = No. of clubs available = 13

m = No. of clubs available = 52
r = No. of clubs to be drawn = 4
No. of selections of 4 out of 13 spades nCr 13C4

p = = =
No. of selections of 4 out of 52 cards mCr 52C4
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (13 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 52!
= =
4! · (9)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 · 9! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 9! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
17,160 6,497,400
= =
24 24
13C4 = 715 52C4 = 270,725
13C4 715 11
Answer : p =
52C4
; p =
270,725 ; p =
4,165
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-King - Non-King - Non-King - Non-King
Let : p = Probability that all 4 are kings

n1 = No. of non-king cards available = 48
m = No. of total cards in a deck = 52
r1 = No. of non-king cards to be drawn = 4
r = No. of cards to be drawn = 4
Since the event is to draw 4 non-kings, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 48 non-kings and divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 4 out of 48 non-kings

qA =
No. of selections of 4 out 52 total cards
n1Cr1
=
mCr
48C4
qA =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
n1! m!
n1Cr1 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
48! 52!
48C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (48 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
48! 52!
= =
4! · (44)! 4! · (48)!
48 · 47 · 46 · 45 · 44! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 44! 4! · 48!
48 · 47 · 46 · 45 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
48 · 47 · 46 · 45 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
4,669,920 6,497,400
= =
24 24
48C4 = 194,580 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
n1Cr1
qA =
mCr
48C4
=
52C4
194,580
=
270,725
38,916
qA =
54,145
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : King - Non-King - Non-King - Non-King

n2 = No. of kings available = 4
Since the event is to draw 1 king and 3 non-kings, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 4 aces then multiply it to the
number of selections of 3 out of 48 non-kings and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 4 kings) · (No. of selections of 3 out of 48 non-kings)

qB =
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
=
mCr
4C1 · 48C3
qB =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
n2! n3! m!
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 48! 52!
4C1 = 48C3 = 52C4 =
1! · (4 - 1)! 3! · (48 - 3)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
4! 48! 52!
= = =
1! · (3)! 3! · (45)! 4! · (48)!
4 · 3! 48 · 47 · 46 · 45! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
1! · 3! 3! · 45! 4! · 48!
4 48 · 47 · 46 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 3! 4!
4 48 · 47 · 46 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
1 3·2·1 4·3·2·1
4C1 = 4 103,776 6,497,400
= =
6 24
48C3 = 17,296 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
Since Case No. 2 are composed of dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each card drawn is not returned back to the
deck, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that Case No. 2 occurs is to obtain the product of both the number
of selections of 1 out of 4 kings and 3 out of 48 non-kings then finally divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
qB =
mCr
4C1 · 48C3
=
52C4
4 · 17,296
=
270,725
69,184
qB =
270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : King - King - Non-King - Non-King

Since the event is to draw 2 kings and 2 non-kings, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 4 kings then multiply it to the
number of selections of 2 out of 48 non-kings and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:

qC =
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
=
mCr
4C2 · 48C2
qC =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
n4! n5! m!
r4! · (n4 - r4)! r5! · (n5 - r5)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 48! 52!
4C2 = 48C2 = 52C4 =
2! · (4 - 2)! 2! · (48 - 2)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
4! 48! 52!
= = =
2! · (2)! 2! · (46)! 4! · (48)!
4 · 3 · 2! 48 · 47 · 46! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
2! · 2! 2! · 46! 4! · 48!
4·3 48 · 47 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2! 2! 4!
4·3 48 · 47 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2·1 2·1 4·3·2·1
12 2,256 6,497,400
= = =
2 2 24
4C2 = 6 48C2 = 1,128 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n4Cr4· n5Cr5
qC =
mCr
4C2 · 48C2
=
52C4
6 · 1,128
=
270,725
6,768
qC =
270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : King - King - King - Non-King

Since the event is to draw 3 kings and 1 non-king, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 4 kings then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 48 non-king and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:

qD =
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
=
mCr
4C3 · 48C1
qC =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
n4! n5! m!
r4! · (n4 - r4)! r5! · (n5 - r5)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 48! 52!
4C3 = 48C1 = 52C4 =
3! · (4 - 3)! 1! · (48 - 1)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
4! 48! 52!
= = =
3! · (1)! 1! · (47)! 4! · (48)!
4 · 3! 48 · 47! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
3! · 1! 1! · 47! 4! · 48!
4 48 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
1! 1! 4!
4 48 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1 1 4·3·2·1
4C3 = 4 48C1 = 48 6,497,400
=
24
52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n4Cr4· n5Cr5
qD =
mCr
4C2 · 48C2
=
52C4
4 · 48
=
270,725
192
qD =
270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are kings
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , , q C , and q D are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the drawn cards all are kings is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD
38,916 69,184 6,768 192

= + + +
54,145 270,725 270,725 270,725
270,724
q =
270,725
270,724
p + q = 1 ; p +
270,725
= 1
270,724
p = 1 -
270,725
1
Answer : p =
270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Note : There are plenty of conditions to include if the intention is to determine first the value of q, which is 1 - p . Also the value of p has already
been solved . The execution of calculating the value of q that is similar to other previous problems is quite troublesome and is not really
recommended to do so .
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-Club - Non-Club - Non-Club - Non-Club

n1 = No. of non-club cards available = 39
r1 = No. of non-club cards to be drawn = 4
Since the event is to draw 4 non-clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 39 non-clubs and divide it to the number
of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
No. of selections of 4 out of 39 non-clubs

qA =
n1Cr1
=
mCr
39C4
qA =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n1! m!
n1Cr1 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (39 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (35)! 4! · (48)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 · 35! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 35! 4! · 48!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
1,974,024 6,497,400
= =
24 24
39C4 = 82,251 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n1Cr1
qA =
mCr
39C4
=
52C4
82,251
=
270,725
6,327
qA =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Club - Non-Club - Non-Club - Non-Club

n2 = No. of clubs available = 13
n3 = No. of non-clubs cards available = 39
r2 = No. of clubs to be drawn = 1
Since the event is to draw 1 club and 3 non-clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs then multiply it to the
number of selections of 2 out of 39 non-clubs and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-clubs)

qB =
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C3
qB =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n2! n3! m!
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C3 = 52C4 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (39 - 3)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 3! · (36)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
1! · 12! 3! · 36! 4! · 48!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
1! 3! 4!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= 1! = 1 = =
1 3·2·1 4·3·2·1
13C1 = 13 54,834 6,497,400
= =
6 24
39C3 = 9,139 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs and 3 out of 39 non-clubs then finally divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
qB =
mCr
13C1 · 39C3
=
52C4
13 · 9,139
=
270,725
118,807
=
270,725
9,139
qB =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Club - Club - Non-Club - Non-Club

r5 = No. of non-clubs cards to be drawn = 2
Since the event is to draw 2 clubs and 2 non-club, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs then multiply it to the

qC =
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
qC =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n4! n5! m!
r4! · (n4 - r4)! r5! · (n5 - r5)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C2 = 52C4 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 2! · (37)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
2! · 11! 2! · 37! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2! 2! 4!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2·1 2·1 4·3·2·1
156 1,482 6,497,400
= = =
2 2 24
13C2 = 78 39C2 = 741 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
qC =
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
=
52C2
78 · 741
=
270,725
57,798
=
270,725
4,446
qC =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Club - Club - Club - Non-Club


qD =
n6Cr6 · n7Cr7
=
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
qD =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n6! n7! m!
r6! · (n6 - r6)! r7! · (n7 - r7)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C3 = 39C1 = 52C4 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
3! · (10)! 1! · (38)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
3! · 10! 1! · 38! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
3! 1! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = 1! = 1 =
3·2·1 1 4·3·2·1
1,716 39C1 = 39 6,497,400
= =
6 24
13C3 = 286 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n6Cr6 · n7Cr7
qD =
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
=
52C4
286 · 39
=
270,725
11,154
=
270,725
858
qD =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Non-Spade - Non-Spade - Non-Spade - Non-Spade

n8 = No. of non-spade cards available = 39
r8 = No. of non-spade cards to be drawn = 4
Since the event is to draw 4 non-spades, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 39 non-spades and divide it to the
No. of selections of 4 out of 39 non-spades

qE =
n8Cr8
=
mCr
39C4
qE =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n8! m!
n8Cr8 = mCr =
r8! · (n8 - r8)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (39 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (35)! 4! · (48)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 · 35! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 35! 4! · 48!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
1,974,024 6,497,400
= =
24 24
39C4 = 82,251 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n8Cr8
qE =
mCr
39C4
=
52C4
82,251
=
270,725
6,327
qE =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : Spade - Non-Spade - Non-Spade - Non-Spade

n9 = No. of spades available = 13
r7 = No. of spades to be drawn = 1
r8 = No. of non-spade cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 1 spade and 3 non-spades, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 spades then multiply it
to the number of selections of 3 out of 39 non-spades and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 spades) · (No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-spades)

qF =
n9Cr9 · n10Cr10
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C3
qF =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n9! n10! m!
n9Cr9 = n10Cr10 = mCr =
r9! · (n9 - r9)! r10! · (n10 - r10)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C3 = 52C4 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (39 - 3)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 3! · (36)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
1! · 12! 3! · 36! 4! · 48!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 3! 4!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
1 3·2·1 4·3·2·1
13C1 = 13 54,834 6,497,400
= =
6 24
39C3 = 9,139 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 1 out of 13 spades and 3 out of 39 non-spades then finally divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n9Cr9 · n10Cr10
qF =
mCr
13C1 · 39C3
=
52C4
13 · 9,139
=
270,725
118,807
=
270,725
9,139
qF =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Spade - Spade - Non-Spade - Non-Spade

n11 = No. of spade available = 13
r12 = No. of non-spades cards to be drawn = 2
Since the event is to draw 2 spades and 2 non-spade, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 spades then multiply it
to the number of selections of 2 out of 39 non-spades and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:

qG =
n11Cr11 · n12Cr12
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
qG =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n11! n12! m!
n11Cr11 = n12Cr12 = mCr =
r11! · (n11 - r11)! r12! · (n12 - r12)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C2 = 52C4 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 2! · (37)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
2! · 11! 2! · 37! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2! 2! 4!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2·1 2·1 4·3·2·1
156 1,482 6,497,400
= = =
2 2 24
13C2 = 78 39C2 = 741 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n11Cr11 · n12Cr12
qG =
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
=
52C3
78 · 741
=
270,725
57,798
=
270,725
4,446
qG =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : Spade - Spade - Spade - Non-Spade

n14 = No. of non-spades cards available = 39
Since the event is to draw 3 spades and 1 non-spade, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 spades then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 39 non-spades and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:

qH =
n13Cr13 · n14Cr14
=
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
qH =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n6! n7! m!
n13Cr13 = n14Cr14 = mCr =
r6! · (n6 - r6)! r7! · (n7 - r7)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C3 = 39C1 = 52C4 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
3! · (10)! 1! · (38)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
3! · 10! 1! · 38! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
3! 1! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = 1! = 1 =
3·2·1 1 4·3·2·1
1,716 39C1 = 39 6,497,400
= =
6 24
13C3 = 286 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n13Cr13 · n14Cr14
qH =
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
=
52C4
286 · 39
=
270,725
11,154
=
270,725
858
qH =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : Non-Heart - Non-Heart - Non-Heart - Non-Heart

qI = Probability of Case No. 9
n15 = No. of non-heart cards available = 39
r15 = No. of non-heart cards to be drawn = 4
Since the event is to draw 4 non-hearts, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 39 non-hearts and divide it to the
No. of selections of 4 out of 39 non-hearts

qI =
n15Cr15
=
mCr
39C4
qI =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n85! m!
n15Cr15 = mCr =
r15! · (n8 - r8)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (39 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (35)! 4! · (48)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 · 35! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 35! 4! · 48!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
1,974,024 6,497,400
= =
24 24
39C4 = 82,251 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n15Cr15
qI =
mCr
39C4
=
52C4
82,251
=
270,725
6,327
qI =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : Heart - Non-Heart - Non-Heart - Non-Heart

n16 = No. of hearts available = 13
n17 = No. of non-heart cards available = 39
r16 = No. of hearts to be drawn = 1
r17 = No. of non-heart cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 1 heart and 3 non-hearts, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts then multiply it
to the number of selections of 3 out of 39 non-hearts and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts) · (No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-hearts)

qJ =
n16Cr16 · n17Cr17
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C3
qJ =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n16! n17! m!
n16Cr16 = n17Cr17 = mCr =
r16! · (n16 - r16)! r17! · (n17 - r17)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C3 = 52C4 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (39 - 3)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 3! · (36)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
1! · 12! 3! · 36! 4! · 48!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 3! 4!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
1 3·2·1 4·3·2·1
13C1 = 13 54,834 6,497,400
= =
6 24
39C3 = 9,139 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts and 3 out of 39 non-hearts then finally divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n16Cr16 · n17Cr17
qJ =
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
=
52C3
13 · 9,139
=
270,725
118,807
=
270,725
9,139
qJ =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : Heart - Heart - Non-Heart - Non-Heart

qK = Probability of Case No. 11
n18 = No. of spade available = 13
Since the event is to draw 2 hearts and 2 non-hearts, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts then multiply it
to the number of selections of 2 out of 39 non-hearts and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:

qK =
n18Cr18 · n19Cr19
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
qK =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n18! n19! m!
n18Cr18 = n19Cr19 = mCr =
r18! · (n18 - r18)! r19! · (n19 - r19)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C2 = 52C4 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 2! · (37)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
2! · 11! 2! · 37! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2! 2! 4!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2·1 2·1 4·3·2·1
156 1,482 6,497,400
= = =
2 2 24
13C2 = 78 39C2 = 741 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n18Cr18 · n19Cr19
qK =
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
=
52C4
78 · 741
=
270,725
57,798
=
270,725
4,446
qK =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : Heart - Heart - Heart - Non-Heart

qL = Probability of Case No. 12
Since the event is to draw 3 hearts and 1 non-heart, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 hearts then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 39 non-hearts and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:

qL =
n20Cr20 · n21Cr21
=
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
qL =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n20! n21! m!
n20Cr20 = n21Cr21 = mCr =
r20! · (n20 - r20)! r21! · (n21 - r21)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C3 = 39C1 = 52C4 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
3! · (10)! 1! · (38)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
3! · 10! 1! · 38! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
3! 1! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = 1! = 1 =
3·2·1 1 4·3·2·1
1,716 39C1 = 39 6,497,400
= =
6 24
13C3 = 286 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n20Cr20 · n21Cr21
qL =
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
=
52C4
286 · 39
=
270,725
11,154
=
270,725
858
qL =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 13 : Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond

qM = Probability of Case No. 13
n22 = No. of non-diamond cards available = 39
r22 = No. of non-diamond cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 4 non-diamonds, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 39 non-diamonds and divide it to the
No. of selections of 4 out of 39 non-dia.

qM =
n22Cr22
=
mCr
39C4
qM =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n85! m!
n22Cr22 = mCr =
r15! · (n8 - r8)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (39 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (35)! 4! · (48)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 · 35! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 35! 4! · 48!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
1,974,024 6,497,400
= =
24 24
39C4 = 82,251 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n22Cr22
qM =
mCr
39C4
=
52C4
82,251
=
270,725
6,327
qM =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 14 : Diamond - Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond

qN = Probability of Case No. 14
n23 = No. of diamonds available = 13
r23 = No. of diamonds to be drawn = 1
r24 = No. of non-dia. cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 1 dia. and 3 non-dias., the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds then multiply it
to the number of selections of 3 out of 39 non-dias. and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 dias.) · (No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-dias.)

qN =
n23Cr23 · n24Cr24
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C3
qN =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n23! n24! m!
n23Cr23 = n24Cr24 = mCr =
r23! · (n23 - r23)! r24! · (n24 - r24)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C3 = 52C4 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (39 - 3)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 3! · (36)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
1! · 12! 3! · 36! 4! · 48!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 3! 4!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
1 3·2·1 4·3·2·1
13C1 = 13 54,834 6,497,400
= =
6 24
39C3 = 9,139 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 1 out of 13 dias. and 3 out of 39 non-dias. then finally divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n19Cr19 · n20Cr20
qN =
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
=
52C3
13 · 9,139
=
270,725
118,807
=
270,725
9,139
qN =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 15 : Diamond - Diamond - Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond

qO = Probability of Case No. 12
n25 = No. of diamonds available = 13
r25 = No. of diamonds to be drawn = 2
r26 = No. of non-dias. cards to be drawn = 2
Since the event is to draw 2 dias. and 2 non-dia., the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 diamonds then multiply it
to the number of selections of 2 out of 39 non-dias. and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:

qO =
n25Cr25 · n26Cr26
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
qO =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n25! n26! m!
n25Cr25 = n26Cr26 = mCr =
r25! · (n25 - r25)! r26! · (n26 - r26)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C2 = 52C4 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 2! · (37)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
2! · 11! 2! · 37! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2! 2! 4!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2·1 2·1 4·3·2·1
156 1,482 6,497,400
= = =
2 2 24
13C2 = 78 39C2 = 741 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n25Cr25 · n26Cr26
qO =
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
=
52C3
78 · 741
=
270,725
57,798
=
270,725
4,446
qO =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 16 : Diamond - Diamond - Diamond - Non-Diamond

qP = Probability of Case No. 12
Since the event is to draw 3 dias. and 1 non-dia., the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 hearts then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 39 non-dias. and divide it to the number of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:

qP =
n27Cr27 · n28Cr28
=
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
qP =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n27! n28! m!
n27Cr27 = n28Cr28 = mCr =
r27! · (n27 - r27)! r28! · (n28 - r28)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C3 = 39C1 = 52C4 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
3! · (10)! 1! · (38)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
3! · 10! 1! · 38! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
3! 1! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = 1! = 1 =
3·2·1 1 4·3·2·1
1,716 39C1 = 39 6,497,400
= =
6 24
13C3 = 286 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n27Cr27 · n28Cr28
qL =
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
=
52C4
286 · 39
=
270,725
11,154
=
270,725
858
qL =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , q C , and q D are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the drawn cards all are clubs is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q1 = qA + qB + qC + qD
6,327 9,139 4,446 858

= + + +
20,825 20,825 20,825 20,825
4,154
q1 =
4,165
Solving for the value of p 1 using the equation above yields to:
4,134
p1 + q1 = 1 ; p1 +
4,165
= 1
4,134
p1 = 1 -
4,165
11
p1 =
4,165
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q E , q F , q G , and q H are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
q2 = qE + qF + qG + qH
6,327 9,139 4,446 858

= + + +
20,825 20,825 20,825 20,825
4,154
q2 =
4,165
4,134
p2 + q2 = 1 ; p2 +
4,165
= 1
4,134
p2 = 1 -
4,165
11
p2 =
4,165
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q I , q J , q K , and q L are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
q3 = qI + qJ + qK + qL
6,327 9,139 4,446 858

= + + +
20,825 20,825 20,825 20,825
4,154
q3 =
4,165
4,134
p3 + q3 = 1 ; p3 +
4,165
= 1
4,134
p3 = 1 -
4,165
11
p3 =
4,165
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q M , q N , q O , and q P are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
q4 = qM + qN + qO + qP
6,327 9,139 4,446 858

= + + +
20,825 20,825 20,825 20,825
4,154
q4 =
4,165
4,134
p4 + q4 = 1 ; p4 +
4,165
= 1
4,134
p4 = 1 -
4,165
11
p4 =
4,165
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Solving for the value of p by adding p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , and p 4 yields to:
p = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4
11 11 11 11
= + + +
4,165 4,165 4,165 4,165
44
Answer : p =
4,165
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that all are clubs

n1 = No. of non-club cards available = 39
Since the event is to draw 4 non-clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 4 out of 39 non-clubs and divide it to the number
of selections of 4 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
No. of selections of 4 out of 39 non-clubs

qA =
n1Cr1
=
mCr
39C4
qA =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
n1! m!
n1Cr1 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C4 = 52C4 =
4! · (39 - 4)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (35)! 4! · (48)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 · 35! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= =
4! · 35! 4! · 48!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4! 4!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= =
4·3·2·1 4·3·2·1
1,974,024 6,497,400
= =
24 24
39C4 = 82,251 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
n1Cr1
qA =
mCr
39C4
=
52C4
82,251
=
270,725
6,327
qA =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1

Since the event is to draw 1 club and 3 non-clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs then multiply it to the

qB =
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C3
qB =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
n2! n3! m!
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C3 = 52C4 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (39 - 3)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 3! · (36)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
1! · 12! 3! · 36! 4! · 48!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
1! 3! 4!
13 39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= 1! = 1 = =
1 3·2·1 4·3·2·1
13C1 = 13 54,834 6,497,400
= =
6 24
39C3 = 9,139 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
qB =
mCr
13C1 · 39C3
=
52C4
13 · 9,139
=
270,725
118,807
=
270,725
9,139
qB =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1


qC =
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
qC =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
n4! n5! m!
r4! · (n4 - r4)! r5! · (n5 - r5)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C2 = 52C4 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 2! · (37)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
2! · 11! 2! · 37! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2! 2! 4!
13 · 12 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
2·1 2·1 4·3·2·1
156 1,482 6,497,400
= = =
2 2 24
13C2 = 78 39C2 = 741 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
qC =
mCr
13C2 · 39C2
=
52C2
78 · 741
=
270,725
57,798
=
270,725
4,446
qC =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1


qD =
n6Cr6 · n7Cr7
=
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
qD =
52C4
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
n6! n7! m!
r6! · (n6 - r6)! r7! · (n7 - r7)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C3 = 39C1 = 52C4 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 4! · (52 - 4)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
3! · (10)! 1! · (38)! 4! · (48)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49 · 48!
= = =
3! · 10! 1! · 38! 4! · 48!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = =
3! 1! 4!
13 · 12 · 11 39 52 · 51 · 50 · 49
= = 1! = 1 =
3·2·1 1 4·3·2·1
1,716 39C1 = 39 6,497,400
= =
6 24
13C3 = 286 52C4 = 270,725
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n6Cr6 · n7Cr7
qD =
mCr
13C3 · 39C1
=
52C4
286 · 39
=
270,725
11,154
=
270,725
858
qD =
20,825
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are clubs
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , q C , and q D are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
q = qA + qB + qC + qD
6,327 9,139 4,446 858

= + + +
20,825 20,825 20,825 20,825
4,154
q =
4,165
4,134
p + q = 1 ; p +
4,165
= 1
4,134
p = 1 -
4,165
11
Answer : p =
4,165
27.39 Problem : A woman will win $3.20 if in 5 tosses of a coin she gets either of the sequences HTHTH or THTHT where H = head and T = tail. Determine her
expectation.
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Ways : HTHTH or THTHT
Case 1 : HTHTH

p H1 = Probability that the 1st coin toss is a head
p T2 = Probability that the 2nd coin toss is a tail
p H3 = Probability that the 3rd coin toss is a head
p T4 = Probability that the 4th coin toss is a tail
p H5 = Probability that the 5th coin toss is a head
Since Events p H1 , p T2 , p H3 , p T4 , and p H5 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's coin toss) therefore the probability that the
outcome HTHTH is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p H1 · p T2 · p H3 · p T4 · p H5
H 1 1
p H1 = = = (There are 2 distinct ways namely heads and tails )
(H + T) (1 + 1) 2
T 1 1
p T2 = = = (There are 2 distinct ways namely heads and tails )
(T + H) (1 + 1) 2
H 1 1
(H + T) (1 + 1) 2
T 1 1
(T + H) (1 + 1) 2
H 1 1
(H + T) (1 + 1) 2
expectation.
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Case 1 : HTHTH
pA = p H1 · p T2 · p H3 · p T4 · p H5
1 1 1 1 1
= · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pA =
32
expectation.
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Case 2 : THTHT

p T1 = Probability that the 1st coin toss is a tail
p H2 = Probability that the 2nd coin toss is a head
p T3 = Probability that the 3rd coin toss is a tail
p H4 = Probability that the 4th coin toss is a head
p T5 = Probability that the 5th coin toss is a tail
Since Events p T1 , p H2 , p T3 , p H4 , and p T5 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's coin toss) therefore the probability that the
outcome HTHTH is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pB = p T1 · p H2 · p T3 · p H4 · p T5
T 1 1
(T + H) (1 + 1) 2
H 1 1
(H + T) (1 + 1) 2
T 1 1
(T + H) (1 + 1) 2
H 1 1
(H + T) (1 + 1) 2
T 1 1
(T + H) (1 + 1) 2
expectation.
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Case 2 : THTHT
pB = p T1 · p H2 · p T3 · p H4 · p T5
1 1 1 1 1
= · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pB =
32
expectation.
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Since Events p A , and p B are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that in 5 tosses of a coin she gets either HTHTH or THTHT is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p(W) = pA + pB
1 1
= +
32 32
2
=
32
1
p(W) =
16
expectation.
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Recall : Expectation = p(W) · money
wherein : p(W) = Probability of Winning
Solving for the value of Expection using the equation above yields to:
1
Expectation = · $3.20
16
Answer : Expectation = $0.20 or 20c
27.40 Problem : In a plane crash it was reported that three persons out of the total of twenty passengers were injured. Three newspapermen were in this plane.
What is the probability that the three reported injured were the newspapermen?
Solution 1 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Let : p = Probability that both tickets are the losing ones

p1 = Probability that the 1st newspaperman was injured
p2 = Probability that the 2nd newspaperman was injured
p3 = Probability that the 3rd newspaperman was injured
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since all newspapermen were injured after the
plane crash) therefore the probability that the three reported injured were the newspaperment is to obtain the product of their probabilities
which yields to:
p = p1 · p2 · p3
Total No. of Newspapermen 3

p1 = = (There are 3 newspapermen available .)
Total No. of Passengers 20
Total No. of Newspapermen 2 (There are now only 2 newspapermen available thus the probability gets
p2 = =
Total No. of Passengers 19 lower .)
Total No. of Newspapermen 1
p3 = = (There is now only 1 newspaperman left .)
Total No. of Passengers 18
3 2 1
p = · ·
20 19 18
1
Answer : p =
1,140
Solution 2 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Let : n = No. of newspapermen reported injured = 3

m = No. of diff. passengers = 20
r = No. of newspapermen in a plane crash = 3
No. of selections of 3 out of 3 newspapermen nCr 3C3

p = = =
No. of selections of 3 out of 20 passengers mCr 20C3
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
3! 20!
3C3 = 20C3 =
3! · (3 - 3)! 3! · (20 - 3)!
3! 20!
= =
3! · (0)! 3! · (17)!
3! 20 · 19 · 18 · 17!
= 0! = 1 =
3! · 1 3! · 17!
3! 20 · 19 · 18
= =
3! 3!
3C3 = 1 20 · 19 · 18
=
3·2·1
6,840
=
6
20C3 = 1,140
3C3 1 1
Answer : p =
20C3
; p =
1,140 ; p =
1,140
Solution 3 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Case 1 : No newspapermen were injured
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that the three reported injured were the newspapermen
q1 = Probability that the 1st newspaperman was not injured
q2 = Probability that the 2nd newspaperman was not injured
q3 = Probability that the 3rd newspaperman was not injured
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and q 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each newspaperman counts that eventually
decreases the number of passengers) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
Total No. of Uninjured Passengers 17 (There are 17 uninjured passengers out of total of 20 available
q1 = =
Total No. of Passengers Available 20 passengers )
Total No. of Uninjured Passengers 16 (There are now only 16 uninjured passengers out of 19 available
q2 = =
Total No. of Uninjured Passengers 15 5 (There are now only 15 uninjured passengers out of 18 available
q3 = = =
Total No. of Passengers Available 18 6 passengers )
17 16 5 1,360 34
qA = · · = ; qA =
20 19 6 2,280 57
Solution 3 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Case 2 : Only the first newspaperman was injured
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events p 1 , q 4 , and q 5 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each newspaperman counts that eventually
qB = p1 · q4 · q5
Total No. of Injured Passengers 3 (There are 3 injured passengers out of total of 20 available
p1 = =
Total No. of Uninjured Passengers 17
q4 = = (There are 17 uninjured passengers out of 19 available passengers )
Total No. of Passengers Available 19
q5 = = =
3 17 8 408 34
qB = · · = ; qB =
20 19 9 3,420 285
Solution 3 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Case 3 : Only the second newspaperman was injured
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q 6 , p 2 , and q 7 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each newspaperman counts that eventually
qC = q6 · p2 · q7
q6 = =
Total No. of Injured Passengers 3
p2 = = (There are 3 injured passengers out of 19 available passengers )
q7 = = =
17 3 8 384 34
qC = · · = ; qC =
20 19 9 3,420 285
Solution 3 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Case 4 : Only the third newspaperman was injured
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q 8 , q 9 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each newspaperman counts that eventually
qD = q8 · q9 · p3
q8 = =
Total No. of Uninjured Passengers 16 (There are now only 16 uninjured passengers out of 19 available
q9 = =
Total No. of Injured Passengers 3 1
p3 = = = (There are 3 uninjured passengers out of 18 available passengers )
Total No. of Passengers Available 18 6
17 16 1 272 34
qD = · · = ; qD =
20 19 6 2,280 285
Solution 3 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Case 5 : Both the first and second newspaperman were injured
Recall : p +q =1
q 10 = Probability that the 3rd newspaperman was not injured
Since Events p 4 , p 5 , and q 10 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each newspaperman counts that eventually
qE = p4 · p5 · q 10
Total No. of Injured Passengers 3 (There are 3 injured passengers out of total of 20 available
q8 = =
Total No. of Injured Passengers 2 (There are now only 2 injured passengers out of 19 available
q9 = =
p3 = = (There are 17 uninjured passengers out of 18 available passengers )
3 2 17 102 17
qE = · · = ; qE =
20 19 18 6,840 1,140
Solution 3 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Case 6 : Both the second and third newspaperman were injured
Recall : p +q =1
q 11 = Probability that the 1st newspaperman was not injured
Since Events q 11 , p 6 , and p 7 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each newspaperman counts that eventually
qF = q 11 · p6 · p7
q 11 = =
Total No. of Injured Passengers 3
p6 = = (There are 3 injured passengers out of 19 available passengers )
Total No. of Injured Passengers 2 1 (There are now only 2 injured passengers out of 18 available
p7 = = =
17 3 1 51 17
qF = · · = ; qF =
20 19 9 3,420 1,140
Solution 3 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Case 7 : Both the first and third newspaperman were injured
Recall : p +q =1
q 12 = Probability that the 2nd newspaperman was not injured
Since Events p 8 , q 12 , and p 9 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each newspaperman counts that eventually
qG = p8 · q 12 · p9
Total No. of Injured Passengers 3 (There are 17 uninjured passengers out of total of 20 available
p8 = =
q 12 = = (There are 3 injured passengers out of 19 available passengers )
Total No. of Injured Passengers 2 1 (There are now only 2 injured passengers out of 18 available
p9 = = =
3 17 1 51 17
qG = · · = ; qG =
20 19 9 3,420 1,140
Solution 3 :
Event : Plane Crash

Thing : Passengers
Ways : Newspapermen
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q G are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no injured passengers is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG
34 34 34 34 17 17 17
= + + + + + +
57 285 285 285 1,140 1,140 1,140
1,139
q =
1,140
1,139
p + q = 1 ; p +
1,140
= 1
1,139
p = 1 -
1,140
1
Answer : p =
1,140
27.41 Problem : A committee of three is to be chosen from a group consisting of 5 men and 4 women. If the selection is made at random, find the probability
that (a) all three are women, (b) two are men.
Solution 1 :
Event : Selection of a committee

Thing : Men and Women
Ways : Men and Women
(a) all three are women
Let : p = Probability that all three are women

p1 = Probability that a woman is chosen
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
probability that all three are women is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 · p2 · p3
W 4 4
p1 = = = (There are 4 available women out of the 9 random people to be chosen )
(W + M) (4 + 5) 9
W 3 3
p2 = = = (There are now only 3 available women out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(W + M) (3 + 5) 8
W 2 2
(W + M) (2 + 5) 7
4 3 2
p = · ·
9 8 7
24
=
504
1
Answer : p =
21
Solution 1 :

(b) two are men
Case 1 : Man - Man - Woman
Let : p = Probability that two are men

p1 = Probability that a man is chosen
q1 = Probability that a woman is chosen
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and q 1 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
probability that two men and one woman is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · p2 · q1
M 5 5
p1 = = = (There are 5 available men out of the 9 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (5 + 4) 9
M 4 4 1
p2 = = = = (There are now only 4 available men out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (4 + 4) 8 2
W 4 4
q1 = = = (There are 4 available women out of the 7 random people to be chosen )
(W + M) (4 + 3) 7
Solution 1 :

(b) two are men
5 1 4
pA = · ·
9 2 7
20
=
126
10
pA =
63
Solution 1 :

(b) two are men
Case 2 : Man - Woman - Man

Since Events p 3 , q 2 , and q 4 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
pB = p3 · q2 · p4
M 5 5
(M + W) (5 + 4) 9
W 4 4 1
q2 = = = = (There are 4 available women out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(W + M) (4 + 4) 8 2
M 4 4
p4 = = = (There are now only 4 available men out of the 7 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (3 + 4) 7
Solution 1 :

(b) two are men
5 1 4
pB = · ·
9 2 7
20
=
126
10
pB =
63
Solution 1 :

(b) two are men
Case 3 : Woman - Man - Man

Since Events q 3 , p 5 , and p 6 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
pB = q3 · p5 · p6
W 4 4
(W + M) (4 + 5) 9
M 5 5
(M + W) (3 + 5) 8
M 4 4
(M + W) (3 + 4) 7
Solution 1 :

(b) two are men
4 5 4
pC = · ·
9 8 7
80
=
504
10
pC =
63
Solution 1 :

(b) two are men
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that two are men is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = p1 + p2 + p3
10 10 10
= + +
63 63 63
30
=
63
10
Answer : p =
21
Solution 2 :

Let : n = No. of women available = 4

m = No. of total random persons available = 9
r = No. of women to be chosen = 3
No. of selections of 3 out of 4 women nCr 4C3

p = = =
No. of selections of 3 out of 9 random people mCr 9C3
Solution 2 :

n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 9!
4C3 = 9C3 =
3! · (4 - 3)! 3! · (9 - 3)!
4! 9!
= =
3! · (1)! 3! · (6)!
4 · 3! 9 · 8 · 7 · 6!
= =
3! · 1! 3! · 6!
4 9·8·7
= =
1 3!
4C3 = 4 9·8·7
=
3·2·1
504
=
6
9C3 = 84
4C3
p =
9C3
4
=
84
1
Answer : p =
21
Solution 2 :

(b) two are men
Let : n1 = No. of men available = 5

n2 = No. of women available = 4
m = No. of total random persons available = 9
r1 = No. of men to be chosen = 2
r2 = No. of women to be chosen = 1
(No. of selections of 2 out of 5 men) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 4 women)

p =
No. of selections of 3 out of 9 random people
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
5C2 · 4C1
p =
9C3
Solution 2 :

(b) two are men
n1! n2! m!
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r! · (m - r)!
5! 4! 9!
5C2 = 4C1 = 9C3 =
2! · (5 - 2)! 1! · (4 - 1)! 3! · (9 - 3)!
5! 4! 9!
= = =
2! · (3)! 1! · (3)! 3! · (6)!
5 · 4 · 3! 4 · 3! 9 · 8 · 7 · 6!
= = =
2! · 3! 1! · 3! 3! · 6!
5·4 4 9·8·7
= = =
2! 1 3!
= 5·4 4C1 = 4 9·8·7
=
2·1 3·2·1
20 504
= =
2 6
5C2 = 10 9C3 = 84
10 · 4
p =
84
40
=
84
10
Answer : p =
21
Solution 3 :

Case 1 : Man - Man - Man
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that all three are women q 1 = Probability that a man is chosen
q A = Probability of Case No. 1 q 2 = Probability that a man is chosen
q 3 = Probability that a man is chosen
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and q 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
probability of Case No. 1 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
M 5 5
q1 = = = (There are 5 available men out of the 9 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (5 + 4) 9
M 4 4 1
q2 = = = = (There are now only 4 available men out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (4 + 4) 8 2
M 3 3
q3 = = = (There are now only 3 available men out of the 7 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (3 + 4) 7
5 1 3 15 5
qA = · · = ; qA =
9 2 7 126 42
Solution 3 :

Case 2 : Man - Man - Woman
Recall : p +q =1
q B = Probability of Case No. 2 q 5 = Probability that a man is chosen
p 1 = Probability that a woman is chosen
Since Events q 4 , q 5 , and p 1 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
qB = q4 · q5 · p1
M 5 5
(M + W) (5 + 4) 9
M 4 4 1
q5 = = = = (There are now only 4 available men out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (4 + 4) 8 2
W 4 4
(W + M) (4 + 3) 7
5 1 4 20 10
qB = · · = ; qB =
9 2 7 126 63
Solution 3 :

Case 3 : Man - Woman - Man
Recall : p +q =1
q C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 2 = Probability that a woman is chosen
Since Events q 6 , p 2 , and q 7 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
qC = q4 · q5 · p1
M 5 5
(M + W) (5 + 4) 9
W 4 4 1
p2 = = = = (There are 4 available women out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(W + M) (4 + 4) 8 2
M 4 4
(M + W) (4 + 3) 7
5 1 4 20 10
qC = · · = ; qC =
9 2 7 126 63
Solution 3 :

Case 4 : Woman - Man - Man
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that all three are women p 3 = Probability that a woman is chosen
q D = Probability of Case No. 4 q 8 = Probability that a man is chosen
qD = p3 · q8 · p9
W 4 4
(W + M) (4 + 5) 9
M 5 5
(M + W) (5 + 3) 8
M 4 4
(M + W) (4 + 3) 7
4 5 4 80 10
qD = · · = ; qD =
9 8 7 504 63
Solution 3 :

Case 5 : Woman - Woman - Man
Recall : p +q =1
q E = Probability of Case No. 5 p 5 = Probability that a woman is chosen
Since Events p 4 , p 5 , and q 10 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
qE = p4 · p5 · q 10
W 4 4
(W + M) (4 + 5) 9
W 3 3
(W + M) (3 + 5) 8
M 5 5
q 10 = = = (There are 5 available men out of the 7 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (2 + 5) 7
4 3 5 60 5
qE = · · = ; qE =
9 8 7 504 42
Solution 3 :

Case 6 : Woman - Man - Woman
Recall : p +q =1
q F = Probability of Case No. 6 q 11 = Probability that a man is chosen
qF = p6 · q 11 · p7
W 4 4
(W + M) (4 + 5) 9
M 5 5
q 11 = = = (There are 5 available men out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (3 + 5) 8
W 3 3
(W + M) (3 + 4) 7
4 5 3 60 5
qF = · · = ; qF =
9 8 7 504 42
Solution 3 :

Case 7 : Man - Woman - Woman
Recall : p +q =1
q G = Probability of Case No. 7 p 8 = Probability that a woman is chosen
qF = p6 · q 11 · p7
M 5 5
q 12 = = =
(M + W) (4 + 5) 9
W 4 4 1
p8 = = = =
(W + M) (4 + 4) 8 2
W 3 3
p9 = = =
(W + M) (3 + 4) 7
4 5 3 60 5
qG = · · = ; qG =
9 8 7 504 42
Solution 3 :

Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q G are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that no all three are women is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG
5 10 10 10 5 5 5
= + + + + + +
42 63 63 63 42 42 42
20
q =
21
20
p + q = 1 ; p +
21
= 1
20
p = 1 -
21
1
Answer : p =
21
Solution 3 :

(b) two are men
Case 1 : Man - Man - Man
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that two are men p 1 = Probability that a man is chosen
q A = Probability of Case No. 1 p 2 = Probability that a man is chosen
p 3 = Probability that a man is chosen
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
qA = p1 · p2 · p3
M 5 5
(M + W) (5 + 4) 9
M 4 4 1
p2 = = = = (There are now only 4 available men out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(M + W) (4 + 4) 8 2
M 3 3
(M + W) (3 + 4) 7
5 1 3 15 5
qA = · · = ; qA =
9 2 7 126 42
Solution 3 :

(b) two are men
Case 2 : Woman - Woman - Man
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that two are men q 1 = Probability that a woman is chosen
q B = Probability of Case No. 2 q 2 = Probability that a woman is chosen
p 4 = Probability that a man is chosen
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and p 4 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
qB = q1 · q2 · p4
W 4 4
(W + M) (5 + 4) 9
W 3 3
q2 = = = (There are now only 3 available women out of the 8 random people to be chosen )
(W + M) (5 + 3) 8
M 5 5
(M + W) (5 + 2) 7
4 3 5 60 5
qB = · · = ; qB =
9 8 7 504 42
Solution 3 :

(b) two are men
Case 3 : Woman - Man - Woman
Recall : p +q =1
q C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 5 = Probability that a man is chosen
q 4 = Probability that a woman is chosen
Since Events q 3 , p 5 , and q 4 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
qC = q3 · p5 · q4
W 4 4
(W + M) (5 + 4) 9
M 5 5
(M + W) (5 + 3) 8
W 3 3
(W + M) (4 + 3) 7
4 5 3 60 5
qC = · · = ; qC =
9 8 7 504 42
Solution 3 :

(b) two are men
Case 4 : Man - Woman - Woman
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that two are men p 6 = Probability that a man is chosen
q D = Probability of Case No. 4 q 5 = Probability that a woman is chosen
qD = p6 · q5 · q6
W 4 4
(W + M) (5 + 4) 9
M 5 5
(M + W) (5 + 3) 8
W 3 3
(W + M) (4 + 3) 7
4 5 3 60 5
qD = · · = ; qD =
9 8 7 504 42
Solution 3 :

(b) two are men
Case 5 : Woman - Woman - Woman
Recall : p +q =1
q E = Probability of Case No. 5 q 8 = Probability that a woman is chosen
Since Events q 7 , q 8 , and q 9 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes of choosing random people), therefore the
qE = q7 · q8 · q9
W 4 4
(W + M) (5 + 4) 9
W 3 3
(W + M) (5 + 3) 8
W 2 2
(W + M) (5 + 2) 7
4 3 2 24 1
qE = · · = ; qE =
9 8 7 504 21
Solution 3 :

(b) two are men
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q E are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that no two are men is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE
5 5 5 5 1
= + + + +
42 42 42 42 21
11
q =
21
11
p + q = 1 ; p +
21
= 1
11
p = 1 -
21
10
Answer : p =
21
27.42 Problem : Six persons seat themselves at a round table. What is the probability that two given persons are adjacent?
Solution :
Event : Sitting at a round table

Thing : Seats
Ways : Persons
Recall : P = (n - 1)! (Formula to obtain the total number of arrangements of people sitting in a round table )
Let : P = Total number of permutations of people sitting at a round table

p = Probability that two given persons are adjacent
n = Number of persons that will seat themselves at a round table = 6
Since two given persons are adjacent while the remaining four persons can sit anywhere, therefore the probability that two given persons are
adjacent is to multiply the number of arrangements of two adjacent persons (2)! to the number of the arrangements of the other four persons
(4)! and finally divide the product to the total number of permutations of six persons that seat themselves at a round table that yields to:
P = (6 - 1)! (2)! · (4)!

p =
= (5)! P
;
= 5·4·3·2·1 (2)! · (4)!
=
P = 120 120
(2 · 1) · (4 · 3 · 2 · 1)
=
120
(2) · (24)
=
120
48
=
120
2
Answer : p =
5
27.43 Problem : A and B alternately toss a coin. The first one to turn up a head wins. If no more than five tosses each are allowed for a single game, find the
probability that the person who tosses first will win the game. What are the odds against A's losing if she goes first?
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : A and B
Ways : Heads
Case 1 : A wins (Heads)
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the person who tosses first will win the game
p A = Probability of Case No. 1
p 1 = Probability that the 1st coin toss is a head
pA = p1
H
p1 =
(H + T)
1
p1 = (Since there is only 1 out of 2 outcomes to occur, which is either heads or tails )
2
1
pA =
2
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : A and B
Ways : Heads
Case 2 : A got Tails then B got Tails and A got Heads
Let : p = Probability that the person who tosses first will win the game q 1 = Probability that the 1st coin toss is a tail
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 q 2 = Probability that the 2nd coin toss is a tail
p 2 = Probability that the 3rd coin toss is a head
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and p 2 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes), therefore the probability of Case No. 2 is to
pB = q1 · q2 · p2
1
q1 = (Since there is only 1 out of 2 outcomes to occur, which is either heads or tails )
2
1
2
1
2
1 1 1
pB = · ·
2 2 2
1
pB =
8
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : A and B
Ways : Heads
Case 3 : A got Tails, B got Tails, A got Tails again, B got Tails again, and finally A got Heads
Let : p = Probability that the person who tosses first will win the game
q3 = Probability that the 1st coin toss is a tail
q4 = Probability that the 2nd coin toss is a tail
q5 = Probability that the 3rd coin toss is a tail
q6 = Probability that the 4th coin toss is a tail
p3 = Probability that the 5th coin toss is a head
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : A and B
Ways : Heads
Case 3 : A got Tails, B got Tails, A got Tails again, B got Tails again, and finally A got Heads
Since Events q 3 , q 4 , q 5 , q 6 , and p 3 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes), therefore the probability of Case
No. 3 is obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pC = q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · p3
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1 1 1 1
pC = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pC =
32
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : A and B
Ways : Heads
Type : Mutually Exclusive Event
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that two are men is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC
1 1 1
p = + +
2 8 32
21
Answer : p =
32
Also, the odds against A's losing if she goes first is expressed as:
A wins
Odds =
B wins
B wins = Total - A wins
= 32 - 21
B wins = 11
21
Answer : Odds =
11
27.44 Problem : Six red blocks and 4 white blocks are placed at random in a row. Find the probability that the two blocks in the middle are of the same order.
Solution 1 :
Event : Block Placement

Thing : Red and White Blocks
Ways : Red and White Blocks
Case 1 : W-W-W-W-R-R-R-R-R-R
Let : p = Probability that the two blocks in the middle are of the same order
p1 = The 5th block is a red one
p2 = The 6th block is also a red one
Since both Events p 1 , and p 2 are dependent events (events that do affect each other's outcomes), therefore the probability of Case No. 1 is to
pA = p1 · p2
6 3
p1 = = (There are 6 red blocks out of a total number of 10 blocks )
10 5
5
p2 = (There are now only 5 red blocks out of a number of 9 blocks )
9
3 5
pA = ·
5 9
3
=
9
1
pA =
3
Solution 1 :

Case 2 : R-R-R-R-W-W-W-W-R-R
Let : p = Probability that the two blocks in the middle are of the same order
p3 = The 5th block is a white one
p4 = The 6th block is also a white one
Since both Events p 3 , and p 4 are dependent events (events that do affect each other's outcomes), therefore the probability of Case No. 2 is to
pB = p3 · p4
4 2
p3 = = (There are 4 white blocks out of a total number of 10 blocks )
10 5
3 1
p4 = = (There are now only 3 white blocks out of a number of 9 blocks )
9 3
2 1
pB = ·
5 3
2
pB =
15
Solution 1 :

therefore the probability that the two blocks in the middle are of the same order is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = pA + pB
1 2
p = +
3 15
7
Answer : p =
15
Solution 2 :

Let : n1 = No. of red blocks available = 6

m = No. of total blocks to be placed randomly = 10
r1 = No. of red blocks to choose be in the middle = 2
No. of arrangements of 2 out of 6 red blocks n1Pr1 6P 2

pA = = =
No. of arrangements of 2 out of 10 blocks available mPr1 10P2
Solution 2 :

n1! m!
n1Pr1 = mPr1 =
(n1 - r1)! (m - r1)!
6! 10!
4P 2 = 10P2 =
(6 - 2)! (10 - 2)!
6! 10!
= =
(4)! (8)!
6 · 5 · 4! 10 · 9 · 8!
= =
4! 8!
= 6·5 = 10 · 9
P
4 2 = 30 P
10 2 = 90
6P 2
pA =
10P2
30
=
90
1
pA =
3
Solution 2 :

Case 2 : R-R-W-W-W-W-R-R-R-R
Let : n2 = No. of white blocks available = 4

m = No. of total blocks to be placed randomly = 10
r2 = No. of white blocks to choose be in the middle = 2
No. of arrangements of 2 out of 6 red blocks n2Pr2 4P 2

pB = = =
No. of arrangements of 2 out of 10 blocks available mPr2 10P2
Solution 2 :

Case 2 : R-R-W-W-W-W-R-R-R-R
n2! m!
n2Pr2 = mPr2 =
(n2 - r2)! (m - r2)!
4! 10!
4P 2 = 10P2 =
(4 - 2)! (10 - 2)!
4! 10!
= =
(2)! (8)!
4 · 3 · 2! 10 · 9 · 8!
= =
2! 8!
= 4·3 = 10 · 9
P
4 2 = 12 P
10 2 = 90
4P 2
pB =
10P2
12
=
90
2
pB =
15
Solution 2 :

therefore the probability that the two blocks in the middle are of the same order is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = pA + pB
1 2
p = +
3 15
7
Answer : p =
15
27.45 Problem : In 8 tosses of a coin determine the probability of (a) exactly 4 heads, (b) at least 2 tails, (c) at most 5 heads, (d) exactly 3 tails.
Solution : This problem can be solved by obtaining all the possible arrangements and then getting the sum of the probabilities of all the arrangements
gathered .
Obtaining all the possible arrangements is quite troublesome and whenever someone will solve this type of problem, the most convenient is
to use the formula of Conditional Probability .
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Ways : Heads and Tails
(a) exactly 4 heads
p +q =1
Recall :
Let : p = Probability of getting a heads

q = Probability of getting a tails
P = Probability of getting exactly 4 heads
n = Number of total tosses of a coin
r = Number of getting a heads
n = 8 (Since there are 8 tosses )

1
p = (It is already known that the probability of getting a heads )
2
1
q = (The probability that a certain toss is a tails and also refer to the formula above )
2
4 (8 - 4)
1 1
P = 8C4 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
35
Answer : P =
128
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
(b) at least 2 tails
Case 1 : Exactly 2 tails
p1 +q1 =1
Recall :
P A = n1 Cr1 ·p r1 ·q (n1-r1)
Let : p1 = Probability of getting a tails

q1 = Probability of getting a heads
PA = Probability of getting exactly 2 tails
n1 = Number of total tosses of a coin
r1 = Number of getting a tails
n1 = 8 (Since there are 8 tosses )

r1 = 2 (Since the desired outcome must be 2 tails )
1
p1 = (It is already known that the probability of getting a tails )
2
1
q1 = (The probability that a certain toss is a heads and also refer to the formula above )
2
2 (8 - 2)
1 1
PA = 8C2 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
7
PA =
64
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p2 +q2 =1
Recall :
P B = n2 Cr2 ·p r2 ·q (n2-r2)

PB = Probability of getting exactly 3 tails

1
2
1
2
3 (8 - 3)
1 1
PB = 8C3 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
7
PB =
32
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p3 +q3=1
Recall :
P C = n3 Cr3 ·p r3 ·q (n3-r3)

PC = Probability of getting exactly 3 tails

1
2
1
2
4 (8 - 4)
1 1
PC = 8C4 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
35
PC =
128
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p4 +q4=1
Recall :
P D = n4 Cr4 ·p r4 ·q (n4-r4)

PD = Probability of getting exactly 3 tails

1
2
1
2
5 (8 - 5)
1 1
PD = 8C5 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
7
PD =
32
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p5 +q5=1
Recall :
P E = n5 Cr5 ·p r5 ·q (n5-r5)

PE = Probability of getting exactly 3 tails

1
2
1
2
6 (8 - 6)
1 1
PE = 8C6 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
7
PE =
64
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p6 +q6=1
Recall :
P F = n6 Cr6 ·p r6 ·q (n6-r6)

PF = Probability of getting exactly 3 tails

1
2
1
2
7 (8 - 7)
1 1
PF = 8C7 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
1
PF =
32
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p7 +q7=1
Recall :
P G = n7 Cr7 ·p r7 ·q (n7-r7)

PG = Probability of getting exactly 3 tails

1
2
1
2
8 (8 - 8)
1 1
PG = 8C8 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
1
PG =
256
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p G are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability of getting at least 2 tails is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
P = PA + PB + PC + PD + PE + PF + PG
7 7 35 7 7 1 1
P = + + + + + +
64 32 128 32 64 32 256
247
Answer : P =
256
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
(c) at most 5 heads
Case 1 : Exactly 0 heads
p1 +q1 =1
Recall :
P A = n1 Cr1 ·p r1 ·q (n1-r1)
Let : p1 = Probability of getting a heads

q1 = Probability of getting a tails
PA = Probability of getting exactly 0 heads
r1 = Number of getting a heads

r1 = 0 (Since the desired outcome must be 0 heads )
1
p1 = (It is already known that the probability of getting a heads )
2
1
q1 = (The probability that a certain toss is a tails and also refer to the formula above )
2
0 (8 - 0)
1 1
PA = 8C0 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
1
PA =
256
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
(c) at most 5 heads
p2 +q2 =1
Recall :
P B = n2 Cr2 ·p r2 ·q (n2-r2)

PB = Probability of getting exactly 1 heads

1
2
1
2
1 (8 - 1)
1 1
PB = 8C1 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
1
PB =
32
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
(c) at most 5 heads
p3 +q3 =1
Recall :
P C = n3 Cr3 ·p r3 ·q (n3-r3)

PC = Probability of getting exactly 2 heads

1
2
1
2
2 (8 - 2)
1 1
PC = 8C2 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
7
PC =
64
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
(c) at most 5 heads
p4 +q4 =1
Recall :
P D = n4 Cr4 ·p r4 ·q (n4-r4)

PD = Probability of getting exactly 3 heads

1
2
1
2
3 (8 - 3)
1 1
PD = 8C3 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
7
PD =
32
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
(c) at most 5 heads
p5 +q5 =1
Recall :
P E = n5 Cr5 ·p r5 ·q (n5-r5)

PE = Probability of getting exactly 4 heads

1
2
1
2
4 (8 - 4)
1 1
PE = 8C4 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
35
PE =
128
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
(c) at most 5 heads
p6 +q6 =1
Recall :
P F = n6 Cr6 ·p r6 ·q (n6-r6)

PF = Probability of getting exactly 4 heads

1
2
1
2
5 (8 - 5)
1 1
PF = 8C5 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
7
PF =
32
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p F are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability of getting at most 5 heads is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
P = PA + PB + PC + PD + PE + PF
1 1 7 7 35 7
P = + + + + +
256 32 64 32 128 32
219
Answer : P =
256
Solution :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
(d) exactly 3 tails
p +q =1
Recall :
Let : p = Probability of getting a tails

q = Probability of getting a heads
P = Probability of getting exactly 3 tails
r = Number of getting a tails

r = 3 (Since the desired outcome must be 3 tails )
1
p = (It is already known that the probability of getting a tails )
2
1
q = (The probability that a certain toss is a heads and also refer to the formula above )
2
3 (8 - 3)
1 1
P = 8C3 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
7
Answer : P =
32
27.46 Problem : In 2 throws with a pair of dice determine the probability of getting (a) an 11 exactly once, (b) a 10 twice.
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
(a) an 11 exactly once
Let : p a = Probability of Case No. 1

p 1 = Probability that the 1st die is 5
p 2 = Probability that the 2nd die is 6
therefore the probability that the total is 11 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pa = p1 · p2
Die 1 Face is No. 5 Die 2 Face is No. 6

pa = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
1 Total No. of Faces of Die 2 )
2
Die 1 Face is No. 5 1 (Since there is only one '5'

p1 = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) 1
=
6 out of 6 faces of Die 1 )
=
1 1
pa = ·
6 6
1
pa =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Let : p b = Probability of Case No. 2

pb = p3 · p4

pb = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
2

=
=
1 1
pb = ·
6 6
1
pb =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Let : p = Probability of throwing a total of 11

p a = Probability of Case No. 1
p b = Probability of Case No. 2
Since Events p a , and p b are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total is 11 is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pa + pb
1 1
= +
36 36
2
=
36
1
p =
18
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Case 1 : 1st throw is 11 while 2nd throw is not 11
Recall : p +q = 1
Let : P A = Probability of Case No. 1

p T1 = Probability of throwing a total of 11 on the 1st throw
q T2 = Probability of throwing not totaling of 11 on the 2nd throw
Since both Events p T1 and q T1 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
P A = p T1 · q T2
1 17
= · (Refer to 27.46 - Pt. 3 Sol. 1 and then apply the formula p + q = 1 as shown above to calculate for the value of q T2 )
18 18
17
PA =
324
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Case 2 : 1st throw is not 11 while 2nd throw is 11
Recall : p +q = 1
Let : P B = Probability of Case No. 2

q T1 = Probability of throwing not totaling of 11 on the 1st throw
p T2 = Probability of throwing a total of 11 on the 2nd throw
Since both Events q T1 and p T2 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
P B = p T1 · q T2
17 1
= · (Refer to 27.46 - Pt. 3 Sol. 1 and then apply the formula p + q = 1 as shown above to calculate for the value of q T1 )
18 18
17
PB =
324
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Let : P = Probability of throwing a total of 11

P A = Probability of Case No. 1
P B = Probability of Case No. 2
Since Events P A and P B are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total is 11 once in 2 throws is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
P = PA + PB
17 17
= +
324 324
34
=
324
17
Answer : P =
162
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
(b) a 10 twice

pa = p1 · p2

pa = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
2

=
=
1 1
pa = ·
6 6
1
pa =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
(b) a 10 twice

pb = p3 · p4

pb = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
2

=
=
1 1
pb = ·
6 6
1
pb =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
(b) a 10 twice
Let : p c = Probability of Case No. 3

pc = p5 · p6

pc = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
2

=
=
1 1
pc = ·
6 6
1
pc =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
(b) a 10 twice
Let : p = Probability of throwing a total of 10

pa = Probability of Case No. 1
pb = Probability of Case No. 2
pc = Probability of Case No. 3
Since Events p a , p b , and p c are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total is 10 is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pa + pb + pc
1 1 1
= + +
36 36 36
3
=
36
1
p =
12
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
(b) a 10 twice
Let : P = Probability of (b)

p T1 = Probability of throwing a total of 10 on the 1st throw
p T2 = Probability of throwing a total of 10 on the 2nd throw
Since both Events p T1 and p T2 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
P = p T1 · p T2
1 1
= · (Refer to 27.46 - Pt. 10 Sol. 1 )
12 12
1
Answer : P =
144
Solution 2 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
p +q =1
Recall :
Let : p = Probability of getting a total of 11

q = Probability of not getting a total of 11
P = Probability of getting an 11 exactly once
n = Number of total tosses with a pair of dice
r = Number of getting a total of 11

r = 1 (Since the desired outcome must be 1 toss having a total of 11 )
2 1
p = = (There are 2 possible pairs having a total of 11, which are 5 & 6 and 6 & 5. Refer to Sol. 1 of this problem )
36 18
17
q = (Use the formula p + q = 1 in order to determine the value of q )
18
2 (2 - 1)
1 17
P = 2C1 · ( 18 ) · ( 18 )
17
Answer : P =
162
Solution 2 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
(b) a 10 twice
p +q =1
Recall :

P = Probability of getting an 10 twice
n = Number of total tosses with a pair of dice

r = 2 (Since the desired outcome must be 2 tosses having a total of 10 )
3 1 (There are 3 possible pairs having a total of 10, which are 4 & 6, 5 & 5, and 6 & 4. Refer to Sol. 1 of this
p = =
36 12 problem )
11
18
2 (2 - 2)
1 11
P = 2C2 · ( 12 ) · ( 12 )
1
Answer : P =
144
27.47 Problem : What is the probability of getting at least one 11 in 3 throws with a pair of dice?
Solution 1 :
Event : Dice Throwing

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice

pa = p1 · p2
1st die No. 5 2nd die is No. 6

pa = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2
1st die No. 5 1 (Since there is only one '5'

=
2nd die is No. 6 1 (Since there is only one '6'
=
1 1
pa = ·
6 6
1
pa =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice

pb = p3 · p4
1st die is No. 6 2nd die is No. 5

pb = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2
1st die is No. 6 1 (Since there is only one '5'

=
2nd die is No. 5 1 (Since there is only one '6'
=
1 1
pb = ·
6 6
1
pb =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Since both Events p a and p b are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total is 11 in a single throw is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pa + pb
1 1
= +
36 36
2
=
36
1
p =
18
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
2nd die
11
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
1 die
3
st
4
5 
6 
Let : p = Probability of throwing a total of 8 or 11 in a single throw with two dice

p 1 = Probability that the 1st die is 5 and the 2nd die is 6 = 1 of 36 (Look for the table above for reference )
p 2 = Probability that the 1st die is 6 and the 2nd die is 5 = 1 of 36 (Look for the table above for reference )
Since both Events p a and p b are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total is 11 in a single throw is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pa + pb
1 1
= +
36 36
2
=
36
1
p =
18
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 1 : 1st throw is 11 then 2nd throw is not 11 and 3rd throw is not 11
Recall : p +q =1
Let : P = Probability of getting at least one 11 in 3 throws with a pair of dice

p1 = Probability of 1st throw getting a total of 11
q1 = Probability of 2nd throw not getting a total of 11
q2 = Probability of 3rd throw not getting a total of 11
Since p 1 , q 1 , and q 2 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each die does not affect the
result of getting an 11) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · q1 · q2
2 1
p1 = = (Refer to 27.41 Pt. 3 or 27.41 Pt. 4 for reference )
36 18
1 17
q2 = q3 = ( 1 -
18 ) =
18
1 17 17
pA = · ·
18 18 18
289
pA =
5,832
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 2 : 1st throw is not 11 then 2nd throw is 11 and 3rd throw is not 11
Recall : p +q =1

q3 = Probability of 1st throw not getting a total of 11
p2 = Probability of 2nd throw getting a total of 11
Since all q 3 , p 2 , and q 4 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each die does not affect the
pB = q3 · p2 · q4
2 1
36 18
1 17
q3 = q4 = ( 1 -
18 ) =
18
17 1 17
pB = · ·
18 18 18
289
pB =
5,832
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 3 : 1st throw is not 11 then 2nd throw is not 11 and 3rd throw is 11
Recall : p +q =1

p3 = Probability of 3rd throw getting a total of 11
Since all q 5 , q 6 , and p 3 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each die does not affect the
pC = q5 · q6 · p3
2 1
36 18
1 17
q5 = q6 = ( 1 -
18 ) =
18
17 17 1
pC = · ·
18 18 18
289
pC =
5,832
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 4 : 1st throw is 11 then 2nd throw is 11 and 3rd throw is not 11
Recall : p +q =1

Since all p 4 , p 5 , and q 7 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each die does not affect the
pD = p4 · p5 · q7
2 1
p4 = p5 = = (Refer to 27.41 Pt. 3 or 27.41 Pt. 4 for reference )
36 18
1 17
q7 = ( 1 -
18 ) =
18
1 1 17
pD = · ·
18 18 18
17
pD =
5,832
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 5 : 1st throw is 11 then 2nd throw is not 11 and 3rd throw is 11
Recall : p +q =1

Since all p 6 , q 8 , and p 7 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each die does not affect the
pE = p6 · q8 · p7
2 1
36 18
1 17
q8 = ( 1 -
18 ) =
18
1 17 1
pE = · ·
18 18 18
17
pE =
5,832
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 6 : 1st throw is not 11 then 2nd throw is 11 and 3rd throw is 11
Recall : p +q =1

Since all q 9 , p 8 , and p 9 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each die does not affect the
pF = q9 · p8 · p9
2 1
36 18
1 17
q9 = ( 1 -
18 ) =
18
17 1 1
pF = · ·
18 18 18
17
pF =
5,832
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 7 : 1st throw is 11 then 2nd throw is 11 and 3rd throw is 11
Recall : p +q =1

pG = Probability of Case No. 6
p 10 = Probability of 1st throw getting a total of 11
p 11 = Probability of 2nd throw getting a total of 11
p 12 = Probability of 3rd throw getting a total of 11
Since all q 9 , p 8 , and p 9 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each die does not affect the
pG = p 10 · p 11 · p 12
2 1
p 10 = p 11 = p 12 = = (Refer to 27.41 Pt. 3 or 27.41 Pt. 4 for reference )
36 18
1 1 1
pG = · ·
18 18 18
1
pG =
5,832
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p G are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability of getting at least one 11 in 3 throws is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE + pF + pG
289 289 289 17 17 17 1
= + + + + + +
5,832 5,832 5,832 5,832 5,832 5,832 5,832
919
Answer : p =
5,832
Solution 2 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 1 : Exactly once
p +q =1
Recall :

PA = Probability of getting an 11 exactly once
n = Number of total throws with a pair of dice
n = 3 (Since there are 3 throws )

r = 1 (Since the desired outcome must be 1 throw having a total of 11 )
2 1
36 18
17
18
1 (3 - 1)
1 17
PA = 3C1 · ( 18 ) · ( 18 )
289
PA =
1,944
Solution 2 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 2 : Exactly twice
p +q =1
Recall :

PB = Probability of getting an 11 exactly twice

r = 2 (Since the desired outcome must be 2 throws having a total of 11 )
2 1
36 18
17
18
2 (3 - 2)
1 17
PB = 3C2 · ( 18 ) · ( 18 )
17
PB =
1,944
Solution 2 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 3 : Exactly thrice
p +q =1
Recall :

PC = Probability of getting an 11 exactly twice

r = 3 (Since the desired outcome must be 3 throws having a total of 11 )
2 1
36 18
17
18
3 (3 - 3)
1 17
PC = 3C3 · ( 18 ) · ( 18 )
1
PC =
5,832
Solution 2 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Since Events p A , p B , and p C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability of getting at least one 11 in 3 throws is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
P = PA + PB + PC
289 17 1
= + +
1,944 1,944 5,832
919
Answer : P =
5,832
27.48 Problem : In ten tosses of a coin, what is the probability of getting not less than 3 heads and not more than 6 heads?
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p +q =1
Recall :

q = Probability of not getting a heads
PA = Probability of getting exactly 3 heads
r = Number of getting 3 heads

1
p = (There are a total of 2 possible outcomes namely heads and tails )
2
1
2
3 (10 - 3)
1 1
PA = 10C3 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
15
PA =
128
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p +q =1
Recall :

PB = Probability of getting exactly 4 heads

1
2
1
2
4 (10 - 4)
1 1
PB = 10C4 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
105
PB =
512
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p +q =1
Recall :

PC = Probability of getting exactly 5 heads

1
2
1
2
5 (10 - 5)
1 1
PC = 10C5 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
63
PC =
256
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
p +q =1
Recall :

PD = Probability of getting exactly 6 heads

1
2
1
2
6 (10 - 6)
1 1
PD = 10C6 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
105
PD =
512
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Toss

Thing : Coin
Since Events P A , P B , P C , and P D are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability of getting not less than 3 heads and not more than 6 heads in 10 tosses of a coin is to obtain the sum
of their probabilities which yields to:
P = pA + pB + pC + pD
15 105 63 105
= + + +
128 512 256 512
99
Answer : P =
128
27.49 Problem : The probability that an automobile will be stolen and found within one week is 0.0006. The probability that an automobile will be stolen is
0.0015. What is the probability that a stolen automobile will be found in one week?
Solution :
Event : Automobile stolen and found

Thing : Automobile
Ways : Automobile be found
P(B & A)
Recall : P(B|A) =
P(B)
Type : Conditional Probability of two events
Let : P(B|A) = Probability that an automobile will be found within one week
P(B & A) = Probability that an automobile will be stolen and found within one week
P(B) = Probability that an automobile will be stolen within one week
Found Stolen
P(B & A)
P(B|A) =
P(B)
0.0006
=
0.0015
Answer : P(B|A) = 0.4
27.50 Problem : In the Pizza Palace, 95% of the customers order pizza. If 65% of the customers who order pizza also order breadsticks, find the probability
that a customer who orders a pizza will also order breadsticks.
Solution :
Event : Ordering food

Thing : Pizza and Breadsticks
Ways : Breadsticks
P(B & A)
Recall : P(B|A) =
P(B)
Let : P(B|A) = Probability that a customer who orders a pizza will also order breadsticks
P(B & A) = Probability that a customer who order pizza also order bredsticks
P(B) = Probability that a customer orders pizza
Pizza Breadstick
P(B & A)
P(B|A) =
P(B)
65%
=
95%
Answer : P(B|A) = 68% (Rounded off )
27.51 Problem : In a large shopping mall, a marketing agency conducted a survey of 100 people about a ban on smoking in the mall. Of the 60 non-smokers
surveyed, 48 preferred a smoking ban. Of the 40 smokers surveyed, 32 preferred a smoking ban. What is the probability that a person
selected at random from the group surveyed prefers a smoking ban given that the person is a non-smoker?
Solution :
Event : Survey about smoking ban

Thing : Smokers and non-smokers
Ways : Non-smoker prefers smoking ban
P(B & A)
Recall : P(B|A) =
P(B)
Let : P(B|A) = Probability that a person selected at random from the group surveyed prefers a smoking ban being a non-smoker
P(B & A) = Probability that a person selected is a non-smoker and prefers smoking ban
P(B) = Probability that a person is a non-smoker
Non-
Smokers
smokers
for
for
smoking
smoking
ban
ban
P(B & A)
P(B|A) =
P(B)
48
=
60
27.52 Problem : In a new subdivision, 35% of the houses have a family room and a fireplace, while 70% have family rooms. What is the probability that a
house selected at random in this subdivision has a fireplace given that it has a family room?
Solution :
Event : Choosing a house at random

Thing : Fireplace and family room
Ways : Fireplace and family room
P(B & A)
Recall : P(B|A) =
P(B)
Let : P(B|A) = Probability that a house selected at random has a fireplace given it has a family room
P(B & A) = Probability that a house selected has a family room and a fireplace
P(B) = Probability that a house has a family room
Family
Fireplace
room
P(B & A)
P(B|A) =
P(B)
35%
=
70%

Schaum&#39;s College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 2

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Schaum&#39;s College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 2

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Chapter 27: Solutions to Solved Problems

Event : Random choosing of a digit

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the digit drawn is an odd

No. of odd digits available to draw randomly

Event : Random choosing of a digit

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the digit drawn is an even

No. of even digits available to draw randomly

Event : Random choosing of a digit

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the digit drawn is a multiple of 3

No. of digits to draw randomly is a multiple of 3

Event : Random choosing of a digit

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the digit drawn is an odd

No. of non-odd digits available to draw randomly

Event : Random choosing of a digit

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is even

No. of non-even digits available to draw randomly

Event : Random choosing of a digit

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is a multiple of 3

No. of non-multiple of 3 digits available to draw randomly

Event : Coin Toss

Type : Independent Events

Head Tail Head

Event : Coin Toss

Type : Independent Events

Tail Head Head

Event : Coin Toss

Type : Independent Events

Head Head Head

Event : Coin Toss

(a) three heads

Type : Independent Events

Head Head Head

Event : Coin Toss

(b) two heads and a tail

Type : Independent Events

Let : pA = Probability of Case No. 1

Coin 1 is Head Coin 2 is Head Coin 3 is Tail

Coin 1 is Head 1 (Since there is only one head

Event : Coin Toss

(b) two heads and a tail

Type : Independent Events

Let : pB = Probability of Case No. 2

Coin 1 is Tail Coin 2 is Head Coin 3 is Head

Coin 1 is Tail 1 (Since there is only one tail

Event : Coin Toss

(b) two heads and a tail

Type : Independent Events

Let : pC = Probability of Case No. 2

Coin 1 is Head Coin 2 is Tail Coin 3 is Head

Coin 1 is Head 1 (Since there is only one head

Event : Coin Toss

(b) two heads and a tail

Type : Mutually Exclusive Events

Let : p = Probability of obtaining two heads and a tail

Event : Coin Toss

(a) three heads

Type : Independent Event

Let : p = Probability that the coins result in heads

Schaum's College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 2

Schaum's College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 2