Schaum's College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 1

Chapter 27: Solutions to Solved Problems
27.1 Problem : One ball is drawn at random from a box containing 3 red balls, 2 white balls, and 4 blue balls. Determine the probability p that it is
(a) red, (b) not red, (c) white, (d) red or blue
Solution 1 :
Event : Random drawing of one ball

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(a) red
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is red
No. of red balls available to draw randomly

p =
Total No. of balls available to draw randomly
3
=
(3 + 2 + 4)
3
=
(9)
1
Answer : p =
3
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(b) not red
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is not red
No. of non-red balls available to draw randomly

p =
(2 + 4)
=
(3 + 2 + 4)
(6)
=
(9)
2
Answer : p =
3
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(c) white
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is white
No. of white balls available to draw randomly

p =
2
=
(3 + 2 + 4)
2
Answer : p =
9
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(d) red or blue
Type : Mutually Exclusive Events
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is either red or blue

p 1 = Probability that the ball drawn is red
p 2 = Probability that the ball drawn is blue
Since both Events p 1 and p 2 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the ball drawn is either red or blue is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 + p2
No. of red balls available to draw randomly No. of blue balls available to draw randomly
p = +
Total No. of balls available to draw randomly Total No. of balls available to draw randomly
3 4
= +
(3 + 2 + 4) (3 + 2 + 4)
7
Answer : p =
9
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(a) red
Recall : p +q =1
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is red

q = Probability that the ball drawn is not red
No. of non-red balls available to draw randomly

q =
(2 + 4)
=
(3 + 2 + 4)
(6)
=
(9)
2
q =
3
p + q = 1
2
p + = 1
3
2
p = 1 -
3
1
Answer : p =
3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(b) not red
Recall : p +q =1
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is not red

q = Probability that the ball drawn is red
No. of red balls available to draw randomly

q =
3
=
(3 + 2 + 4)
3
=
(9)
1
q =
3
p + q = 1
1
p + = 1
3
1
p = 1 -
3
2
Answer : p =
3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(c) white
Recall : p +q =1
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is white

q = Probability that the ball drawn is not white
No. of non-white balls available to draw randomly

q =
(3 + 4)
=
(3 + 2 + 4)
7
q =
9
p + q = 1
7
p + = 1
9
7
p = 1 -
9
2
Answer : p =
9
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(d) either red or blue
Recall : p +q =1
Type : Simple Event
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is either red or blue

q = Probability that the ball drawn is not either red or blue
No. of non-red or non-blue balls available to draw randomly

q =
2
=
(3 + 2 + 4)
2
q =
9
p + q = 1
2
p + = 1
9
2
p = 1 -
9
7
Answer : p =
9
27.2 Problem : One bag contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls; another bag contains 3 white balls and 5 black balls. If one ball is drawn from each bag,
determine the probability p that (a) both are white, (b) both are black, (c) 1 is white and 1 is black
Solution 1 :
Event : Random drawing of one ball each bag

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(a) both are white
Type : Independent Events
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn both are white

p 1 = Probability that the ball drawn from the 1st bag is white
p 2 = Probability that the ball drawn from the 2nd bag is white
Since both Events p 1 and p 2 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the balls drawn both are white is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 · p2
No. of white balls available to draw randomly No. of white balls available to draw randomly
p = ( Total No. of balls available to draw randomly ) ·(
1 Total No. of balls available to draw randomly )2
4 3
= ·
(4 + 2) (3 + 5)
4 3
= ·
(6) (8)
2 3
= ·
3 8
2
=
8
1
Answer : p =
4
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(b) both are black
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn both are black

p 1 = Probability that the ball drawn from the 1st bag is black
p 2 = Probability that the ball drawn from the 2nd bag is black
p = p1 · p2
No. of black balls available to draw randomly No. of black balls available to draw randomly
p = ( Total No. of balls available to draw randomly ) ·(
2 5
= ·
(4 + 2) (3 + 5)
2 5
= ·
(6) (8)
10
=
48
5
Answer : p =
24
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
(c) 1 is white and 1 is black
Case 1 : 1st bag drawn is white while 2nd bag is black
Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn 1 is white and 1 is black

p WB = Probability of Case No. 1 to happen
p1 = Probability that the ball drawn from the 1st bag is white
p2 = Probability that the ball drawn from the 2nd bag is black
p WB = p 1 · p 2
No. of white balls available to draw randomly No. of black balls available to draw randomly
p WB = ( Total No. of balls available to draw randomly ) ·(
4 5
= ·
(4 + 2) (3 + 5)
4 5
= ·
(6) (8)
20
=
48
5
p WB =
12
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
Case 2 : 1st bag drawn is black while 2nd bag is white

p3 = Probability that the ball drawn from the 1st bag is black
p4 = Probability that the ball drawn from the 2nd bag is white
p BW = p 3 · p 4
No. of black balls available to draw randomly No. of white balls available to draw randomly
p BW = ( Total No. of balls available to draw randomly ) ·(
2 3
= ·
(4 + 2) (3 + 5)
2 3
= ·
(6) (8)
6
=
48
1
p BW =
8
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls

Since both Events p WB and p BW are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the balls drawn 1 is white and 1 is black is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p WB + p BW
5 1
= +
12 8
10 + 3
=
24
13
Answer : p =
24
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p WW = Probability that the ball drawn both are white

p BB = Probability that the ball drawn both are black
Also : p WW = p
p BB = q
Substituting the variables p and q to the equation above yields to:
p WW + p BB = 1
( p WW + p BB = 1 )2
( p WW + p BB )2 = 12
p WW 2 + 2p WW p BB + p BB 2 = 1
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slot
Ways : Balls
Note : p WW 2 = Result of Problem 27.2 Item (a)

1
p WW 2 =
4
p BB 2 = Result of Problem 27.2 Item (b)
5
p BB 2 =
24
Substituting the values of both p WW 2 and p BB 2 that yields to:
1 5
+ 2p WW p BB + = 1
4 24
5 1
2p WW p BB = 1 - -
24 4
24 - 5 - 6
2p WW p BB =
24
13
Answer : 2p WW p BB =
24
27.3 Problem : Determine the probability of throwing a total of 8 in a single throw with two dice, each of whose faces is numbered from 1 to 6.
Solution 1 :
Event : Throwing of dice

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Case 1 : 1st die is 2 and 2nd die is 6 in order to have a total of 8
Let : p A = Probability of Case No. 1

p 1 = Probability that the 1st die is 2
p 2 = Probability that the 2nd die is 6
Since both Events p 1 and p 2 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the total is 8 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · p2
Die 1 Face is No. 2 Die 2 Face is No. 6

pA = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
1 Total No. of Faces of Die 2 )
2
Die 1 Face is No. 2 1 (Since there is only one '2'

p1 = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) 1
=
6 out of 6 faces of Die 1 )
=
1 1
pA = ·
6 6
1
pA =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Let : p B = Probability of Case No. 2

pB = p3 · p4

pB = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
2

=
=
1 1
pB = ·
6 6
1
pB =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Let : p C = Probability of Case No. 3

pC = p5 · p6

pC = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
2

=
=
1 1
pC = ·
6 6
1
pC =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Let : p D = Probability of Case No. 4

pD = p7 · p8

pD = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
2

=
=
1 1
pD = ·
6 6
1
pD =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Let : p E = Probability of Case No. 5

pE = p 9 · p 10

pE = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 1 ) ·(
2

=
p 10 = ( Total No. of Faces of Die 2 ) 2
=
1 1
pE = ·
6 6
1
pE =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Let : p = Probability of throwing a total of 8 in a single throw

pA = Probability of Case No. 1
pB = Probability of Case No. 2
pC = Probability of Case No. 3
pD = Probability of Case No. 4
pE = Probability of Case No. 5
Since Events p A , p B , p C , p D , and p E are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the total is 8 is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
36 36 36 36 36
5
Answer : p =
36
Solution 2 :

Thing : Two Dice
Ways : Dice faces
Die 2
8 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2 
3 
Die 1
4 
5 
6 
Note : Since both Die 1 and Die 2 have 6 possibilities each, therefore the total no. of possibilities is the product of each die which equals to 36 .
Let : p = Probability that the total is 8

p1 = Probability that the 1st die is 2 and the 2nd die is 6 = 1 of 36 (Look for the table above for reference )
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , p 4 , and p 5 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
p = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + p5
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
36 36 36 36 36
5
Answer : p =
36
27.4 Problem : What is the probability of getting at least 1 one in 2 throws of a die?
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Case 1 : 1st throw of a die is 1 and 2nd throw of a die is 1

p 1 = Probability that the 1st throw of a die is 1
p 2 = Probability that the 2nd throw of a die is 1
therefore the probability of getting at least 1 one in 2 throws is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · p2
1st throw of a die is No. 1 2nd throw of a die is No. 1

pA = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
Total No. of Faces of a die )
2
1st throw of a die is No. 1 1 (Since there is only one '1'

p1 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die )1
=
6 out of 6 faces of a die )
2nd throw of a die is No. 1 1 (Since there is only one '1'
=
1 1
pA = ·
6 6
1
pA =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces

pB = p3 · p4

pB = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pB = ·
6 6
1
pB =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces

pC = p5 · p6

pC = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pC = ·
6 6
1
pC =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces

pD = p7 · p8

pD = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
=
1 1
pD = ·
6 6
1
pD =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p E = Probability of Case No. 5

pE = p 9 · p 10

pE = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

=
p 10 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die )2
=
1 1
pE = ·
6 6
1
pE =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p F = Probability of Case No. 6

pF = p 11 · p 12

pF = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

p 11 = ( Total No. of Faces of a die )
1
=
2
=
1 1
pF = ·
6 6
1
pF =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p G = Probability of Case No. 7

pG = p 13 · p 14

pG = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

1
=
2
=
1 1
pG = ·
6 6
1
pG =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p H = Probability of Case No. 8

pH = p 15 · p 16

pG = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

1
=
2
=
1 1
pH = ·
6 6
1
pH =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p I = Probability of Case No. 9

pI = p 17 · p 18

pI = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

1
=
2
=
1 1
pI = ·
6 6
1
pI =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p J = Probability of Case No. 10

pJ = p 19 · p 20

pJ = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

1
=
2
=
1 1
pJ = ·
6 6
1
pJ =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Let : p K = Probability of Case No. 11

pK = p 21 · p 22

pK = ( Total No. of Faces of a die ) (
1
·
2

1
=
2
=
1 1
pK = ·
6 6
1
pK =
36
Solution 1 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Since Events p A , p B , p C , …, and p K are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
p = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE + pF + pG + pH + pI + pJ + pK
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + + + + + +
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
11
Answer : p =
36
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
nd
≥1 21 throw of a die
2 3 4 5 6
1      
1 throw of a die
2 
3 
4 
5 
st
6 
Let : p = Probability of getting at least 1 one in 2 throws of a die

p1 = Probability that the 1st throw is 1 and the 2nd throw is 1 = 1 of 36 (Look for the table above for reference )
p 10 = Probability that the 1st throw is 5 and the 2nd throw is 1 = 1 of 36 (Look for the table above for reference )
p 11 = Probability that the 1st throw is 6 and the 2nd throw is 1 = 1 of 36 (Look for the table above for reference )
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , …, and p 11 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
p = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + p5 + p6 + p7 + p8 + p9 + p 10 + p 11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + + + + + +
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
11
Answer : p =
36
Solution 3 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability of getting at least 1 one in 2 throws of a die

q = Probability of not getting two 1's in 2 throws
p1 = Probability of getting a 1 on the 1st throw
p2 = Probability of getting a 1 on the 2nd throw
q1 = Probability of not getting a 1 on the 1st throw
q2 = Probability of not getting a 1 on the 2nd throw
2nd throw of a die

≥1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1      
1 throw of a die
2 
3 
4 
5 
st
6 
1
p1 = (Since there is only one '1' out of the 6 total faces of a die for the 1 st throw )
6
1
p2 = (Since there is only one '1' out of the 6 total faces of a die for the 2 nd throw )
6
Solution 3 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Recall : p +q =1
1 1 1 5
p1 =
6 ; p1 + q1 = 1 ; 6
+ q1 = 1 ; q1 = 1 -
6 ; q1 =
6
1 1 1 5
p2 =
6 ; p2 + q2 = 1 ; 6
+ q2 = 1 ; q2 = 1 -
6 ; q2 =
6
Since both Events q 1 and q 2 are independent events (events that can happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability of not getting two 1's in 2 throws is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
q = q1 · q2
5 5
= ·
6 6
25
q =
36
Solving for the value of p using the equation above yields to:
25
p + q = 1 ; p +
36
= 1
25
p = 1 -
36
11
Answer : p =
36
27.5 Problem : The probability of A's winning a game of chess against B is 1/3. What is the probability that A will win at least 1 of a total of 3 games?
Solution 1 :
Event : Game of chess

Thing : A's no. of wins against B
Ways : A wins at least 1 game against B
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : A: W - L - L
Let : p A1 = Probability of Case No. 1

1
p = Probability of A's winning a single game =
3
q = Probability of A's losing a single game
Solving for the value of q using the equation above yields to:
1 1 2
p + q = 1 ; 3
+ q = 1 ; q = 1 -
3 ; q =
3
Since Case No. 1's condition are independent events or rather chess games (3 different chess games that do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability of A wins Game 1 and loses both Games 2 & 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p A1 = G 1 · G2 · G3 (G means Game )
p A1 = p · q · q
1 2 2
p A1 = · ·
3 3 3
4
p A1 =
27
Solution 1 :

Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : A: L - W - L

1
3
1 1 2
p + q = 1 ; 3
+ q = 1 ; q = 1 -
3 ; q =
3
therefore the probability of A loses Game 1, wins Games 2 and loses Game 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p A2 = q · p · q
2 1 2
p A2 = · ·
3 3 3
4
p A2 =
27
Solution 1 :

Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : A: L - L - W

1
3
1 1 2
p + q = 1 ; 3
+ q = 1 ; q = 1 -
3 ; q =
3
therefore the probability of A loses both Games 1 & 2 and wins Game 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p A3 = q · q · p
2 2 1
p A3 = · ·
3 3 3
4
p A3 =
27
Solution 1 :

Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : A: W - W - L

1
3
1 1 2
p + q = 1 ; 3
+ q = 1 ; q = 1 -
3 ; q =
3
therefore the probability of A wins both Games 1 & 2 and loses Game 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p A4 = p · p · q
1 1 2
p A4 = · ·
3 3 3
2 (The result makes sense since it is now more difficult (lower probability) for A to win 2 games since A's
p A4 =
27 probability of winning a single game is lower than losing a single game to begin with )
Solution 1 :

Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : A: W - L - W

1
3
1 1 2
p + q = 1 ; 3
+ q = 1 ; q = 1 -
3 ; q =
3
therefore the probability of A wins Game 1, loses Game 2 and wins Game 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p A5 = p · q · p
1 2 1
p A5 = · ·
3 3 3
p A5 =
Solution 1 :

Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : A: L - W - W

1
3
1 1 2
p + q = 1 ; 3
+ q = 1 ; q = 1 -
3 ; q =
3
therefore the probability of A loses Game 1 and wins both Games 2 & 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p A6 = q · p · p
2 1 1
p A6 = · ·
3 3 3
p A6 =
Solution 1 :

Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : A: W - W - W

1
3
1 1 2
p + q = 1 ; 3
+ q = 1 ; q = 1 -
3 ; q =
3
therefore the probability of A wins Games 1, 2, & 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p A7 = p · p · p
1 1 1
p A7 = · ·
3 3 3
1 (The result makes sense since it is the most difficult (lowest probability) for A to win 3 games since A's
p A7 =
Solution 1 :

Since Events p A1 , p A2 , …, and p A7 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
p A = p A1 + p A2 + p A3 + p A4 + p A5 + p A6 + p A7
4 4 4 2 2 2 1
= + + + + + +
27 27 27 27 27 27 27
19
Answer : pA =
27
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : A: L - L - L
Let : q A = Probability of Case No. 1

p A = Probability of A getting at least 1 of a total of 3 games
1
3
Truth Table Truth Table

≥1 Winning Games of A ≥1
Winning Games of A
No. Game 1 Game 2 Game 3 Result No. Game 1 Game 2 Game 3 Result
1  ✗ ✗ 1 Win 5 ✗   2 Wins
2 ✗  ✗ 1 Win 6  ✗  2 Wins
3 ✗ ✗  1 Win 7    3 Wins
4   ✗ 2 Wins 8 ✗ ✗ ✗ 0 Wins
1 1 2
p + q = 1 ; 3
+ q = 1 ; q = 1 -
3 ; q =
3
Solution 2 :

Thing : One Die
Ways : Die Faces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : A: L - L - L
therefore the probability of A loses Games 1, 2, & 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qA = G1 · G2 · G3 (G means Game )
qA = q · q · q
2 2 2
qA = · ·
3 3 3
8
qA =
27
Using the equation above wherein p becomes p A and q becomes q A in order to determine the probability A will win at least 1 game that yields to:
pA + qA = 1
8
pA + = 1
27
8
pA = 1 -
27
19
Answer : pA =
27
27.6 Problem : Three cards are drawn from a pack of 52, each card being replaced before the next one is drawn. Compute the probability p that all are
(a) spades, (b) aces, (c) red cards
Solution 1 :
Event : Random drawing of cards with replacement

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Let : p = Probability that all three cards are spades

p1 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a spade
p2 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a spade
p3 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a spade
Note : There are 13 spades in a standard deck of cards .
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
therefore the probability that all three cards drawn are spades is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 · p2 · p3
Total No. of Spades Available 13 1
p1 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 4
Total No. of Spades Available 13 1 (The drawn card is returned to the deck of cards hence the total no.
p2 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 4 of cards in a deck available is still 52 )
p3 = = =
1 1 1
p = · ·
4 4 4
1
Answer : p =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Let : p = Probability that all three cards are aces

p4 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is an ace
p5 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is an ace
p6 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is an ace
Note : There are 4 aces in a standard deck of cards .
p = p4 · p5 · p6
Total No. of Aces Available 4 1
p4 = = =
Total No. of Aces Available 4 1 (The drawn card is returned to the deck of cards hence the total no.
p5 = = =
p6 = = =
1 1 1
p = · ·
13 13 13
1
Answer : p =
2,197
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Let : p = Probability that all three cards are red cards

p7 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a red card
p8 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a red card
p9 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a red card
Note : There are 26 red cards (13 hearts and 13 diamonds) in a standard deck of cards .
p = p7 · p8 · p9
Total No. of Red Cards Available 26 1
p7 = = =
Total No. of Red Cards Available 26 1 (The drawn card is returned to the deck of cards hence the total no.
p8 = = =
p9 = = =
1 1 1
p = · ·
2 2 2
1
Answer : p =
8
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-spade - Non-spade - Non-spade

qA = Probability of Case No. 1
q1 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is not a spade
q2 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is not a spade
q3 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is not a spade
Note : There are 39 non-spades in a standard deck of cards .
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and q 3 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
therefore the probability that all three cards drawn are not spades is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
Total No. of Non-spades Available 39 3

q1 = = =
Total No. of Non-spades Available 39 3 (The drawn card is returned to the deck of cards hence the total no.
q2 = = =
q3 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-spade - Non-spade - Non-spade
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
3 3 3
= · ·
4 4 4
27
qA =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Spade - Non-spade - Non-spade

qB = Probability of Case No. 2
Note : There are 13 spades and 39 non-spades in a standard deck of cards .
Since Events p 1 , q 4 , and q 5 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
therefore the probability that only two cards drawn are not spades is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qB = p1 · q4 · q5

p1 = = =
q4 = = =
q5 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Spade - Non-spade - Non-spade
qB = p1 · q4 · q5
1 3 3
= · ·
4 4 4
9
qB =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Non-spade - Spade - Non-spade

qC = Probability of Case No. 3
Since Events q 6 , p 2 , and q 7 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
qC = q6 · p2 · q7

q6 = = =
p2 = = =
q7 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Non-spade - Spade - Non-spade
qC = q6 · p2 · q7
3 1 3
= · ·
4 4 4
9
qC =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Non-spade - Non-spade - Spade

qD = Probability of Case No. 4
Since Events q 8 , q 9 , and p 3 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
qD = q8 · q9 · p3

q8 = = =
q9 = = =
p3 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Non-spade - Non-spade - Spade
qD = q8 · q9 · p3
3 3 1
= · ·
4 4 4
9
qD =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Spade - Spade - Non-spade

qE = Probability of Case No. 5
q 10 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is not a spade
Since Events p 4 , p 5 , and q 10 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
therefore the probability that only one card drawn is not a spade is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qE = p4 · p5 · q 10

p4 = = =
p5 = = =
q 10 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Spade - Spade - Non-spade
qE = p4 · p5 · q 10
1 1 3
= · ·
4 4 4
3
qE =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : Spade - Non-spade - Spade

qF = Probability of Case No. 6
q 11 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is not a spade
Since Events p 6 , q 11 , and p 7 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
qF = p6 · q 11 · p7

p6 = = =
q 11 = = =
p7 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : Spade - Non-spade - Spade
qF = p6 · q 11 · p7
1 3 1
= · ·
4 4 4
3
qF =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Non-spade - Spade - Spade

qG = Probability of Case No. 6
q 12 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is not a spade
qG = q 12 · p8 · p9

q 12 = = =
p8 = = =
p9 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Non-spade - Spade - Spade
qG = q 12 · p8 · p9
3 1 1
= · ·
4 4 4
3
qG =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) spades
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , q C , …, and q G are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 3 spades drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG
27 9 9 9 3 3 3
= + + + + + +
64 64 64 64 64 64 64
63
q =
64
63
p + q = 1 ; p +
64
= 1
63
p = 1 -
64
1
Answer : p =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-ace - Non-ace - Non-ace

q1 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is not an ace
q2 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is not an ace
q3 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is not an ace
Note : There are 48 non-aces in a standard deck of cards .
therefore the probability that all three cards drawn are not aces is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
Total No. of Non-aces Available 48 12

q1 = = =
Total No. of Non-aces Available 48 12 (The drawn card is returned to the deck of cards hence the total no.
q2 = = =
q3 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-ace - Non-ace - Non-ace
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
12 12 12
= · ·
13 13 13
1,728
qA =
2,197
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Ace - Non-ace - Non-ace

Note : There are 4 aces and 48 non-aces in a standard deck of cards .
therefore the probability that only two cards drawn are not aces is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qB = p1 · q4 · q5

p1 = = =
q4 = = =
q5 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Ace - Non-ace - Non-ace
qB = p1 · q4 · q5
1 12 12
= · ·
13 13 13
144
qB =
2,197
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Non-ace - Ace - Non-ace

qC = q6 · p2 · q7

q6 = = =
p2 = = =
q7 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Non-ace - Ace - Non-ace
qC = q6 · p2 · q7
12 1 12
= · ·
13 13 13
144
qC =
2,197
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Non-ace - Non-ace - Ace

qD = q8 · q9 · p3

q8 = = =
q9 = = =
p3 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Non-ace - Non-ace - Ace
qD = q8 · q9 · p3
12 12 1
= · ·
13 13 13
144
qD =
2,197
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Ace - Ace - Non-ace

q 10 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is not an ace
therefore the probability that only one card drawn is not an ace is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qE = p4 · p5 · q 10

p4 = = =
p5 = = =
q 10 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Ace - Ace - Non-ace
qE = p4 · p5 · q 10
1 1 12
= · ·
13 13 13
12
qE =
2,197
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : Ace - Non-ace - Ace

q 11 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is not an ace
qF = p6 · q 11 · p7

p6 = = =
q 11 = = =
p7 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : Ace - Non-ace - Ace
qF = p6 · q 11 · p7
1 12 1
= · ·
13 13 13
12
qE =
2,197
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Non-ace - Ace - Ace

q 12 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is not an ace
Since Events q 12 , p 8 , and p 9 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
qG = q 12 · p8 · p9

q 12 = = =
p8 = = =
p9 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Non-ace - Ace - Ace
qG = q 12 · p 8 · p9
12 1 1
= · ·
13 13 13
12
qG =
2,197
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 3 aces drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
1,728 144 144 144 12 12 12
= + + + + + +
2,197 2,197 2,197 2,197 2,197 2,197 2,197
2,196
q =
2,197
2,196
p + q = 1 ; p +
2,197
= 1
2,196
p = 1 -
2,197
1
Answer : p =
2,197
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-red - Non-red - Non-red

q1 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is not a red card
q2 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is not a red card
q3 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is not a red card
Note : There are 26 non-red cards in a standard deck of cards .
therefore the probability that all three cards drawn are not red cards is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
Total No. of Non-red Cards Available 26 1

q1 = = =
Total No. of Non-red Cards Available 26 1 (The drawn card is returned to the deck of cards hence the total no.
q2 = = =
Total No. of Non-red Cards Available 26 1 (The drawn card is returned to the deck of cards hence the total no.
q3 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-red - Non-red - Non-red
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
qA =
8
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Red - Non-red - Non-red

Note : There are 26 red cards and 26 non-red cards in a standard deck of cards .
therefore the probability that only two cards drawn are not red cards is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qB = p1 · q4 · q5

p1 = = =
Total No. of Non-red cards Available 26 1 (The drawn card is returned to the deck of cards hence the total no.
q4 = = =
q5 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
qB = p1 · q4 · q5
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
qB =
8
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Non-red - Red - Non-red

qC = q6 · p2 · q7
Total No. of Non-red cards Available 26 1

q6 = = =
p2 = = =
q7 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Non-red - Red - Non-red
qC = q6 · p2 · q7
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
qC =
8
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Non-red - Non-red - Red

qD = q8 · q9 · p3

q8 = = =
q9 = = =
p3 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Non-red - Non-red - Red
qD = q8 · q9 · p3
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
qD =
8
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Red - Red - Non-red

q 10 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is not a red card
therefore the probability that only one card drawn is not a red card is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qE = p4 · p5 · q 10

p4 = = =
p5 = = =
q 10 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
qE = p4 · p5 · q 10
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
qE =
8
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : Red - Non-red - Red

q 11 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is not a red card
qF = p6 · q 11 · p7

p6 = = =
q 11 = = =
p7 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : Red - Non-red - Red
qF = p6 · q 11 · p7
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
qE =
8
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Non-red - Red - Red

q 12 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is not a red card
Since Events q 12 , p 8 , and p 9 are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each drawn card is returned to the deck),
qG = q 12 · p8 · p9

q 12 = = =
p8 = = =
p9 = = =
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Non-red - Red - Red
qG = q 12 · p8 · p9
1 1 1
= · ·
2 2 2
1
qG =
8
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) red cards
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 3 red cards rawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + +
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
7
q =
8
7
p + q = 1 ; p +
8
= 1
7
p = 1 -
8
1
Answer : p =
8
27.7 Problem : The odds are 23 to 2 against a person winning a $500 prize. What is her mathematical expectation?
Solution :
Event : Winning a prize

Thing : Money
Ways : Odds
Recall : Expectation = p(W) · money
wherein : p(W) = Probability of Winning
Odds = 23 to 2 against a person (23 times to lose and 2 times to win )
W = 2
W
p(W) =
W + Losing
2
=
2 + 23
2
p(W) =
25
Solving for the value of Expection using the equation above yields to:
2
Expectation = · $500
25
Answer : Expectation = $40

27.8 Problem : Nine tickets, numbered from 1 to 9, are in a box. If 2 tickets are drawn at random, determine the probability p that (a) both are odd, (b) both
are even, (c) one is odd and one is even, (d) they are numbered 2, 5.
Solution 1 :
Event : Random drawing of tickets

Thing : Ticket Slots
Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Type : Dependent Events
Let : p = Probability that both tickets are odd numbers

p 1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is an odd number
p 2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is an odd number
Since Events p 1 and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back inside the box,
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that both odd-numbered tickets are drawn is to obtain the product of
their probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 · p2
Total No. of Odd Numbers Available 5 (There are 5 different odd-numbered tickets available )
p1 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 9
Total No. of Odd Numbers Available 4 1
p2 = = = (The 1 st drawn ticket is not returned back inside the box hence there
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 8 2
are now only 8 tickets available thus the probability gets lower and
also there is a chance of only having 4 odd-numbered tickets )
5 1
p = ·
9 2
5
Answer : p =
18
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Let : p = Probability that both tickets are even numbers

p 3 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is an even number
p 4 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is an even number
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that both even-numbered tickets are drawn is to obtain the product of
p = p3 · p4
Total No. of Even Numbers Available 4 (There are 4 different even-numbered tickets available )
p3 = =
Total No. of Even Numbers Available 3
p4 = = (The 1 st drawn ticket is not returned back inside the box hence there
also there is a chance of only having 3 even-numbered tickets )
4 3
p = ·
9 8
1
Answer : p =
6
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) one is odd and one is even
Case 1 : 1st drawn is odd and 2nd drawn is even

p 5 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is an odd number
p 6 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is an even number
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that Case No. 1 happens is to obtain the product of their probabilities
which yields to:
pA = p5 · p6
Total No. of Odd Numbers Available 5 (There are 5 different odd-numbered tickets available )
p3 = =
Total No. of Even Numbers Available 4 1
p4 = = = (The 1 st drawn ticket is not returned back inside the box hence there
also there is a chance of only having 4 even-numbered tickets )
5 1
pA = ·
9 2
5
pA =
18
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
Case 2 : 1st drawn is even and 2nd drawn is odd

p 7 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is an even number
p 8 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is an odd number
which yields to:
pB = p7 · p8
Total No. of Even Numbers Available 4 (There are 4 different even-numbered tickets available )
p7 = =
Total No. of Odd Numbers Available 5
p8 = = (The 1 st drawn ticket is not returned back inside the box hence there
also there is a chance of only having 5 odd-numbered tickets )
4 5
pB = ·
9 8
5
pB =
18
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
Let : p = Probability that one is odd and one is even

p A = Probability of Case No. 1
p B = Probability of Case No. 2
Since both Events p A and p B are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that one ticket is odd and the other one is even is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB
5 5
= +
18 18
10
=
18
5
Answer : p =
9
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
(d) they are numbered 2, 5
Case 1 : 1st drawn is 2 and 2nd drawn is 5

p 9 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is 2
p 10 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is 5
which yields to:
pC = p9 · p 10
Total No. of Number '2' Ticket 1 (There is only one '2' ticket available )
p9 = =
Total No. of Number '5' Ticket 1
p 10 = = (The 1 st drawn ticket is not returned back inside the box hence there
also there is a chance of only having a '5' ticket )
1 1
pC = ·
9 8
1
pC =
72
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
Case 2 : 1st drawn is 5 and 2nd drawn is 2

p 11 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is 5
p 12 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is 2
which yields to:
pD = p 11 · p 12
Total No. of Number '5' Ticket 1 (There is only one '5' ticket available )
p 11 = =
Total No. of Number '2' Ticket 1
p 12 = = (The 1 st drawn ticket is not returned back inside the box hence there
also there is a chance of only having a '2' ticket )
1 1
pD = ·
9 8
1
pD =
72
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets

p C = Probability of Case No. 1
p D = Probability of Case No. 2
Since both Events p C and p D are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that one ticket is odd and the other one is even is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pC + pD
1 1
= +
72 72
2
=
72
1
Answer : p =
36
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Let : n = No. of diff. odd-numbered tickets = 5

m = No. of diff. total tickets available = 9
r = No. of diff. odd-numbered tickets to be drawn = 2
No. of selections of 2 out of 5 odd tickets nCr 5C2

p = = =
No. of selections of 2 out of 9 total tickets mCr 9C2
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
5! 9!
5C2 = 9C2 =
2! · (5 - 2)! 2! · (9 - 2)!
5! 9!
= =
2! · (3)! 2! · (7)!
5 · 4 · 3! 9 · 8 · 7!
= =
2! · 3! 2! · 7!
5·4 9·8
= =
2! 2!
5·4 9·8
= =
2·1 2·1
20 72
= =
2 2
5C2 = 10 9C2 = 36
5C2 10 5
Answer : p =
9C2
; p =
36 ; p =
18
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Let : n = No. of diff. even-numbered tickets = 4

r = No. of diff. even-numbered tickets to be drawn = 2
No. of selections of 2 out of 5 odd tickets nCr 4C2

p = = =
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 9!
4C2 = 9C2 =
2! · (4 - 2)! 2! · (9 - 2)!
4! 9!
= =
2! · (2)! 2! · (7)!
4 · 3 · 2! 9 · 8 · 7!
= =
2! · 2! 2! · 7!
4·3 9·8
= =
2! 2!
4·3 9·8
= =
2·1 2·1
12 72
= =
2 2
4C2 = 6 9C2 = 36
4C2 6 1
Answer : p =
9C2
; p =
36 ; p =
6
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
Let : n1 = No. of diff. odd-numbered tickets = 5

n2 = No. of diff. even-numbered tickets = 4
r1 = No. of diff. odd-numbered tickets to be drawn = 1
r2 = No. of diff. even-numbered tickets to be drawn = 1
r = No. of diff. odd and even tickets to be drawn = 2
Since the event is to draw one odd-numbered ticket AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) also one even-numbered
ticket, the number of selections of 1 out of 5 odd tickets must be multiplied to the number of selections of 1 out of 4 even tickets and divide the
product to the number of selections of 2 out of 9 total tickets in order to obtain the probability of one is odd and one is even that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 5 odd tickets) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 4 even tickets)
p =
No. of selections of 2 out of 9 total tickets
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
5C1 · 4C1
p =
C
9 2
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
n1! n2! m!
n1Cr1 = n2Cr2 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r! · (m - r)!
5! 4! 9!
5C1 = 4C1 = 9C2 =
1! · (5 - 1)! 1! · (4 - 1)! 2! · (9 - 2)!
5! 4! 9!
= = =
1! · (4)! 1! · (3)! 2! · (7)!
5 · 4! 4 · 3! 9 · 8 · 7!
= = =
1! · 4! 1! · 3! 2! · 7!
5 4 9·8
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1! 1! 2!
5C1 = 5 4C1 = 4 9·8
=
2·1
72
=
2
9C2 = 36
5C1· 4C1
p =
C
9 2
5 · 4
=
36
20
=
36
5
Answer : p =
9
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
Let : n1 = No. of number '2' ticket = 1

n2 = No. of number '5' ticket = 1
r1 = No. of diff. odd-numbered tickets to be drawn = 1
r2 = No. of diff. even-numbered tickets to be drawn = 1
r = No. of diff. tickets to be drawn (both '2' and '5') = 2
Since the event is to draw one number 2 ticket AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) also one number 5 ticket, the
number of selections of 1 out of 1 ticket must be multiplied to the number of selections of 1 out of 1 ticket and divide the product to the number
of selections of 2 out of 9 total tickets in order to obtain the probability of drawing both a '2' and '5' ticket that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 1 ticket) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 1 ticket)

p =
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
5C1 · 4C1
p =
C
9 2
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
n1! n2! m!
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r! · (m - r)!
1! 1! 9!
1C1 = 1C1 = 9C2 =
1! · (1 - 1)! 1! · (1 - 1)! 2! · (9 - 2)!
1! 1! 9!
= 0! = 1! = 1 = 0! = 1! = 1 =
1! · (0)! 1! · (0)! 2! · (7)!
1C1 = 1 1C1 = 1 9 · 8 · 7!
=
2! · 7!
9·8
=
2!
9·8
=
2·1
72
=
2
9C2 = 36
1C1· 1C1
p =
C
9 2
1 · 1
=
36
1
Answer : p =
36
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Even - Even

q1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is an even number
q2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is an even number
Since Events q 1 and q 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back inside the box,
qA = q1 · q2

q1 = =
q2 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Recall : p +q =1
qA = q1 · q2
4 3
= ·
9 8
12
=
72
1
qA =
6
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Odd - Even

p1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is an odd number
Since Events p 1 and q 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back inside the box,
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that the 1 st ticket is an odd-numbered ticket and the 2 nd ticket is an
even-numbered ticket are drawn is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qB = p1 · q3

p1 = =
q3 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Odd - Even
qB = p1 · q3
5 4
= ·
9 8
20
=
72
5
qB =
18
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Even - Odd

p2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is an odd number
Since Events q 4 and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back inside the box,
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that the 1 st ticket is an even-numbered ticket and the 2 nd ticket is an
odd-numbered ticket are drawn is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qC = q4 · p2

q4 = =
p2 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Even - Odd
qC = q4 · p2
4 5
= ·
9 8
20
=
72
5
qC =
18
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both are odd
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , and q C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 2 odd tickets drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC
1 5 5
= + +
6 18 18
13
q =
18
13
p + q = 1 ; p +
18
= 1
13
p = 1 -
18
5
Answer : p =
18
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Odd - Odd
Let : p = Probability that both tickets are even numbers

q1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is an odd number
q2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is an odd number
qA = q1 · q2

q1 = =
q2 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Odd - Odd
qA = q1 · q2
5 4
= ·
9 8
20
=
72
5
qA =
18
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Odd - Even

that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that the 1 st ticket is an odd-numbered ticket and the 2 nd ticket is an
even-numbered ticket are drawn is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qB = p1 · q3

p1 = =
q3 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Odd - Even
qB = p1 · q3
5 4
= ·
9 8
20
=
72
5
qB =
18
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Even - Odd

that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that the 1 st ticket is an even-numbered ticket and the 2 nd ticket is an
odd-numbered ticket are drawn is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qC = q4 · p2

q4 = =
p2 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Even - Odd
qC = q4 · p2
4 5
= ·
9 8
20
=
72
5
qC =
18
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) both are even
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 2 even tickets drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC
5 5 5
= + +
18 18 18
15
=
18
5
q =
6
5
p + q = 1 ; p +
6
= 1
5
p = 1 -
6
1
Answer : p =
6
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1

qA = q1 · q2

q1 = =
q2 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
qA = q1 · q2
4 3
= ·
9 8
12
=
72
1
qA =
6
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Odd - Odd

q3 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is an odd number
q4 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is an odd number
qB = q3 · q4

q3 = =
q4 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Odd - Odd
qB = q3 · q4
5 4
= ·
9 8
20
=
72
5
qB =
18
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A and q B are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that no alternating tickets drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB
1 5
= +
6 18
8
=
18
4
q =
9
4
p + q = 1 ; p +
9
= 1
4
p = 1 -
9
5
Answer : p =
9
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-2 - Non-5
Let : p = Probability that they are numbered 2, 5

q1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is not either '2' or '5'
q2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is not either '2' or '5'
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that neither number 2 or 5 ticket is drawn is to obtain the product of
qA = q1 · q2
Total No. of Neither '2' or '5' Available 7 (Since there are 7 out of 9 remaining tickets available excluding Number 2
q1 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 9 and 5 )
Total No. of Neither '2' or '5' Available 6
q2 = =
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-2 - Non-5
qA = q1 · q2
7 6
= ·
9 8
42
=
72
7
qA =
12
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : 2 - Non-5

p1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is '2'
q3 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is not '5'
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that number 2 is selected but not '5' ticket is drawn is to obtain the
product of their probabilities which yields to:
qB = p1 · q3
Total No. of Ticket No. 2 Available 1

p1 = = (Since there is only 1 Number 2 Ticket available to select )
Total No. of Tickets Available not '5' 7
q3 = = (Since there are 7 out of 9 tickets available that excludes Ticket No. 5 )
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : 2 - Non-5
qB = p1 · q3
1 7
= ·
9 8
7
qB =
72
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : 5 - Non-2

p2 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is '5'
q4 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is not '2'
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that number 5 is selected but not '2' ticket is drawn is to obtain the
qC = p2 · q4

Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : 5 - Non-2
qC = p2 · q4
1 7
= ·
9 8
7
qC =
72
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Non-2 - 5

q5 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is not '2'
p3 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is '5'
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that not number '2' is selected but '5' ticket is drawn is to obtain the
qD = q5 · p3

Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : Non-2 - 5
qD = q5 · p3
7 1
= ·
9 8
7
qD =
72
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Non-5 - 2

q6 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is not '2'
p4 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is '5'
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that not number '5' is selected but '2' ticket is drawn is to obtain the
qE = q6 · p4

Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Non-5 - 2
qE = q6 · p4
7 1
= ·
9 8
7
qE =
72
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , q C , q D , and q E are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that no Ticket Number 2 and 5 are drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE
7 7 7 7 7
= + + + +
12 72 72 72 72
35
q =
36
35
p + q = 1 ; p +
36
= 1
35
p = 1 -
36
1
Answer : p =
36
Solution 4 :

Ways : Tickets
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p OO = Probability that the ticket drawn both are odd-numbered

p EE = Probability that the ticket drawn both are even-numbered
Also : p OO = p
p EE = q
p OO + p EE = 1
( p OO + p EE = 1 )2
( p OO + p EE )2 = 12
p OO 2 + 2p OO p EE + p EE 2 = 1
Solution 4 :

Ways : Tickets
Note : p OO 2 = Result of Problem 27.8 Item (a)

5
p OO 2 =
18
p EE 2 = Result of Problem 27.8 Item (b)
1
p EE 2 =
6
Substituting the values of both p OO 2 and p EE 2 that yields to:
5 1
+ 2p OO p EE + = 1
18 6
5 1
2p OO p EE = 1 - -
18 6
18 - 5 - 3
2p OO p EE =
18
10
2p OO p EE =
18
5
Answer : 2p OO p EE =
9
27.9 Problem : A bag contains 6 red, 4 white, and 8 blue balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random, determine the probability p that (a) all 3 are red, (b) all 3 are
blue, (c) 2 are white and 1 is red, (d) at least 1 is red (e) 1 of each color is drawn, (f) the balls are drawn in the order red, white, blue.
Solution 1 :
Event : Random drawing of balls

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Let : p = Probability that all 3 balls are red

p1 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is red
p2 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
p3 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is red
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that all 3 red balls are drawn is to obtain the product of their
probabilities which yields to:
p = p1 · p2 · p3
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 6 6 1 (There are 6 red balls available while there are
p1 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (6 + 4 + 8) 18 3 18 total balls inside the bag )
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 5 5 (There are 5 red balls available while there are
p2 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (5 + 4 + 8) 17 now only 17 total balls inside the bag )
p2 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (4 + 4 + 8) 16 4 now only 16 total balls inside the bag )
1 5 1 5
p = · · =
3 17 4 204
5
Answer : p =
204
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Let : p = Probability that all 3 balls are blue

p4 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is blue
p5 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is blue
p6 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that all 3 blue balls are drawn is to obtain the product of
p = p4 · p5 · p6
Total No. of Blue Balls Numbers Available 8 8 4 (There are 8 blue balls available while there are
p4 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (6 + 4 + 8) 18 9 18 total balls inside a bag to draw )
Total No. of Blue Balls Numbers Available 7 7 (There are 7 blue balls available while there are
p5 = = =
p6 = = = =
4 7 3 84
p = · · =
9 17 8 1,224
7
Answer : p =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(c) 2 are white and 1 is red
Case 1 : R-W-W
Let : p = Probability that all 2 are white and 1 is red p 7 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is red
p A = Probability of Case No. 1 p 8 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
p 9 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is white
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red and 2 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
pA = p7 · p8 · p9
p7 = = = =
Total No. of White Balls Numbers Available 4 4 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p8 = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (5 + 4 + 8) 17 are now only 17 total balls inside the bag )
p9 = = =
1 4 3 12
pA = · · =
3 17 16 816
1
pA =
68
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 2 : W-R-W
Let : p = Probability that all 2 are white and 1 is red p 10 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is white
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 11 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white, 1 red, and 1 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
pB = p 10 · p 11 · p 12
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 4 4 2 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p 10 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (6 + 4 + 8) 18 9 are 18 total balls inside a bag to draw )
Total No. of White Balls Numbers Available 6 6 (There are 6 red balls available while there are
p 11 = = =
p 12 = = =
2 6 3 36
pB = · · =
9 17 16 2,448
1
pB =
68
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 3 : W-W-R
Let : p = Probability that all 2 are white and 1 is red p 13 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is white
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 14 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
p 15 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white, 1 red, and 1 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
pC = p 13 · p 14 · p 15
Total No. of White Balls Numbers Available 4 4 2 (There are 4 white balls available while there
p 13 = = = =
p 14 = = =
p 15 = = = =
2 3 3 18
pC = · · =
9 17 8 1,224
1
pC =
68
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Let : p = Probability that all 2 are white and 1 is red

Since Events p A , p B , and p C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that 2 balls are white and 1 ball is red is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC
1 1 1
= + +
68 68 68
3
Answer : p =
68
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(d) at least 1 is red
Case 1 : R-W-B
Let : p = Probability that at least 1 red ball is drawn p 16 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is red
p 18 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red, 1 white, and 1 blue ball is drawn is to obtain
the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p 16 · p 17 · p 18
p 16 = = = =
p 17 = = =
p 18 = = = =
1 4 1 4
pA = · · =
3 17 2 102
2
pA =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 2 : R-B-W
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 20 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red, 1 blue, and 1 white ball is drawn is to obtain
pB = p 19 · p 20 · p 21
p 19 = = = =
p 20 = = =
p 21 = = = =
Total No. of Balls in a Bag Available (5 + 4 + 7) 16 4 are now only 16 total balls inside the bag )
1 8 1 8
pB = · · =
3 17 4 204
2
pB =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 3 : W-R-B
Let : p = Probability that at least 1 red ball is drawn p 22 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is white
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 23 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 white, 1 red, and 1 blue ball is drawn is to obtain
pC = p 22 · p 23 · p 24
p 22 = = = =
p 23 = = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Numbers Available 8 8 1 (There are 8 white balls available while there
p 24 = = = =
2 6 1 12
pC = · · =
9 17 2 306
2
pC =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 4 : W-B-R
p D = Probability of Case No. 4 p 26 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 white, 1 blue, and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
pD = p 25 · p 26 · p 27
p 25 = = = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Numbers Available 8 8 (There are 8 white balls available while there
p 26 = = =
p 27 = = = =
2 8 3 48
pD = · · =
9 17 8 1,224
2
pD =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 5 : B-R-W
Let : p = Probability that at least 1 red ball is drawn p 28 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is blue
p E = Probability of Case No. 5 p 29 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 blue, 1 red, and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain
pE = p 28 · p 29 · p 30
p 28 = = = =
p 29 = = =
p 30 = = = =
4 6 1 24
pE = · · =
9 17 4 612
2
pE =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 6 : B-W-R
p F = Probability of Case No. 6 p 32 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
pF = p 31 · p 32 · p 33
p 31 = = = =
p 32 = = =
p 33 = = = =
4 4 3 48
pF = · · =
9 17 8 1,224
2
pF =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 7 : R-W-W
p G = Probability of Case No. 7 p 35 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red and 2 white balls are drawn is to obtain
pG = p 34 · p 35 · p 36
p 34 = = = =
p 35 = = =
p 36 = = =
1 4 3 12
pG = · · =
3 17 16 816
1
pG =
68
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 8 : W-R-W
p H = Probability of Case No. 8 p 38 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 white, 1 red and 1 white ball are drawn is to
obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pH = p 37 · p 38 · p 39
p 37 = = = =
p 38 = = =
p 39 = = =
2 6 3 36
pH = · · =
9 17 16 2,448
1
pH =
68
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 9 : W-W-R
p I = Probability of Case No. 9 p 41 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 2 whites and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
pI = p 40 · p 41 · p 42
p 40 = = = =
p 41 = = =
p 42 = = = =
2 3 6 36
pI = · · =
9 17 16 2,448
1
pI =
68
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 10 : R - B - B
p J = Probability of Case No. 10 p 44 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red and 2 blue balls are drawn is to obtain
pJ = p 43 · p 44 · p 45
p 43 = = = =
p 44 = = =
p 45 = = =
1 8 7 56
pJ = · · =
3 17 16 816
7
pJ =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 11 : B - R - B
p K = Probability of Case No. 11 p 47 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 blue, 1 red and blue ball are drawn is to obtain
pK = p 46 · p 47 · p 48
p 46 = = = =
p 47 = = =
p 48 = = =
4 6 7 168
pK = · · =
9 17 16 2,448
7
pK =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 12 : B - B - R
p L = Probability of Case No. 12 p 50 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 2 blues and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
pL = p 49 · p 50 · p 51
p 49 = = = =
Total No. of Red Balls Numbers Available 7 7 (There are 7 blue balls available while there are
p 50 = = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Numbers Available 6 6 3 (There are 6 red balls available while there are
p 51 = = = =
4 7 3 84
pL = · · =
9 17 8 1,224
7
pL =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 13 : R - R - W
p M = Probability of Case No. 13 p 53 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 2 reds and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain
pM = p 52 · p 53 · p 54
p 52 = = = =
p 53 = = =
p 54 = = = =
1 5 1 5
pM = · · =
3 17 4 204
5
pM =
204
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 14 : R - W - R
p N = Probability of Case No. 14 p 56 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red, 1 white, and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
pN = p 55 · p 56 · p 57
p 55 = = = =
p 56 = = =
p 57 = = =
1 4 5 20
pN = · · =
3 17 16 816
5
pN =
204
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 15 : W - R - R
p O = Probability of Case No. 15 p 59 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 white and 2 red balls are drawn is to obtain
pO = p 58 · p 59 · p 60
p 58 = = = =
p 59 = = =
p 60 = = =
2 6 5 60
pO = · · =
9 17 16 2,448
5
pO =
204
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 16 : R - R - B
p P = Probability of Case No. 16 p 62 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 2 reds and 1 blue ball are drawn is to obtain
pP = p 61 · p 62 · p 63
p 61 = = = =
p 62 = = =
p 63 = = = =
1 5 1 5
pP = · · =
3 17 2 102
5
pP =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 17 : R - B - R
p Q = Probability of Case No. 17 p 65 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red, 1 blue, and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
pQ = p 64 · p 65 · p 66
p 64 = = = =
p 65 = = =
p 66 = = =
1 8 5 40
pQ = · · =
3 17 16 816
5
pQ =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 18 : B - R - R
p R = Probability of Case No. 18 p 68 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 blue and 2 red ball are drawn is to obtain
pR = p 67 · p 68 · p 69
p 67 = = = =
p 68 = = =
p 69 = = =
4 6 5 120
pR = · · =
9 17 16 2,448
5
pR =
102
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 19 : R - R - R
p S = Probability of Case No. 19 p 71 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
pS = p 70 · p 71 · p 72
p 70 = = = =
p 71 = = =
p 72 = = = =
1 5 1 120
pS = · · =
3 17 4 2,448
5
pS =
204
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Let : p = Probability that at least 1 red ball is drawn

pA = Probability of Case No. 1 pK = Probability of Case No. 11
pB = Probability of Case No. 2 pL = Probability of Case No. 12
pC = Probability of Case No. 3 pM = Probability of Case No. 13
pD = Probability of Case No. 4 pN = Probability of Case No. 14
pE = Probability of Case No. 5 pO = Probability of Case No. 15
pF = Probability of Case No. 6 pP = Probability of Case No. 16
pG = Probability of Case No. 7 pQ = Probability of Case No. 17
pH = Probability of Case No. 8 pR = Probability of Case No. 18
pI = Probability of Case No. 9 pS = Probability of Case No. 19
pJ = Probability of Case No. 10
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p S are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that at least 1 red ball is drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE + pF + pG + pH + pI + pJ + pK + pL + pM + pN + pO
+ pP + pQ + pR + pS
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 7 7 7 5 5 5
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
51 51 51 51 51 51 68 68 68 102 102 102 204 204 204
5 5 5 5
+ + + +
102 102 102 204
149
Answer : p =
204
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(e) of each color is drawn
Case 1 : R-W-B
pA = p 73 · p 74 · p 75
p 73 = = = =
p 74 = = =
p 75 = = = =
1 4 1 4
pA = · · =
3 17 2 102
2
pA =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(e) 1 of each color is drawn
Case 2 : R-B-W
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 77 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 red, 1 blue, and 1 white ball is drawn is to obtain
pB = p 76 · p 77 · p 78
p 76 = = = =
p 77 = = =
p 78 = = = =
1 8 1 8
pB = · · =
3 17 4 204
2
pB =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 3 : W-R-B
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 80 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 white, 1 red, and 1 blue ball is drawn is to obtain
pC = p 79 · p 80 · p 81
p 79 = = = =
p 80 = = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Numbers Available 8 8 1 (There are 8 white balls available while there
p 81 = = = =
2 6 1 12
pC = · · =
9 17 2 306
2
pC =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 4 : W-B-R
p D = Probability of Case No. 4 p 83 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is blue
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that at least 1 white, 1 blue, and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
pD = p 82 · p 83 · p 84
p 82 = = = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Numbers Available 8 8 (There are 8 white balls available while there
p 83 = = =
p 84 = = = =
2 8 3 48
pD = · · =
9 17 8 1,224
2
pD =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 5 : B-R-W
p E = Probability of Case No. 5 p 86 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is red
pE = p 85 · p 86 · p 87
p 85 = = = =
p 86 = = =
p 87 = = = =
4 6 1 24
pE = · · =
9 17 4 612
2
pE =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 6 : B-W-R
p F = Probability of Case No. 6 p 89 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
pF = p 88 · p 89 · p 90
p 88 = = = =
p 89 = = =
p 90 = = = =
4 4 3 48
pF = · · =
9 17 8 1,224
2
pF =
51
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls

pF = Probability of Case No. 6
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p F are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that at least 1 of each color is drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE + pF
2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + +
51 51 51 51 51 51
12
=
51
4
Answer : p =
17
Solution 1 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(f) the balls are drawn in the order red, white, blue

p 91 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is red
p 92 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is white
pA = p 91 · p 92 · p 93
p 91 = = = =
p 92 = = =
p 93 = = = =
1 4 1 4
pA = · · =
3 17 2 102
2
pA =
51
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Let : n = No. of diff. red balls = 6

m = No. of diff. total balls available = 18
r = No. of diff. red balls to be drawn = 3
No. of selections of 3 out of 6 red balls nCr 6C3

p = = =
No. of selections of 3 out of 18 total balls mCr 18C3
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
6! 18!
6C3 = 18C3 =
3! · (6 - 3)! 3! · (18 - 3)!
6! 18!
= =
3! · (3)! 3! · (15)!
6 · 5 · 4 · 3! 18 · 17 · 16 · 15!
= =
3! · 3! 3! · 15!
6·5·4 18 · 17 · 16
= =
3! 3!
6·5·4 18 · 17 · 16
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
120 4,896
= =
6 6
6C3 = 20 18C3 = 816
6C3 20 5
Answer : p =
18C3
; p =
816 ; p =
204
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Let : n = No. of diff. blue balls = 8

r = No. of diff. blue balls to be drawn = 3
No. of selections of 3 out of 8 blue balls nCr 8C3

p = = =
No. of selections of 3 out of 18 total balls mCr 18C3
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
8! 18!
8C3 = 18C3 =
3! · (8 - 3)! 3! · (18 - 3)!
8! 18!
= =
3! · (5)! 3! · (15)!
8 · 7 · 6 · 5! 18 · 17 · 16 · 15!
= =
3! · 5! 3! · 15!
8·7·6 18 · 17 · 16
= =
3! 3!
8·7·6 18 · 17 · 16
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
336 4,896
= =
6 6
8C3 = 56 18C3 = 816
8C3 56 7
Answer : p =
18C3
; p =
816 ; p =
102
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Let : n1 = No. of diff. white balls = 4

n2 = No. of diff. red balls = 6
r1 = No. of diff. white balls to be drawn = 2
r2 = No. of diff. red balls to be drawn = 1
r = No. of diff. white and red balls to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 2 white balls AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) also 1 red ball, the number of
selections of 2 out of 4 white balls must be multiplied to the number of selections of 1 out of 6 red balls and divide the product to the
number of selections of 3 out of 18 total balls in order to obtain the probability of 2 are white and 1 is red ball that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 4 white balls) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 6 red balls)
p =
No. of selections of 3 out of 18 total balls
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
4C2 · 6C1
p =
18C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
n1! n2! m!
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 6! 18!
4C2 = 6C1 = 18C3 =
2! · (4 - 2)! 1! · (6 - 1)! 3! · (18 - 3)!
4! 6! 18!
= = =
2! · (2)! 1! · (5)! 3! · (15)!
4 · 3 · 2! 6 · 5! 18 · 17 · 16 · 15!
= = =
2! · 2! 1! · 5! 3! · 15!
4·3 6 18 · 17 · 16
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
4·3 6C1 = 6 18 · 17 · 16
= =
2·1 3·2·1
4C2 = 6 4,896
=
6
18C3 = 816
4C2 · 6C1
p =
18C3
6 · 6
=
816
36
=
816
3
Answer : p =
68
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Let : n1 = No. of diff. red balls = 6

n2 = No. of diff. non-red balls = 12
r2 = No. of diff. non-red balls to be drawn = 2
r = No. of diff. 1 red and 2 non-reds to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 1 red ball AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) also 2 non-red balls, the number of
selections of 1 out of 6 red balls must be multiplied to the number of selections of 2 out of 12 non-red balls and divide the product to the
number of selections of 3 out of 18 total balls in order to obtain the probability of 1 red ball and 2 non-red balls that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 6 red balls) · (No. of selections of 2 out of 12 non-red balls)
pA =
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
C
6 1 · 12C2
pA =
18C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
n1! n2! m!
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r! · (m - r)!
6! 12! 18!
6C1 = 12C2 = 18C3 =
1! · (6 - 1)! 2! · (12 - 2)! 3! · (18 - 3)!
6! 12! 18!
= = =
1! · (5)! 2! · (10)! 3! · (15)!
6 · 5! 12 · 11 · 10! 18 · 17 · 16 · 15!
= = =
1! · 5! 2! · 10! 3! · 15!
6 12 · 11 18 · 17 · 16
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 2·1 3!
6C1 = 6 132 18 · 17 · 16
= =
2 3·2·1
12C2 = 66 4,896
=
6C1 · 12C2 6
pA =
18C3 18C3 = 816
6 · 66
=
816
396
=
816
33
pA =
68
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls

r = No. of diff. 1 red and 2 non-reds to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 2 red balls AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) also 1 non-red ball, the number of
number of selections of 3 out of 18 total balls in order to obtain the probability of 2 red balls and 1 non-red ball that yields to:
pB =
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
C
6 2 · 12C1
pB =
18C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
n2! n1! m!
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
12! 6! 18!
12C1 = 6C2 = 18C3 =
1! · (12 - 1)! 2! · (6 - 2)! 3! · (18 - 3)!
12! 6! 18!
= = =
1! · (11)! 2! · (4)! 3! · (15)!
12 · 11! 6 · 5 · 4! 18 · 17 · 16 · 15!
= = =
1! · 11! 2! · 4! 3! · 15!
12 6·5 18 · 17 · 16
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 2·1 3!
12C1 = 12 30 18 · 17 · 16
= =
2 3·2·1
6C2 = 15 4,896
=
6C2 · 12C1 6
pB =
18C3 18C3 = 816
15 · 12
=
816
180
=
816
15
pB =
68
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 3 : Red - Red - Red

r = No. of diff. 3 red balls only to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 red balls AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) no non-red balls, the number of
number of selections of 3 out of 18 total balls in order to obtain the probability of 3 red balls and 0 non-red balls that yields to:
pC =
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
C
6 3 · 12C0
pC =
18C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Case 3 : Red - Red - Red
n2! n1! m!
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
12! 6! 18!
12C0 = 6C3 = 18C3 =
0! · (12 - 0)! 3! · (6 - 3)! 3! · (18 - 3)!
12! 6! 18!
= = =
0! · (12)! 3! · (3)! 3! · (15)!
12! 6 · 5 · 4 · 3! 18 · 17 · 16 · 15!
= 0! = 1 = =
1 · 12! 3! · 3! 3! · 15!
12C0 = 1 6·5·4 18 · 17 · 16
= =
3! 3!
120 18 · 17 · 16
= 3! = 6 =
6 3·2·1
6C3 = 20 4,896
=
6C3 · 12C0 6
pC =
18C3 18C3 = 816
20 · 1
=
816
20
=
816
5
pC =
204
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls

Since Events p A , p B , and p C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that at least 1 is red is drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC
33 15 5
= + +
68 68 204
149
Answer : p =
204
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls

n2 = No. of diff. white balls = 4
n3 = No. of diff. blue balls = 8
r3 = No. of diff. blue balls to be drawn = 1
r = No. of diff. colored balls only to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 1 red ball, 1 white ball, AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) 1 blue ball, the number of
number of selections of 3 out of 18 total balls in order to obtain the probability of 1 of each color is drawn that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 6 red balls) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 4 white balls) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 8 blue balls)
p =
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
· n3Cr3
=
C
m r
6C1 · 4C1 · 8C1

p =
18C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
n1! n2! n3! m!

n1Cr1 = n2Cr2 = n3Cr3 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
6! 4! 8! 18!
6C1 = 4C1 = 8C1 = 18C3 =
1! · (6 - 1)! 1! · (4 - 1)! 1! · (8 - 1)! 3! · (18 - 3)!
6! 4! 8! 18!
= = = =
1! · (5)! 1! · (3)! 1! · (7)! 3! · (15)!
6 · 5! 4 · 3! 8 · 7! 18 · 17 · 16 · 15!
= = = =
1! · 5! 1! · 3! 1! · 7! 3! · 15!
6 4 8 18 · 17 · 16
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1! 1! 1! 3!
6C1 = 6 4C1 = 4 8C1 = 8 18 · 17 · 16
=
3·2·1
4,896
=
6
18C3 = 816
6C1 · 4C1
· 8C1
p =
C
18 3
6 · 4 · 8 192
= =
816 816
4
Answer : p =
17
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls

n2 = No. of diff. white balls = 4
n3 = No. of diff. blue balls = 8
r3 = No. of diff. blue balls to be drawn = 1
r = No. of diff. colored balls only to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 1 red ball, 1 white ball, AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) 1 blue ball, the number of
arrangements of 1 out of 6 red balls must be multiplied to both the number of arrangements of 1 out of 4 white balls and the number of
arrangements of 1 out of 8 blue balls and finally divide the product to the number of arrangements of 3 out of 18 total balls in order to
obtain the probability of order red, white, blue balls that yields to:
(No. of arrangments of 1 out of 6 red balls) · (No. of arrangements of 1 out of 4 white balls) · (No. of arrangements of 1 out of 8 blue balls)
p =
No. of arrangements of 3 out of 18 total balls
Since the required drawing of balls are a red, white, and blue ball in order , permutation is used instead of combination/selection.
n1Pr1 · n2Pr2 · n3Pr3

=
m Pr
6P 1 · 4P 1 · 8P 1
p =
18P3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
n1! n2! n3! m!

n1Pr1 = n2Pr2 = n3Pr3 = m Pr =
(n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! (m - r)!
6! 4! 8! 18!
6P 1 = 4P 1 = 8P 1 = 18P3 =
(6 - 1)! 1! · (4 - 1)! 1! · (8 - 1)! (18 - 3)!
6! 4! 8! 18!
= = = =
(5)! 1! · (3)! 1! · (7)! (15)!
6 · 5! 4 · 3! 8 · 7! 18 · 17 · 16 · 15!
= = = =
5! 1! · 3! 1! · 7! 15!
6P 1 = 6 4P 1 = 4 8P 1 = 8 = 18 · 17 · 16
P
18 3 = 4,896
6P 1 · 4P 1 · 8P 1
p =
18P3
6 · 4 · 8
=
4,896
192
=
4,896
2
Answer : p =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : W-W-W

q1 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a white ball
q2 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a white ball
q3 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a white ball
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and q 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that all 3 white balls are drawn is to obtain the product of
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
Total No. of White Balls Available 4 2 (There are 4 white balls available while there
q1 = = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 18 9 are 18 total balls inside a bag to draw )
Total No. of White Balls Available 3 (There are 3 white balls available while there
q2 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 17 are 17 total balls inside a bag to draw )
q3 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : W-W-W
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
2 3 1
= · ·
9 17 8
6
=
1,224
1
qA =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : W-W-B

q6 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a blue ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 white balls and 1 blue blue are drawn is to obtain the
qB = q4 · q5 · q6
q4 = = =
q5 = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Available 8 1 (There are 8 blue balls available while there are
q6 = = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 16 2 16 total balls inside a bag to draw )
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : W-W-B
qB = q4 · q5 · q6
2 3 1
= · ·
9 17 2
6
=
306
1
qB =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : W-B-W

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 blue ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to
qC = q7 · q8 · q9
q7 = = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Available 8 (There are 8 blue balls available while there are
q8 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 17 17 total balls inside a bag to draw )
q9 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : W-B-W
qC = q7 · q8 · q9
2 8 3
= · ·
9 17 16
48
=
2,448
1
qC =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : B-W-W

q 10 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a blue ball
q 11 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a white ball
q 12 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a white ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball and 2 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
qD = q 10 · q 11 · q 12
q 10 = = =
q 11 = =
q 12 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : B-W-W
qD = q 10 · q 11 · q 12
4 4 3
= · ·
9 17 16
48
=
2,448
1
qD =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : B-B-W

q 14 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a blue ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 blue balls and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain the
qE = q 13 · q 14 · q 15
q 13 = = =
q 14 = =
q 15 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : B-B-W
qE = q 13 · q 14 · q 15
4 7 1
= · ·
9 17 4
28
=
612
7
qE =
153
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : B-W-B

q 18 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a blue ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, 1 white ball, and 1 blue ball are drawn is to
qF = q 16 · q 17 · q 18
q 16 = = =
q 17 = =
q 18 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : B-W-B
qF = q 16 · q 17 · q 18
4 4 7
= · ·
9 17 16
112
=
2,448
7
qF =
153
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : W-B-B

q 19 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a white ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball and 2 blue balls are drawn is to obtain the
qG = q 19 · q 20 · q 21
q 19 = = =
q 20 = =
q 21 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : W-B-B
qG = q 19 · q 20 · q 21
2 8 7
= · ·
9 17 16
112
=
2,448
7
qG =
153
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : B-B-B

qH = Probability of Case No. 8
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that all 3 blue balls are drawn is to obtain the product of their
qH = q 22 · q 23 · q 24
q 22 = = =
q 23 = =
q 24 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : B-B-B
qH = q 22 · q 23 · q 24
4 7 3
= · ·
9 17 8
84
=
1,224
7
qH =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : R-W-B

qI = Probability of Case No. 9
p1 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a red ball
Since Events p 1 , q 25 , and q 26 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 white ball, and 1 blue ball are drawn is to
qI = p1 · q 25 · q 26
Total No. of Red Balls Available 6 1 (There are 6 red balls available while there are
p1 = = =
q 25 = =
q 26 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : R-W-B
qI = p1 · q 25 · q 26
1 4 1
= · ·
3 17 2
4
=
102
2
qI =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : R - B - W

qJ = Probability of Case No. 10
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 blue ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to
qJ = p2 · q 27 · q 28
p2 = = =
q 27 = =
q 28 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : R - B - W
qJ = p2 · q 27 · q 28
1 8 1
= · ·
3 17 4
8
=
204
2
qJ =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : W - R - B

qK = Probability of Case No. 11
p3 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a white ball
q 29 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a red ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 red ball, and 1 blue ball are drawn is to
qK = p3 · q 29 · q 30
p3 = = =
Total No. of Red Balls Available 6 (There are 6 red balls available while there are
q 29 = =
q 30 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : W - R - B
qK = p3 · q 29 · q 30
2 6 1
= · ·
9 17 2
12
=
306
2
qK =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : W - B - R

qL = Probability of Case No. 12
q 32 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a red ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 blue ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qL = p4 · q 31 · q 32
p4 = = =
q 31 = =
q 32 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : W - B - R
qL = p4 · q 31 · q 32
2 8 3
= · ·
9 17 8
48
=
1,224
2
qL =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 13 : B - R - W

qM = Probability of Case No. 13
p5 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a blue ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, 1 red ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to
qM = p5 · q 33 · q 34
p5 = = =
q 33 = =
q 34 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 13 : B - R - W
qM = p5 · q 33 · q 34
4 6 1
= · ·
9 17 4
24
=
612
2
qM =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 14 : B - W - R

qN = Probability of Case No. 14
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, 1 white ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qN = p6 · q 35 · q 36
p6 = = =
q 35 = =
q 36 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 14 : B - W - R
qN = p6 · q 35 · q 36
4 4 3
= · ·
9 17 8
48
=
1,224
2
qN =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 15 : R - R - W

qO = Probability of Case No. 15
p8 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a red ball
Since Events p 7 , p 8 , and q 37 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 red balls and 1 blue ball are drawn is to obtain the
qO = p7 · p8 · q 37
p7 = = =
p8 = =
q 37 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 15 : R - R - W
qO = p7 · p8 · q 37
1 5 1
= · ·
3 17 4
5
qO =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 16 : R - W - R

qP = Probability of Case No. 16
p 10 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a red ball
Since Events p 9 , q 38 , and p 10 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 white ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qP = p9 · q 38 · p 10
p9 = = =
q 38 = =
p 10 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 16 : R - W - R
qP = p9 · q 38 · p 10
1 4 5
= · ·
3 17 16
5
qP =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 17 : W - R - R

qQ = Probability of Case No. 17
p 11 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a red ball
Since Events q 39 , p 11 , and p 12 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, and 2 red balls are drawn is to obtain the
qQ = q 39 · p 11 · p 12
q 39 = = =
p 11 = =
p 12 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 17 : W - R - R
qQ = q 39 · p 11 · p 12
2 6 5
= · ·
9 17 16
5
qQ =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 18 : B - R - R

qR = Probability of Case No. 18
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, and 2 red balls are drawn is to obtain the
qR = q 40 · p 13 · p 14
q 40 = = =
p 13 = =
p 14 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 18 : B - R - R
qR = q 40 · p 13 · p 14
4 6 5
= · ·
9 17 16
5
qR =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 19 : R - B - R

qS = Probability of Case No. 19
p 15 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a red ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 blue ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
qS = p 15 · q 41 · p 16
p 15 = = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Available 8 (There are 8 white balls available while there
q 41 = =
p 16 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 19 : R - B - R
qS = p 15 · q 41 · p 16
1 8 5
= · ·
3 17 16
5
qS =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 20 : R - R - B

qT = Probability of Case No. 20
qT = p 17 · p 18 · q 42
p 17 = = =
p 18 = =
q 42 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 20 : R - R - B
qT = p 17 · p 18 · q 42
1 5 1
= · ·
3 17 2
5
qT =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 21 : R - W - W

qU = Probability of Case No. 21
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball and 2 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
qU = p 19 · q 43 · q 44
p 19 = = =
q 43 = =
q 44 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 21 : R - W - W
qU = p 19 · q 43 · q 44
1 4 3
= · ·
3 17 16
1
qU =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 22 : W - R - W

qV = Probability of Case No. 22
Since Events q 45 , p 20 , and q 46 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white, 1 red, and 1 white ballare drawn is to obtain the
qV = q 45 · p 20 · q 46
q 45 = = =
p 20 = =
q 46 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 22 : W - R - W
qV = q 45 · p 20 · q 46
2 6 3
= · ·
9 17 16
1
qV =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 23 : W - W - R

qW = Probability of Case No. 23
Since Events q 47 , q 48 , and p 21 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ball drawn is not returned back inside
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 white balls and 1 red ball ballare drawn is to obtain the
q W = q 45 · q 48 · p 21
q 47 = = =
q 48 = =
p 21 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 23 : W - W - R
q W = q 47 · q 48 · p 21
2 3 3
= · ·
9 17 8
1
qW =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 24 : R - B - B

qX = Probability of Case No. 24
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball and 2 blue balls are drawn is to obtain the
qX = p 22 · q 49 · q 50
p 22 = = =
q 49 = =
q 50 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 24 : R - B - B
qX = p 22 · q 49 · q 50
1 8 7
= · ·
3 17 16
7
qX =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 25 : B - R - B

qY = Probability of Case No. 25
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, 1 red ball, and 1 blue ball are drawn is to
qY = q 51 · p 23 · q 52
q 51 = = =
p 23 = =
q 52 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 25 : B - R - B
qY = q 51 · p 23 · q 52
2 6 7
= · ·
9 17 16
7
qY =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 26 : B - B - R

qZ = Probability of Case No. 26
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 blue balls and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain the
qZ = q 53 · q 54 · p 24
q 53 = = =
q 54 = =
p 24 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Case 26 : B - B - R
qZ = q 53 · q 54 · p 24
2 7 3
= · ·
9 17 8
7
qZ =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(a) all 3 are red
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q Z are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no all 3 are red balls drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG + qH + qI + qJ + qK + qL + qM + qN +
qO + qP + qQ + qR + qS + qT + qU + qV + qW + qX + qY + qZ
1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
204 51 51 51 153 153 153 102 51 51 51 51 51 51
5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 7 7 7
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
204 204 204 102 102 102 68 68 68 102 102 102
199
q =
204
199
p + q = 1 ; p +
204
= 1
199
p = 1 -
204
5
Answer : p =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : W-W-W

q3 = Probability that the 3rd ball drawn is a white ball
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that all 3 white balls are drawn is to obtain the product of
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
q1 = = =
q2 = =
q3 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : W-W-W
qA = q1 · q2 · q3
2 3 1
= · ·
9 17 8
6
=
1,224
1
qA =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : W-W-B

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 white balls and 1 blue blue are drawn is to obtain the
qB = q4 · q5 · q6
q4 = = =
q5 = =
q6 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : W-W-B
qB = q4 · q5 · q6
2 3 1
= · ·
9 17 2
6
=
306
1
qB =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : W-B-W

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 blue ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to
qC = q7 · q8 · q9
q7 = = =
q8 = =
q9 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : W-B-W
qC = q7 · q8 · q9
2 8 3
= · ·
9 17 16
48
=
2,448
1
qC =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : B-W-W

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball and 2 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
qD = q 10 · q 11 · q 12
q 10 = = =
q 11 = =
q 12 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 4 : B-W-W
qD = q 10 · q 11 · q 12
4 4 3
= · ·
9 17 16
48
=
2,448
1
qD =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : B-B-W

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 blue balls and 1 white ball are drawn is to obtain the
qE = q 13 · q 14 · q 15
q 13 = = =
q 14 = =
q 15 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : B-B-W
qE = q 13 · q 14 · q 15
4 7 1
= · ·
9 17 4
28
=
612
7
qE =
153
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : B-W-B

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, 1 white ball, and 1 blue ball are drawn is to
qF = q 16 · q 17 · q 18
q 16 = = =
q 17 = =
q 18 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : B-W-B
qF = q 16 · q 17 · q 18
4 4 7
= · ·
9 17 16
112
=
2,448
7
qF =
153
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : W-B-B

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball and 2 blue balls are drawn is to obtain the
qG = q 19 · q 20 · q 21
q 19 = = =
q 20 = =
q 21 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : W-B-B
qG = q 19 · q 20 · q 21
2 8 7
= · ·
9 17 16
112
=
2,448
7
qG =
153
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : R-R-R

q 22 = Probability that the 1st ball drawn is a red ball
qH = q 22 · q 23 · q 24
q 22 = = =
q 23 = =
q 24 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : R-R-R
qH = q 22 · q 23 · q 24
1 5 1
= · ·
3 17 4
5
qH =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : R-W-B

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 white ball, and 1 blue ball are drawn is to
qI = p1 · q 25 · q 26
p1 = = =
q 25 = =
q 26 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : R-W-B
qI = p1 · q 25 · q 26
1 4 1
= · ·
3 17 2
4
=
102
2
qI =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : R - B - W

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 blue ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to
qJ = p2 · q 27 · q 28
p2 = = =
q 27 = =
q 28 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : R - B - W
qJ = p2 · q 27 · q 28
1 8 1
= · ·
3 17 4
8
=
204
2
qJ =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : W - R - B

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 red ball, and 1 blue ball are drawn is to
qK = p3 · q 29 · q 30
p3 = = =
q 29 = =
q 30 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : W - R - B
qK = p3 · q 29 · q 30
2 6 1
= · ·
9 17 2
12
=
306
2
qK =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : W - B - R

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, 1 blue ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qL = p4 · q 31 · q 32
p4 = = =
q 31 = =
q 32 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : W - B - R
qL = p4 · q 31 · q 32
2 8 3
= · ·
9 17 8
48
=
1,224
2
qL =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 13 : B - R - W

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, 1 red ball, and 1 white ball are drawn is to
qM = p5 · q 33 · q 34
p5 = = =
q 33 = =
q 34 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 13 : B - R - W
qM = p5 · q 33 · q 34
4 6 1
= · ·
9 17 4
24
=
612
2
qM =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 14 : B - W - R

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, 1 white ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qN = p6 · q 35 · q 36
p6 = = =
q 35 = =
q 36 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 14 : B - W - R
qN = p6 · q 35 · q 36
4 4 3
= · ·
9 17 8
48
=
1,224
2
qN =
51
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 15 : R - R - W

p8 = Probability that the 2nd ball drawn is a red ball
qO = p7 · p8 · q 37
p7 = = =
p8 = =
q 37 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 15 : R - R - W
qO = p7 · p8 · q 37
1 5 1
= · ·
3 17 4
5
qO =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 16 : R - W - R

the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 white ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to
qP = p9 · q 38 · p 10
p9 = = =
q 38 = =
p 10 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 16 : R - W - R
qP = p9 · q 38 · p 10
1 4 5
= · ·
3 17 16
5
qP =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 17 : W - R - R

qQ = Probability of Case No. 17
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white ball, and 2 red balls are drawn is to obtain the
qQ = q 39 · p 11 · p 12
q 39 = = =
p 11 = =
p 12 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 17 : W - R - R
qQ = q 39 · p 11 · p 12
2 6 5
= · ·
9 17 16
5
qQ =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 18 : B - R - R

qR = Probability of Case No. 18
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, and 2 red balls are drawn is to obtain the
qR = q 40 · p 13 · p 14
q 40 = = =
p 13 = =
p 14 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 18 : B - R - R
qR = q 40 · p 13 · p 14
4 6 5
= · ·
9 17 16
5
qR =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 19 : R - B - R

qS = Probability of Case No. 19
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball, 1 blue ball, and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain
qS = p 15 · q 41 · p 16
p 15 = = =
Total No. of Blue Balls Available 8 (There are 8 white balls available while there
q 41 = =
p 16 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 19 : R - B - R
qS = p 15 · q 41 · p 16
1 8 5
= · ·
3 17 16
5
qS =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 20 : R - R - B

qT = Probability of Case No. 20
qT = p 17 · p 18 · q 42
p 17 = = =
p 18 = =
q 42 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 20 : R - R - B
qT = p 17 · p 18 · q 42
1 5 1
= · ·
3 17 2
5
qT =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 21 : R - W - W

qU = Probability of Case No. 21
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball and 2 white balls are drawn is to obtain the
qU = p 19 · q 43 · q 44
p 19 = = =
q 43 = =
q 44 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 21 : R - W - W
qU = p 19 · q 43 · q 44
1 4 3
= · ·
3 17 16
1
qU =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 22 : W - R - W

qV = Probability of Case No. 22
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 white, 1 red, and 1 white ballare drawn is to obtain the
qV = q 45 · p 20 · q 46
q 45 = = =
p 20 = =
q 46 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 22 : W - R - W
qV = q 45 · p 20 · q 46
2 6 3
= · ·
9 17 16
1
qV =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 23 : W - W - R

qW = Probability of Case No. 23
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 white balls and 1 red ball ballare drawn is to obtain the
q W = q 45 · q 48 · p 21
q 47 = = =
q 48 = =
p 21 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 23 : W - W - R
q W = q 47 · q 48 · p 21
2 3 3
= · ·
9 17 8
1
qW =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 24 : R - B - B

qX = Probability of Case No. 24
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 red ball and 2 blue balls are drawn is to obtain the
qX = p 22 · q 49 · q 50
p 22 = = =
q 49 = =
q 50 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 24 : R - B - B
qX = p 22 · q 49 · q 50
1 8 7
= · ·
3 17 16
7
qX =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 25 : B - R - B

qY = Probability of Case No. 25
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 1 blue ball, 1 red ball, and 1 blue ball are drawn is to
qY = q 51 · p 23 · q 52
q 51 = = =
p 23 = =
q 52 = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 25 : B - R - B
qY = q 51 · p 23 · q 52
2 6 7
= · ·
9 17 16
7
qY =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 26 : B - B - R

qZ = Probability of Case No. 26
the bag, that eventually decreases the number of balls) therefore the probability that 2 blue balls and 1 red ball are drawn is to obtain the
qZ = q 53 · q 54 · p 24
q 53 = = =
q 54 = =
p 24 = = =
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
Case 26 : B - B - R
qZ = q 53 · q 54 · p 24
2 7 3
= · ·
9 17 8
7
qZ =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
(b) all 3 are blue
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no all 3 are blue balls drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
1 1 1 1 7 7 7 5 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
204 51 51 51 153 153 153 204 51 51 51 51 51 51
5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 7 7 7
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
204 204 204 102 102 102 68 68 68 102 102 102
95
q =
102
95
p + q = 1 ; p +
102
= 1
95
p = 1 -
102
7
Answer : p =
102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
A table below shows all the possible cases that are the complementaries of Item (c). All the probabilities of the listed cases is the value of q.
The probabilities of each case can be seen on both Items (a) and (b) starting on Sheet 27.9 Pt. 1 Sol. 3 and 27.9 Pt. 54 Sol. 3, respectively.
Case No. Variable Condition Probability Case No. Variable Condition Probability
1 qA W-W-W 1/204 13 qM W-B-R 2/51
2 qB W-W-B 1/51 14 qN B-R-W 2/51
3 qC W-B-W 1/51 15 qO B-W-R 2/51
4 qD B-W-W 1/51 16 qP R-R-W 5/204
5 qE B-B-W 7/153 17 qQ R-W-R 5/204
6 qF B-W-B 7/153 18 qR W-R-R 5/204
7 qG W-B-B 7/153 19 qS B-R-R 5/102
8 qH B-B-B 7/102 20 qT R-B-R 5/102
9 qI R-R-R 5/204 21 qU R-R-B 5/102
10 qJ R-W-B 2/51 22 qV R-B-B 7/102
11 qK R-B-W 2/51 23 qW B-R-B 7/102
12 qL W-R-B 2/51 24 qX B-B-R 7/102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q X are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 2 whites and 1 red drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
qO + qP + qQ + qR + qS + qT + qU + qV + qW + qX
1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 5 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
204 51 51 51 153 153 153 102 204 51 51 51 51 51
2 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7
+ + + + + + + + + +
51 204 204 204 102 102 102 102 102 102
65
q =
68
65
p + q = 1 ; p +
68
= 1
65
p = 1 -
68
3
Answer : p =
68
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
Case No. Variable Condition Probability

1 qA W-W-W 1/204
2 qB W-W-B 1/51
3 qC W-B-W 1/51
4 qD B-W-W 1/51
5 qE B-B-W 7/153
6 qF B-W-B 7/153
7 qG W-B-B 7/153
8 qH B-B-B 7/102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q H are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no at least 1 red ball is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG + qH
1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7
= + + + + + + +
204 51 51 51 153 153 153 102
55
q =
204
55
p + q = 1 ; p +
204
= 1
55
p = 1 -
204
149
Answer : p =
204
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
1 qA W-W-W 1/204 16 qP R-W-W 1/68
2 qB W-W-B 1/51 17 qQ W-R-W 1/68
3 qC W-B-W 1/51 18 qR W-W-R 1/68
4 qD B-W-W 1/51 19 qS R-B-B 7/102
5 qE B-B-W 7/153 20 qT B-R-B 7/102
6 qF B-W-B 7/153 21 qU B-B-R 7/102
7 qG W-B-B 7/153
8 qH B-B-B 7/102
9 qI R-R-R 5/204
10 qJ R-R-W 5/204
11 qK R-W-R 5/204
12 qL W-R-R 5/204
13 qM B-R-R 5/102
14 qN R-B-R 5/102
15 qO R-R-B 5/102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, and q V are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 1 of each color drawn is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG + qH + qI + qJ + qK + qL + qM + qN + qO
+ qQ + qR + qS + qT + qU + qV
1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
204 51 51 51 153 153 153 102 204 204 204 204 102 102 102
1 1 1 7 7 7
+ + + + + +
68 68 68 102 102 102
13
q =
17
13
p + q = 1 ; p +
17
= 1
13
p = 1 -
17
4
Answer : p =
17
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
1 qA W-W-W 1/204 14 qN B-W-R 2/51
2 qB W-W-B 1/51 15 qO R-R-W 5/204
3 qC W-B-W 1/51 16 qP R-W-R 5/204
4 qD B-W-W 1/51 17 qQ W-R-R 5/204
5 qE B-B-W 7/153 18 qR B-R-R 5/102
6 qF B-W-B 7/153 19 qS R-B-R 5/102
7 qG W-B-B 7/153 20 qT R-R-B 5/102
8 qH B-B-B 7/102 21 qU R-W-W 1/68
9 qI R-R-R 5/204 22 qV W-R-W 1/68
10 qJ R-B-W 2/51 23 qW W-W-R 1/68
11 qK W-R-B 2/51 24 qX R-B-B 7/102
12 qL W-B-R 2/51 25 qY B-R-B 7/102
13 qM B-R-W 2/51 26 qZ B-B-R 7/102
Solution 3 :

Thing : Ball Slots
Ways : Balls
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that the balls drawn in the order red, white, blue is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 5 2 2 2 2 2
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
204 51 51 51 153 153 153 102 204 51 51 51 51 51
5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 7 7 7
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
204 204 204 102 102 102 68 68 68 102 102 102
49
q =
51
49
p + q = 1 ; p +
51
= 1
49
p = 1 -
51
2
Answer : p =
51
27.10 Problem : Three cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards. Determine the probability p that (a) all are aces, (b) all are aces and drawn in the order spade,
club, diamond, (c) all are spades, (d) all are of the same suit, (e) no two are of the same suit.
Solution 1 :
Event : Random drawing of cards

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Let : p = Probability that all 3 cards are aces

Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each card drawn is not returned back to a deck
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that all 3 aces are drawn is to obtain the product of their
p = p1 · p2 · p3
Total No. of Aces in a Deck Available 4 1 (There are 4 aces available while there are 52
p1 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 13 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Aces in a Deck Available 3 1 (There are now only 3 aces available while there
p2 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 17 are now only 51 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Aces in a Deck Available 2 1 (There are now only 2 aces available while there
p2 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 50 25 are now only 50 cards in a deck )
1 1 1 1
p = · · =
13 17 25 5,525
1
Answer : p =
5,525
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(b) all are aces and drawn in the order spade, club, diamond
Let : p = Probability that all are aces and drawn in the order spade, club, diamond
p4 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is an ace of spade
p5 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is an ace of club
p6 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is an ace of diamond
of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that an ace of spade then an ace of club and an ace of
diamond are drawn is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = p4 · p5 · p6
Total No. of Ace of Spade Available 1 (There is only 1 ace of spade available while
p4 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 there are 52 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Ace of Club Available 1 (There is only 1 ace of club available while there
p5 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 are 51 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Ace of Diamond Available 1 (There is only 1 ace of diamond available while
p6 = =
1 1 1 1
p = · · =
52 51 50 132,600
1
Answer : p =
132,600
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Let : p = Probability that all 3 cards are spades

of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that all 3 spades are drawn is to obtain the product of their
p = p7 · p8 · p9
Total No. of Spades in a Deck Available 13 1 (There are 13 spades available while there are
p7 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 4 52 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Spades in a Deck Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 spades available while
p8 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 17 there are 51 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Spades in a Deck Available 11 (There are now only 11 spades available while
p9 = =
1 4 11 44
p = · · =
4 17 50 3,400
11
Answer : p =
850
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(d) all are of the same suit
Case 1 : Club - Club - Club
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit p 10 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a club
p A = Probability of Case No. 1 p 11 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a club
p 12 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a club
Since Events p 10 , p 11 , and p 12 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each card drawn is not returned back to a
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that all 3 clubs are drawn is to obtain the product of
pA = p 10 · p 11 · p 12
Total No. of Clubs in a Deck Available 13 1 (There are 13 clubs available while there are 52
p 10 = = =
Total No. of Clubs in a Deck Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 clubs available while
p 11 = = =
Total No. of Clubs in a Deck Available 11 (There are now only 11 clubs available while
p 12 = =
1 4 11 44
pA = · · =
4 17 50 3,400
11
pA =
850
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 2 : Spade - Spade - Spade
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit p 13 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a spade
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 14 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a spade
p 15 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a spade
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that all 3 spades are drawn is to obtain the product of
pB = p 13 · p 14 · p 15
p 13 = = =
Total No. of Spades in a Deck Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 spades available while
p 14 = = =
Total No. of Spades in a Deck Available 11 (There are now only 11 clubs available while
p 15 = =
1 4 11 44
pB = · · =
4 17 50 3,400
11
pB =
850
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 3 : Diamond - Diamond - Diamond
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit p 16 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a diamond
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 17 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a diamond
p 18 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a diamond
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that all 3 diamonds are drawn is to obtain the product
of their probabilities which yields to:
pC = p 16 · p 17 · p 18
Total No. of Diamonds in a Deck Available 13 1 (There are 13 diamonds available while there
p 16 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 52 4 are 52 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Diamonds in a Deck Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 diamonds available
p 17 = = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 17 while there are 51 cards in a deck )
Total No. of Diamonds in a Deck Available 11 (There are now only 11 diamonds available
p 18 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 50 while there are 50 cards in a deck )
1 4 11 44
pC = · · =
4 17 50 3,400
11
pC =
850
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 4 : Heart - Heart - Heart
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit p 19 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a heart
p D = Probability of Case No. 4 p 20 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
p 21 = Probability that the 3rd card drawn is a heart
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that all 3 hearts are drawn is to obtain the product
pD = p 19 · p 20 · p 21
Total No. of Hearts in a Deck Available 13 1 (There are 13 hearts available while there are
p 19 = = =
Total No. of Hearts in a Deck Available 12 4 (There are now only 12 hearts available while
p 20 = = =
Total No. of Hearts in a Deck Available 11 (There are now only 11 hearts available while
p 21 = =
1 4 11 44
pD = · · =
4 17 50 3,400
11
pD =
850
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : p = Probability that all are of the same suit

Since Events p A , p B , p C , and p D are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that all 3 are of the same suit is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD
11 11 11 11
= + + +
850 850 850 850
44
=
850
22
Answer : p =
425
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(e) no two are of the same suit
Case 1 : Club - Spade - Heart
Let : p = Probability that no two are of the same suit p 22 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a club
p A = Probability of Case No. 1 p 23 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a spade
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a club, a spade, and a heart are drawn is to
pA = p 22 · p 23 · p 24
p 22 = = =
Total No. of Spades in a Deck Available 13 (There are 13 spades available while there are
p 23 = =
Total No. of Hearts in a Deck Available 13 (There are 13 hearts available while there are
p 24 = =
1 13 13 169
pA = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pA =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 2 : Club - Heart - Spade
p B = Probability of Case No. 2 p 26 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a club, a heart, and a spade are drawn is to
pB = p 25 · p 26 · p 27
p 25 = = =
p 26 = =
p 27 = =
1 13 13 169
pB = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pB =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 3 : Spade - Club - Heart
Let : p = Probability that no two are of the same suit p 28 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a spade
p C = Probability of Case No. 3 p 29 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a club
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a spade, a club, and a heart are drawn is to
pC = p 28 · p 29 · p 30
p 28 = = =
Total No. of Clubs in a Deck Available 13 (There are 13 clubs available while there are 51
p 29 = =
Total No. of Cards in a Deck Available 51 cards in a deck )
p 30 = =
1 13 13 169
pC = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pC =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 4 : Spade - Heart - Club
p D = Probability of Case No. 4 p 32 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a spade, a heart, and a club are drawn is to
pD = p 31 · p 32 · p 33
p 31 = = =
p 32 = =
p 33 = =
1 13 13 169
pD = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pD =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 5 : Heart - Club - Spade
Let : p = Probability that no two are of the same suit p 34 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a heart
p E = Probability of Case No. 5 p 35 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a club
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a heart, a club, and a spade are drawn is to
pE = p 34 · p 35 · p 36
p 34 = = =
p 35 = =
p 36 = =
1 13 13 169
pE = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pE =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 6 : Heart - Spade - Club
p F = Probability of Case No. 6 p 38 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a spade
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a heart, a spade, and a club are drawn is to
pF = p 37 · p 38 · p 39
p 37 = = =
p 38 = =
p 39 = =
1 13 13 169
pF = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pF =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 7 : Club - Heart - Diamond
p G = Probability of Case No. 7 p 41 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a club, a heart, and a diamond are drawn is to
pG = p 40 · p 41 · p 42
p 40 = = =
p 41 = =
Total No. of Diamonds in a Deck Available 13 (There are 13 diamonds available while there
p 42 = =
1 13 13 169
pG = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pG =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 8 : Club - Diamond - Heart
p H = Probability of Case No. 8 p 44 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a diamond
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a club, a diamond, and a heart are drawn is to
pH = p 43 · p 44 · p 45
p 43 = = =
p 44 = =
p 45 = =
1 13 13 169
pH = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pH =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 9 : Heart - Club - Diamond
p I = Probability of Case No. 9 p 47 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a club
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a heart, a club, and a diamond are drawn is to
pI = p 46 · p 47 · p 48
p 46 = = =
p 47 = =
p 48 = =
1 13 13 169
pI = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pI =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 10 : Heart - Diamond - Club
p J = Probability of Case No. 10 p 50 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a diamond
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a heart, a diamond, and a club are drawn is to
pJ = p 49 · p 50 · p 51
p 49 = = =
p 50 = =
p 51 = =
1 13 13 169
pJ = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pJ =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 11 : Diamond - Club - Heart
Let : p = Probability that no two are of the same suit p 52 = Probability that the 1st card drawn is a diamond
p K = Probability of Case No. 11 p 53 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a club
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a diamond, a club, and a heart are drawn is to
pK = p 52 · p 53 · p 54
p 52 = = =
p 53 = =
p 54 = =
1 13 13 169
pK = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pK =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 12 : Diamond - Heart - Club
p L = Probability of Case No. 12 p 56 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a diamond, a heart, and a club are drawn is to
pL = p 55 · p 56 · p 57
p 55 = = =
p 56 = =
p 57 = =
1 13 13 169
pL = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pL =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 13 : Spade - Heart - Diamond
p M = Probability of Case No. 13 p 59 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a spade, a heart, and a diamond are drawn is to
pM = p 58 · p 59 · p 60
p 58 = = =
p 59 = =
p 60 = =
1 13 13 169
pM = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pM =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 14 : Spade - Diamond - Heart
p N = Probability of Case No. 14 p 62 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a diamond
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a spade, a diamond, and a heart are drawn is to
pN = p 61 · p 62 · p 63
p 61 = = =
p 62 = =
p 63 = =
1 13 13 169
pN = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pN =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 15 : Heart - Spade - Diamond
p O = Probability of Case No. 15 p 65 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a spade
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a heart, a spade, and a diamond are drawn is to
pO = p 64 · p 65 · p 66
p 64 = = =
p 65 = =
p 66 = =
1 13 13 169
pO = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pO =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 16 : Heart - Diamond - Spade
p P = Probability of Case No. 16 p 68 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a diamond
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a heart, a diamond, and a spade are drawn is to
pP = p 67 · p 68 · p 69
p 67 = = =
p 68 = =
p 69 = =
1 13 13 169
pP = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pP =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 17 : Diamond - Spade - Heart
p Q = Probability of Case No. 17 p 71 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a spade
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a diamond, a spade, and a heart are drawn is to
pQ = p 70 · p 71 · p 72
p 70 = = =
p 71 = =
p 72 = =
1 13 13 169
pQ = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pQ =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 18 : Diamond - Heart - Spade
p R = Probability of Case No. 18 p 74 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a heart
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a diamond, a heart, and a spade are drawn is to
pR = p 73 · p 74 · p 75
p 73 = = =
p 74 = =
p 75 = =
1 13 13 169
pR = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pR =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 19 : Club - Spade - Diamond
p S = Probability of Case No. 19 p 77 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a spade
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a club, a spade, and a diamond are drawn is to
pS = p 76 · p 77 · p 78
p 76 = = =
p 77 = =
p 78 = =
1 13 13 169
pS = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pS =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 20 : Club - Diamond - Spade
p T = Probability of Case No. 20 p 80 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a diamond
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a club, a diamond, and a spade are drawn is to
pT = p 79 · p 80 · p 81
p 79 = = =
p 80 = =
p 81 = =
1 13 13 169
pT = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pT =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 21 : Spade - Club - Diamond
p U = Probability of Case No. 21 p 83 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a club
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a spade, a club, and a diamond are drawn is to
pU = p 82 · p 83 · p 84
p 82 = = =
p 83 = =
p 84 = =
1 13 13 169
pU = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pU =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 22 : Spade - Diamond - Club
p V = Probability of Case No. 22 p 86 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a diamond
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a spade, a diamond, and a club are drawn is to
pV = p 85 · p 86 · p 87
p 85 = = =
p 86 = =
p 87 = =
1 13 13 169
pV = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pV =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 23 : Diamond - Club - Spade
p W = Probability of Case No. 23 p 89 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a club
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a diamond, a club, and a spade are drawn is to
p W = p 88 · p 89 · p 90
p 88 = = =
p 89 = =
p 90 = =
1 13 13 169
pW = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pW =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Case 24 : Diamond - Spade - Club
p X = Probability of Case No. 23 p 92 = Probability that the 2nd card drawn is a spade
deck of 52 cards, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that a diamond, a spade, and a club are drawn is to
pX = p 91 · p 92 · p 93
p 91 = = =
p 92 = =
p 93 = =
1 13 13 169
pX = · · =
4 51 50 10,200
169
pX =
10,200
Solution 1 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards

pA = Probability of Case No. 1 pI = Probability of Case No. 9 pQ = Probability of Case No. 17
pB = Probability of Case No. 2 pJ = Probability of Case No. 10 pR = Probability of Case No. 18
pC = Probability of Case No. 3 pK = Probability of Case No. 11 pS = Probability of Case No. 19
pD = Probability of Case No. 4 pL = Probability of Case No. 12 pT = Probability of Case No. 20
pE = Probability of Case No. 5 pM = Probability of Case No. 13 pU = Probability of Case No. 21
pF = Probability of Case No. 6 pN = Probability of Case No. 14 pV = Probability of Case No. 22
pG = Probability of Case No. 7 pO = Probability of Case No. 15 pW = Probability of Case No. 23
pH = Probability of Case No. 8 pP = Probability of Case No. 16 pX = Probability of Case No. 24
Since Events p A , p B , …, and p X are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that no two are of the same suit is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE + pF + pG + pH + pI + pJ + pK + pL +
pM + pN + pO + pP + pQ + pR + pS + pT + pU + pV + pW + pX
169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169
= + + + + + + + + + + + +
10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200
169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169 169
+ + + + + + + + + + +
10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200 10,200
169
Answer : p =
425
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Let : n = No. of aces available = 4

m = No. of cards available = 52
r = No. of aces to be drawn = 3
No. of selections of 3 out of 4 aces nCr 4C3

p = = =
No. of selections of 3 out of 52 cards mCr 52C3
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 52!
4C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (4 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
4! 52!
= =
3! · (1)! 3! · (49)!
4 · 3! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 1! 3! · 49!
4 52 · 51 · 50
= =
1! 3!
4 52 · 51 · 50
= =
1 3·2·1
4C3 = 4 132,600
=
6
52C3 = 22,100
4C3 4 1
Answer : p =
52C3
; p =
22,100 ; p =
5,525
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : n1 = No. of ace of spade available = 1

n2 = No. of ace of club available = 1
n3 = No. of ace of diamond available = 1
r1 = No. of ace of spade to be drawn = 1
r2 = No. of ace of club to be drawn = 1
r3 = No. of ace of diamond to be drawn = 1
r = No. of ace of spade, club, & dia. to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw an ace of spade, ace of club, and ace of diamond in particular order, therefore the number of selections of 1 ace of
spade out of 52 cards times the number of selections of 1 ace of club out of 51 remaining cards times the number of selections of 1 ace of
diamond and then divide the product to the number of total arrangements of 3 out of 52 total cards in order to obtain the probability of
all are aces and drawn in the order spade, club, diamond yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 1 ace of spade) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 1 ace of club) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 1 ace of club)
p =
No. of total arrangements of 3 out of 52 cards available
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
· n3Cr3
=
P
m r
1C1 · 1C1 · 1C1

p =
52P3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n1! n2! n3! m!

n1Cr1 = n2Cr2 = n3Cr3 = m Pr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! (m - r)!
1! 1! 1! 52!
1C1 = 1C1 = 1C1 = 52P3 =
1! · (1 - 1)! 1! · (1 - 1)! 1! · (1 - 1)! (52 - 3)!
1! 1! 1! 52!
= = = =
1! · (0)! 1! · (0)! 1! · (0)! (49)!
1! 1! 1! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1! · 1 1! · 1 1! · 1 49!
1 1 1 = 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
1 1 1 P
52 3 = 132,600
1C1 = 1 1C1 = 1 1C1 = 1
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2 · n3Cr3

p =
m Pr
1 · 1 · 1
=
132,600
1
Answer : p =
132,600
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Let : n = No. of spades available = 13

r = No. of spades to be drawn = 3
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 spades nCr 13C3

p = = =
No. of selections of 3 out of 52 cards mCr 52C3
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
13C3 286 11
Answer : p =
52C3
; p =
22,100 ; p =
850
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : n = No. of diff. clubs = 13

m = No. of diff. total cards available = 52
r = No. of diff. clubs to be drawn = 3
r' = No. of diff. cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 clubs and then divide it to the number of
selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 clubs

pA =
No. of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available
nCr
=
mCr'
13C3
pA =
52C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n! m!
nCr = mCr' =
r! · (n - r)! r'! · (m - r')!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
13C3 286
pA = ; pA =
52C3 22,100
11
pA =
850
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : n = No. of diff. spades = 13

r = No. of diff. spades to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 spades and then divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 spades

pB =
nCr
=
mCr'
13C3
pB =
52C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n! m!
nCr = mCr' =
r! · (n - r)! r'! · (m - r')!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
13C3 286
pB = ; pB =
52C3 22,100
11
pB =
850
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : n = No. of diff. hearts = 13

r = No. of diff. hearts to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 hearts, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 hearts and then divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 hearts

pC =
nCr
=
mCr'
13C3
pC =
52C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n! m!
nCr = mCr' =
r! · (n - r)! r'! · (m - r')!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
13C3 286
pC = ; pC =
52C3 22,100
11
pC =
850
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : n = No. of diff. diamonds = 13

r = No. of diff. diamonds to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 diamonds, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 diamonds and then divide it to the
number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 diamonds

pD =
nCr
=
mCr'
13C3
pD =
52C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n! m!
nCr = mCr' =
r! · (n - r)! r'! · (m - r')!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
13C3 286
pD = ; pD =
52C3 22,100
11
pD =
850
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards

therefore the probability that all are of the same suit is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
11 11 11 11
= + + +
850 850 850 850
44
=
850
22
Answer : p =
425
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : n1 = No. of clubs available = 13

n2 = No. of spades available = 13
n3 = No. of hearts available = 13
r1 = No. of clubs to be drawn = 1
r2 = No. of spades to be drawn = 1
r3 = No. of hearts to be drawn = 1
r = No. of club, spade, & heart cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw an club, spade, and a heart, therefore the number of selections of 1 club out of 13 clubs times the number of selections
of 1 spade out of 13 spades times the number of selections of 1 heart out of 13 hearts and then divide the product to the number of
total arrangements of 3 out of 52 total cards in order to obtain the probability of drawing a club, spade, and a heart yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 spades) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts)
pA =

=
m Pr
13C1 · 13C1 · 13C1

pA =
13C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n1! n2! n3! m!

r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! (m - r)!
13! 13! 13! 52!
13C1 = 13C1 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 13! 52!
= = = =
1! · (12)! 1! · (12)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 13 · 12! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1 · 12! 1 · 12! 1 · 12! 3! · 49!
13 13 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = = =
1 1 1 3!
13C1 = 13 13C1 = 13 13C1 = 13 52 · 51 · 50
=
3·2·1
132,600
=
6
52C3 = 22,100
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2 · n3Cr3 13 · 13 · 13
pA = ; pA = =
mCr 22,100
:
2,197
=
22,100
169
pA =
1,700
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards

n3 = No. of diamonds available = 13
r3 = No. of diamonds to be drawn = 1
r = No. of club, spade, & dia. cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw an club, spade, and a dia., therefore the number of selections of 1 club out of 13 clubs times the number of selections
of 1 spade out of 13 spades times the number of selections of 1 dia. out of 13 dias. and then divide the product to the number of
total arrangements of 3 out of 52 total cards in order to obtain the probability of drawing a club, spade, and a diamond yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 spades) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds)
pB =

=
m Pr
13C1 · 13C1 · 13C1

pB =
13C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n1! n2! n3! m!

r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! (m - r)!
13! 13! 13! 52!
13C1 = 13C1 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 13! 52!
= = = =
1! · (12)! 1! · (12)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 13 · 12! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1 · 12! 1 · 12! 1 · 12! 3! · 49!
13 13 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = = =
1 1 1 3!
13C1 = 13 13C1 = 13 13C1 = 13 52 · 51 · 50
=
3·2·1
132,600
=
6
52C3 = 22,100
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2 · n3Cr3 13 · 13 · 13
pB = ; pB = =
mCr 22,100
:
2,197
=
22,100
169
pB =
1,700
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards

r = No. of club, heart, & dia. cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw an club, heart, and a dia., therefore the number of selections of 1 club out of 13 clubs times the number of selections
of 1 heart out of 13 hearts times the number of selections of 1 dia. out of 13 dias. and then divide the product to the number of
total arrangements of 3 out of 52 total cards in order to obtain the probability of drawing a club, heart, and a diamond yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds)
pC =

=
m Pr
13C1 · 13C1 · 13C1

pC =
13C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n1! n2! n3! m!

r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! (m - r)!
13! 13! 13! 52!
13C1 = 13C1 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 13! 52!
= = = =
1! · (12)! 1! · (12)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 13 · 12! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1 · 12! 1 · 12! 1 · 12! 3! · 49!
13 13 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = = =
1 1 1 3!
13C1 = 13 13C1 = 13 13C1 = 13 52 · 51 · 50
=
3·2·1
132,600
=
6
52C3 = 22,100
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2 · n3Cr3 13 · 13 · 13
pC = ; pB = =
mCr 22,100
:
2,197
=
22,100
169
pC =
1,700
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : n1 = No. of spades available = 13

r = No. of spade, heart, & dia. cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw an spade, heart, and a dia., therefore the number of selections of 1 spade out of 13 spades times the number of selections
of 1 heart out of 13 hearts times the number of selections of 1 dia. out of 13 dias. and then divide the product to the number of
total arrangements of 3 out of 52 total cards in order to obtain the probability of drawing a spade, heart, and a diamond yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 spades) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds)
pD =

=
m Pr
13C1 · 13C1 · 13C1

pD =
13C3
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
n1! n2! n3! m!

r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! (m - r)!
13! 13! 13! 52!
13C1 = 13C1 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 13! 52!
= = = =
1! · (12)! 1! · (12)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 13 · 12! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1 · 12! 1 · 12! 1 · 12! 3! · 49!
13 13 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = = =
1 1 1 3!
13C1 = 13 13C1 = 13 13C1 = 13 52 · 51 · 50
=
3·2·1
132,600
=
6
52C3 = 22,100
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2 · n3Cr3 13 · 13 · 13
pD = ; pB = =
mCr 22,100
:
2,197
=
22,100
169
pD =
1,700
Solution 2 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Let : p = Probability that no two are of the same suit

therefore the probability that no two are of the same suit is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
169 169 169 169
= + + +
1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700
676
=
1,700
169
Answer : p =
425
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-Ace - Non-Ace - Non-Ace
Let : p = Probability that all 3 are aces

n1 = No. of non-ace cards available = 48
m = No. of total cards in a deck = 52
r1 = No. of non-ace cards to be drawn = 3
r = No. of cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 non-aces, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 48 non-aces and divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 3 out of 48 non-aces

qA =
No. of selections of 3 out 52 total cards
n1Cr1
=
mCr
48C3
qA =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
n1! m!
n1Cr1 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
48! 52!
48C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (48 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
48! 52!
= =
3! · (45)! 3! · (49)!
48 · 47 · 46 · 45! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 45! 3! · 49!
48 · 47 · 46 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
48 · 47 · 46 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
103,776 132,600
= =
6 6
48C3 = 17,296 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
n1Cr1
qA =
mCr
48C3
=
52C3
17,296
=
22,100
4,324
qA =
5,525
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Ace - Non-Ace - Non-Ace

n2 = No. of aces available = 4
r2 = No. of aces to be drawn = 1
Since the event is to draw 1 ace and 2 non-aces, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 4 aces then multiply it to the
number of selections of 2 out of 48 non-aces and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 4 aces) · (No. of selections of 2 out of 48 non-aces)

qB =
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
=
mCr
4C1 · 48C2
qB =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
n2! n3! m!
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 48! 52!
4C1 = 48C2 = 52C3 =
1! · (4 - 1)! 2! · (48 - 2)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
4! 48! 52!
= = =
1! · (3)! 2! · (46)! 3! · (49)!
4 · 3! 48 · 47 · 46! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
1! · 3! 2! · 46! 3! · 49!
4 48 · 47 52 · 51 · 50
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 2! 3!
4 48 · 47 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
1 2·1 3·2·1
4C1 = 4 2,256 132,600
= =
2 6
48C2 = 1,128 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
Since Case No. 2 are composed of dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each card drawn is not returned back to the
deck, that eventually decreases the number of cards) therefore the probability that Case No. 2 occurs is to obtain the product of both the number
of selections of 1 out of 4 aces and 2 out of 48 non-aces then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
qB =
mCr
4C1 · 48C2
=
52C3
4 · 1,128
=
22,100
4,512
=
22,100
1,128
qB =
5,525
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Ace - Ace - Non-Ace

n4 = No. of aces available = 4
r4 = No. of aces to be drawn = 2
Since the event is to draw 2 aces and 1 non-ace, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 4 aces then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 48 non-aces and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 4 aces) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 48 non-aces)

qC =
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
=
mCr
4C2 · 48C1
qC =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
n4! n5! m!
r4! · (n4 - r4)! r5! · (n5 - r5)! r! · (m - r)!
4! 48! 52!
4C2 = 48C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (4 - 2)! 1! · (48 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
4! 48! 52!
= = =
2! · (2)! 1! · (47)! 3! · (49)!
4 · 3 · 2! 48 · 47! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 2! 1! · 47! 3! · 49!
4·3 48 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
4·3 48 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
12 48C1 = 48 132,600
= =
2 6
4C2 = 6 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 4 aces and 1 out of 48 non-aces then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
qC =
mCr
4C2 · 48C1
=
52C3
6 · 48
=
22,100
288
=
22,100
72
qC =
5,525
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(a) all are aces
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that the drawn cards all are aces is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC
4,324 1,128 72
= + +
5,525 5,525 5,525
5,524
q =
5,525
5,524
p + q = 1 ; p +
5,525
= 1
5,524
p = 1 -
5,525
1
Answer : p =
5,525
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Note : There are plenty of conditions to include if the intention is to determine first the value of q, which is 1 - p . Also the value of p has already
been solved . The execution of calculating the value of q that is similar to other previous problems is quite troublesome and is not really
recommended to do so .
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-Spade - Non-Spade - Non-Spade
Let : p = Probability that all 3 are spades

n1 = No. of non-spade cards available = 39
r1 = No. of non-spade cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 non-spades, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 39 non-spades and divide it to the
No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-spades

qA =
n1Cr1
=
mCr
39C3
qA =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
n1! m!
n1Cr1 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (39 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (36)! 3! · (49)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 36! 3! · 49!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
54,834 132,600
= =
6 6
39C3 = 9,139 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
n1Cr1
qA =
mCr
39C3
=
52C3
9,139
=
22,100
703
qA =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Spade - Non-Spade - Non-Spade

n3 = No. of non-spades cards available = 39
Since the event is to draw 1 spade and 2 non-spades, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 spades then multiply it
to the number of selections of 2 out of 39 non-spades and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 spades) · (No. of selections of 2 out of 39 non-spades)

qB =
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
qB =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
n2! n3! m!
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C2 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 2! · (37)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
1! · 12! 2! · 37! 3! · 49!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 2! 3!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
1 2·1 3·2·1
13C1 = 13 1,482 132,600
= =
2 6
39C2 = 741 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 1 out of 13 spades and 2 out of 39 non-spades then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
qB =
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
=
52C3
13 · 741
=
22,100
9,633
=
22,100
741
qB =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Spade - Spade - Non-Spade

r5 = No. of non-spades cards to be drawn = 1
Since the event is to draw 2 spades and 1 non-spade, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 spades then multiply it

qC =
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
qC =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
n4! n5! m!
r4! · (n4 - r4)! r5! · (n5 - r5)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (38)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 38! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 39C1 = 39 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
qC =
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
=
52C3
78 · 39
=
22,100
3,042
=
22,100
117
qC =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
(c) all are spades
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that the drawn cards all are spades is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC
703 741 117

= + +
1,700 1,700 850
839
q =
850
839
p + q = 1 ; p +
850
= 1
839
p = 1 -
850
11
Answer : p =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Non-Club - Non-Club - Non-Club

n1 = No. of non-club cards available = 39
r1 = No. of non-club cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 non-clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 39 non-clubs and divide it to the number
of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-clubs

qA =
n1Cr1
=
mCr
39C3
qA =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n1! m!
n1Cr1 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (39 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (36)! 3! · (49)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 36! 3! · 49!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
54,834 132,600
= =
6 6
39C3 = 9,139 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n1Cr1
qA =
mCr
39C3
=
52C3
9,139
=
22,100
703
qA =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Club - Non-Club - Non-Club

n2 = No. of clubs available = 13
n3 = No. of non-clubs cards available = 39
r3 = No. of non-club cards to be drawn = 2
Since the event is to draw 1 club and 2 non-clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs then multiply it to the
number of selections of 2 out of 39 non-clubs and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 2 out of 39 non-clubs)

qB =
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
qB =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n2! n3! m!
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C2 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 2! · (37)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
1! · 12! 2! · 37! 3! · 49!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 2! 3!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
1 2·1 3·2·1
13C1 = 13 1,482 132,600
= =
2 6
39C2 = 741 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs and 2 out of 39 non-clubs then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n2Cr2 · n3Cr3
qB =
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
=
52C3
13 · 741
=
22,100
9,633
=
22,100
741
qB =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Club - Club - Non-Club

n5 = No. of non-clubs cards available = 39
r5 = No. of non-clubs cards to be drawn = 1
Since the event is to draw 2 clubs and 1 non-club, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 39 non-clubs and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 39 non-clubs)

qC =
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
qC =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n4! n5! m!
r4! · (n4 - r4)! r5! · (n5 - r5)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (38)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 38! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 39C1 = 39 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs and 1 out of 39 non-clubs then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n4Cr4 · n5Cr5
qC =
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
=
52C3
78 · 39
=
22,100
3,042
=
22,100
117
qC =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1

Since the event is to draw 3 non-spades, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 39 non-spades and divide it to the
No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-spades

qD =
n6Cr6
=
mCr
39C3
qD =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n6! m!
n6Cr6 = mCr =
r6! · (n6 - r6)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (39 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (36)! 3! · (49)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 36! 3! · 49!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
54,834 132,600
= =
6 6
39C3 = 9,139 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n6Cr6
qD =
mCr
39C3
=
52C3
9,139
=
22,100
703
qD =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1

Since the event is to draw 1 spade and 2 non-spades, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 spades then multiply it

qE =
n7Cr7 · n8Cr8
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
qE =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n7! n8! m!
r7! · (n7 - r7)! r8! · (n8 - r8)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C2 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 2! · (37)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
1! · 12! 2! · 37! 3! · 49!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 2! 3!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
1 2·1 3·2·1
13C1 = 13 1,482 132,600
= =
2 6
39C2 = 741 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n7Cr7 · n8Cr8
qE =
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
=
52C3
13 · 741
=
22,100
9,633
=
22,100
741
qE =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1

n9 = No. of spade available = 13
Since the event is to draw 2 spades and 1 non-spade, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 spades then multiply it

qF =
n9Cr9 · n10Cr10
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
qF =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n9! n10! m!
n9Cr9 = n10Cr10 = mCr =
r9! · (n9 - r9)! r10! · (n10 - r10)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (38)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 38! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 39C1 = 39 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
which yields to:
n9Cr9 · n10Cr10
qF =
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
=
52C3
78· 39
=
22,100
3,042
=
22,100
117
qF =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Non-Heart - Non-Heart - Non-Heart

n11 = No. of non-heart cards available = 39
r11 = No. of non-heart cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 non-hearts, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 39 non-hearts and divide it to the
No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-hearts

qG =
n11Cr11
=
mCr
39C3
qG =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n11! m!
n11Cr11 = mCr =
r11! · (n11 - r11)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (39 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (36)! 3! · (49)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 36! 3! · 49!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
54,834 132,600
= =
6 6
39C3 = 9,139 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n11Cr11
qG =
mCr
39C3
=
52C3
9,139
=
22,100
703
qG =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : Heart - Non-Heart - Non-Heart

Since the event is to draw 1 heart and 2 non-hearts, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts then multiply it
to the number of selections of 2 out of 39 non-hearts and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts) · (No. of selections of 2 out of 39 non-hearts)

qH =
n12Cr12 · n13Cr13
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
qH =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n12! n13! m!
n12Cr12 = n13Cr13 = mCr =
r12! · (n12 - r12)! r13! · (n13 - r13)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C2 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 2! · (37)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
1! · 12! 2! · 37! 3! · 49!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 2! 3!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
1 2·1 3·2·1
13C1 = 13 1,482 132,600
= =
2 6
39C2 = 741 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts and 2 out of 39 non-hearts then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n14Cr14 · n15Cr15
qH =
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
=
52C3
13 · 741
=
22,100
9,633
=
22,100
741
qH =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : Heart - Heart - Non-Heart

n16 = No. of spade available = 13
Since the event is to draw 2 hearts and 1 non-heart, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts then multiply it
to the number of selections of 1 out of 39 non-hearts and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 39 non-hearts)

qI =
n16Cr16 · n17Cr17
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
qI =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n16! n17! m!
n16Cr16 = n17Cr17 = mCr =
r16! · (n16 - r16)! r17! · (n17 - r17)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (38)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 38! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 39C1 = 39 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts and 1 out of 39 non-hearts then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n16Cr16 · n17Cr17
qI =
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
=
52C3
78 · 39
=
22,100
3,042
=
22,100
117
qI =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond

Since the event is to draw 3 non-diamonds, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 39 non-diamonds and divide it to the
No. of selections of 3 out of 39 non-dia.

qJ =
n18Cr18
=
mCr
39C3
qJ =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n18! m!
n18Cr18 = mCr =
r18! · (n18 - r18)! r! · (m - r)!
39! 52!
39C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (39 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
39! 52!
= =
3! · (36)! 3! · (49)!
39 · 38 · 37 · 36! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 36! 3! · 49!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
39 · 38 · 37 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
54,834 132,600
= =
6 6
39C3 = 9,139 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n18Cr18
qJ =
mCr
39C3
=
52C3
9,139
=
22,100
703
qJ =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : Diamond - Non-Diamond - Non-Diamond

n20 = No. of non-diamond cards available = 39
r20 = No. of non-dia. cards to be drawn = 2
Since the event is to draw 1 dia. and 2 non-dias., the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds then multiply it
to the number of selections of 2 out of 39 non-dias. and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 13 dias.) · (No. of selections of 2 out of 39 non-dias.)

qK =
n19Cr19 · n19Cr19
=
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
qK =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n19! n20! m!
n19Cr19 = n20Cr20 = mCr =
r19! · (n19 - r19)! r20! · (n20 - r20)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C1 = 39C2 = 52C3 =
1! · (13 - 1)! 2! · (39 - 2)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
1! · (12)! 2! · (37)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12! 39 · 38 · 37! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
1! · 12! 2! · 37! 3! · 49!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= 1! = 1 = =
1! 2! 3!
13 39 · 38 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
1 2·1 3·2·1
13C1 = 13 1,482 132,600
= =
2 6
39C2 = 741 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 1 out of 13 dias. and 2 out of 39 non-dias. then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n19Cr19 · n20Cr20
qK =
mCr
13C1 · 39C2
=
52C3
13 · 741
=
22,100
9,633
=
22,100
741
qK =
1,700
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : Diamond - Diamond - Non-Diamond

n22 = No. of non-diamond cards available = 39
r22 = No. of non-dias. cards to be drawn = 1
Since the event is to draw 2 dias. and 1 non-dia., the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 diamonds then multiply it
to the number of selections of 1 out of 39 non-dias. and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 dias.) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 39 non-dias.)

qL =
n21Cr21 · n22Cr22
=
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
qL =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n21! n22! m!
n21Cr21 = n22Cr22 = mCr =
r21! · (n21 - r21)! r22! · (n22 - r22)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 39! 52!
13C2 = 39C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (39 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 39! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (38)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 39 · 38! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 38! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 39 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 39C1 = 39 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts and 1 out of 39 non-dias. then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n21Cr21 · n22Cr22
qI =
mCr
13C2 · 39C1
=
52C3
78 · 39
=
22,100
3,042
=
22,100
117
qI =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that the drawn cards all are clubs is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q1 = qA + qB + qC
703 741 117

= + +
1,700 1,700 850
839
q1 =
850
Solving for the value of p 1 using the equation above yields to:
839
p1 + q1 = 1 ; p1 +
850
= 1
839
p1 = 1 -
850
11
p1 =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q D , q E , and q F are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
q2 = qD + qE + qF
703 741 117

= + +
1,700 1,700 850
839
q2 =
850
839
p2 + q2 = 1 ; p2 +
850
= 1
839
p2 = 1 -
850
11
p2 =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q G , q H , and q I are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
q3 = qG + qH + qI
703 741 117

= + +
1,700 1,700 850
839
q3 =
850
839
p3 + q3 = 1 ; p3 +
850
= 1
839
p3 = 1 -
850
11
p3 =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q J , q K , and q L are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
q4 = qJ + qK + qL
703 741 117

= + +
1,700 1,700 850
839
q4 =
850
839
p4 + q4 = 1 ; p4 +
850
= 1
839
p4 = 1 -
850
11
p4 =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Solving for the value of p by adding p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , and p 4 yields to:
p = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4
11 11 11 11
= + + +
850 850 850 850
44
=
850
22
Answer : p =
425
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1

n1 = No. of club cards available = 13
r1 = No. of club cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 clubs, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 clubs and divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 clubs

qA =
n1Cr1
=
mCr
13C3
qA =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n1! m!
n1Cr1 = mCr =
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n1Cr1
qA =
mCr
13C3
=
52C3
286
=
22,100
11
qA =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1

n2 = No. of spade cards available = 13
r2 = No. of spade cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 spades, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 spades and divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 spades

qB =
n2Cr2
=
mCr
13C3
qB =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n2! m!
n2Cr2 = mCr =
r2! · (n2 - r2)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n2Cr2
qB =
mCr
13C3
=
52C3
286
=
22,100
11
qB =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1

n3 = No. of heart cards available = 13
r3 = No. of heart cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 hearts, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 hearts and divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 hearts

qC =
n3Cr3
=
mCr
13C3
qC =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n3! m!
n3Cr3 = mCr =
r3! · (n3 - r3)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n3Cr3
qC =
mCr
13C3
=
52C3
286
=
22,100
11
qC =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1

n4 = No. of diamond cards available = 13
r4 = No. of diamond cards to be drawn = 3
Since the event is to draw 3 dias., the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 3 out of 13 dias. and divide it to the number of
No. of selections of 3 out of 13 dias.

qD =
n3Cr3
=
mCr
13C3
qD =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n4! m!
n4Cr4 = mCr =
r4! · (n4 - r4)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 52!
13C3 = 52C3 =
3! · (13 - 3)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 52!
= =
3! · (10)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11 · 10! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= =
3! · 10! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3! 3!
13 · 12 · 11 52 · 51 · 50
= =
3·2·1 3·2·1
1,716 132,600
= =
6 6
13C3 = 286 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n4Cr4
qD =
mCr
13C3
=
52C3
286
=
22,100
11
qD =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 5 : Club - Club - Spade

Since the event is to draw 2 clubs and 1 spade, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 13 spades and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 spades)

qE =
n5Cr5 · n6Cr6
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qE =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n5! n6! m!
r5! · (n5 - r5)! r6! · (n6 - r6)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs and 1 out of 13 spades then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n5Cr5 · n6Cr6
qE =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qE =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 6 : Club - Club - Heart

Since the event is to draw 2 clubs and 1 heart, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts)

qF =
n7Cr7 · n8Cr8
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qF =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n7! n8! m!
r7! · (n7 - r7)! r8! · (n8 - r8)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs and 1 out of 13 hearts then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n7Cr7 · n8Cr8
qF =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qF =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 7 : Club - Club - Diamond

Since the event is to draw 2 clubs and 1 diamond, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds)

qG =
n9Cr9 · n10Cr10
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qG =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n9! n10! m!
n9Cr9 = n10Cr10 = mCr =
r9! · (n9 - r9)! r10! · (n10 - r10)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 clubs and 1 out of 13 diamonds then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n9Cr9 · n10Cr10
qG =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qG =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 8 : Spade - Spade - Club

Since the event is to draw 2 spades and 1 club, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 spades then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 spades) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs)

qH =
n11Cr11 · n12Cr12
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qH =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n11! n12! m!
n11Cr11 = n12Cr12 = mCr =
r11! · (n11 - r11)! r12! · (n12 - r12)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 spades and 1 out of 13 clubs then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n11Cr11 · n12Cr12
qH =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qH =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 9 : Spade - Spade - Heart

Since the event is to draw 2 spades and 1 heart, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 spades then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 spades) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts)

qI =
n13Cr13 · n14Cr14
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qI =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n13! n14! m!
n13Cr13 = n14Cr14 = mCr =
r13! · (n13 - r13)! r14! · (n14 - r14)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 spades and 1 out of 13 hearts then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n13Cr13 · n14Cr14
qI =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qI =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 10 : Spade - Spade - Diamond

Since the event is to draw 2 spades and 1 diamond, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 spades then multiply it to
the number of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 spades) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds)

qJ =
n15Cr15 · n16Cr16
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qJ =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n15! n16! m!
n15Cr15 = n16Cr16 = mCr =
r15! · (n15 - r15)! r16! · (n16 - r16)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 spades and 1 out of 13 diamonds then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n15Cr15 · n16Cr16
qJ =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qJ =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 11 : Heart - Heart - Club

Since the event is to draw 2 hearts and 1 club, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs)

qK =
n17Cr17 · n18Cr18
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qK =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n17! n18! m!
n17Cr17 = n18Cr18 = mCr =
r17! · (n17 - r17)! r18! · (n18 - r18)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts and 1 out of 13 clubs then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n17Cr17 · n18Cr18
qK =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qK =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 12 : Heart - Heart - Spade

Since the event is to draw 2 hearts and 1 spade, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts then multiply it to the
number of selections of 1 out of 13 spades and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 spades)

qL =
n19Cr19 · n20Cr20
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qL =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n19! n20! m!
n19Cr19 = n20Cr20 = mCr =
r19! · (n19 - r19)! r20! · (n20 - r20)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts and 1 out of 13 spades then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n19Cr19 · n20Cr20
qL =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qL =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 13 : Heart - Heart - Diamond

Since the event is to draw 2 hearts and 1 diamond, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts then multiply it to
the number of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 diamonds)

qM =
n21Cr21 · n22Cr22
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qM =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n21! n22! m!
n21Cr21 = n22Cr22 = mCr =
r21! · (n21 - r21)! r22! · (n22 - r22)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 hearts and 1 out of 13 diamonds then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n21Cr21 · n22Cr22
qM =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qM =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 14 : Diamond - Diamond - Club

Since the event is to draw 2 diamonds and 1 club, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 diamonds then multiply it
to the number of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 dias.) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 clubs)

qN =
n23Cr23 · n24Cr24
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qN =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n23! n24! m!
n23Cr23 = n24Cr24 = mCr =
r23! · (n23 - r23)! r24! · (n24 - r24)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 diamonds and 1 out of 13 clubs then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n23Cr23 · n24Cr24
qN =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qN =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 15 : Diamond - Diamond - Spade

Since the event is to draw 2 diamonds and 1 spade, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 diamonds then multiply it
to the number of selections of 1 out of 13 spades and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 dias.) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 spades)

qO =
n25Cr25 · n26Cr26
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qO =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n25! n26! m!
n25Cr25 = n26Cr26 = mCr =
r25! · (n25 - r25)! r26! · (n26 - r26)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 diamonds and 1 out of 13 spades then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n25Cr25 · n26Cr26
qO =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qO =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Case 16 : Diamond - Diamond - Heart

Since the event is to draw 2 diamonds and 1 heart, the probability is to obtain the number of selections of 2 out of 13 diamonds then multiply it
to the number of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts and divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards available that yields to:
(No. of selections of 2 out of 13 dias.) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 13 hearts)

qP =
n27Cr27 · n28Cr28
=
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
qP =
52C3
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
n27! n28! m!
n27Cr27 = n28Cr28 = mCr =
r27! · (n27 - r27)! r28! · (n28 - r28)! r! · (m - r)!
13! 13! 52!
13C2 = 13C1 = 52C3 =
2! · (13 - 2)! 1! · (13 - 1)! 3! · (52 - 3)!
13! 13! 52!
= = =
2! · (11)! 1! · (12)! 3! · (49)!
13 · 12 · 11! 13 · 12! 52 · 51 · 50 · 49!
= = =
2! · 11! 1! · 12! 3! · 49!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = 1! = 1 =
2! 1! 3!
13 · 12 13 52 · 51 · 50
= = =
2·1 1 3·2·1
156 13C1 = 13 132,600
= =
2 6
13C2 = 78 52C3 = 22,100
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
of selections of 2 out of 13 diamonds and 1 out of 13 hearts then finally divide it to the number of selections of 3 out of 52 total cards in a deck
which yields to:
n27Cr27 · n28Cr28
qP =
mCr
13C2 · 13C1
=
52C3
78 · 13
=
22,100
1,014
=
22,100
39
qP =
850
Solution 3 :

Thing : Card Slots
Ways : Cards
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q A , q B , …, & q P are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that the drawn cards are no two are of the same suit is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC + qD + qE + qF + qG + qH + qI + qJ + qK + qL + qM + qN + qO
+ qP
11 11 11 11 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39 39
= + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
850 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 850 850
39
+
850
256
q =
425
256
p + q = 1 ; p +
425
= 1
256
p = 1 -
425
169
Answer : p =
425
27.11 Problem : What is the probability that any two different cards of a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards will be together in the deck, if their suit is not
considered?
Solution :
Event : Random drawing of two diff. cards

Thing : Card Slot
Ways : Cards
Case 1 : Ace - King
Note : For this problem to be solved, one must choose a two different cards and let's say that we choose both an ACE and a KING .
Let : p = Probability that any two diff. cards will be drawn if their suit is not considered
a = Number of combinations that both an ace of any suit then a king of any suit to select from a deck of 52 cards
a1 = Number of ways that the card drawn is an ace of any suit
a2 = Number of ways that the card drawn is a king of any suit
Since both Events a 1 and a 2 are dependent events (events that cannot happen at the same time and both affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the number of combinations that the 1 st card is an ace of any suit and the 2 nd is a king of any suit is to obtain the product of
their respective number of ways which yields to:
a = a1 · a2
a1 = 4 (Since there are 4 different suits for an ace )

a2 = 4 (Since there are 4 different suits for a king )
a = 4 · 4
a = 16 (This is the total number of ways both having same suits and different suits to select .)
considered?
Solution :

Thing : Card Slot
Ways : Cards
Case 2 : King - Ace
b = Number of combinations that both a king of any suit then an ace of any suit to select from a deck of 52 cards
b1 = Number of ways that the card drawn is a king of any suit
b2 = Number of ways that the card drawn is an ace of any suit
Since both Events b 1 and b 2 are dependent events (events that cannot happen at the same time and both affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the number of combinations that the 1 st card is a king of any suit and the 2 nd is an ace of any suit is to obtain the product of
their respective number of ways which yields to:
b = b1 · b2
b1 = 4 (Since there are 4 different suits for a king )

b2 = 4 (Since there are 4 different suits for an ace )
b = 4 · 4
b = 16 (This is the total number of ways both having same suits and different suits to select .)
considered?
Solution :

Thing : Card Slot
Ways : Cards
a = Number of combinations that both an ace of any suit then a king of any suit to select from a deck of 52 cards
b = Number of combinations that both a king of any suit then an ace of any suit to select from a deck of 52 cards
Since both Case No. 1 and Case No. 2 are mutually exclusive events (events that can happen at the same time and does not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability is to add the results of both Case No. 1 and Case No. 2, then multiply it to 51! and finally divide the
product to 52! which yields to:
(Since there are two cards to draw, which in this case is both an ace and a king, then there are now only
(a + b ) · (1 + 50)! 50 cards to choose from . The '1' signifies the combination of an ace and a king that is added to 50 for
p =
52! that to obtain the total number of ways . Also, there are 52! total arrangements in a deck of 52 cards .
The equation as seen beside is best described as if the probability of drawing just two random cards .)
(16 + 16) · 51!

p =
52!
32 · 51!
=
52!
32 · 51!
=
52 · 51!
32
=
52
8
Answer : p =
13
27.12 Problem : A man holds 2 of a total of 20 tickets in a lottery. If there are 2 winning tickets, determine the probability that he has (a) both, (b) neither,
(c) exactly one.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Let : p = Probability that both tickets are the winning ones

p 1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is a winning one
p 2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is also a winning one
Since Events p 1 and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back to the lottery,
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that both winning tickets are drawn is to obtain the product of
p = p1 · p2
Total No. of Winning Tickets Available 2 1 (There are 2 winning tickets available )
p1 = = =
Total No. of Winning Tickets Available 1 (The 1 st drawn ticket is not returned back hence there is now only 1
p2 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 19 winning ticket available thus the probability gets lower. )
1 1
p = ·
10 19
1
Answer : p =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Let : p = Probability that both tickets are the losing ones

p 3 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is a losing one
p 4 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is also a losing one
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that both losing tickets are drawn is to obtain the product of
p = p3 · p4
Total No. of Winning Tickets Available 18 9 (There are 18 losing tickets available )
p3 = = =
Total No. of Winning Tickets Available 1 (The 1 st drawn ticket is not returned back hence there are now only
p4 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 19 17 losing tickets available thus the probability gets lower. )
9 17
p = ·
10 19
153
Answer : p =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Case 1 : 1st drawn is a winning one and the 2nd drawn is a losing one

p 5 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is a winning one
p 6 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is a losing one
which yields to:
pA = p5 · p6
Total No. of Winning Tickets Available 2 1 (There are 2 winning tickets available )
p5 = = =
Total No. of Losing Tickets Available 18 (There are 18 losing tickets available )
p6 = =
1 18
pA = ·
10 19
18
=
190
9
pA =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Case 2 : 1st drawn is a losing one and the 2nd drawn is a winning one

p 7 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is a losing one
p 8 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is a winning one
which yields to:
pB = p7 · p8
Total No. of Losing Tickets Available 18 9 (There are 18 losing tickets available )
p7 = = =
Total No. of Winning Tickets Available 2 (There are 2 winning tickets available )
p8 = =
9 2
pB = ·
10 19
18
=
190
9
pB =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Let : p = Probability that one ticket is a winning one

p A = Probability of Case No. 1
p B = Probability of Case No. 2
Since both Events p A and p B are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that one ticket is a winning one and the other one is not is to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB
9 9
= +
95 95
18
Answer : p =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Let : n = No. of diff. winning-numbered tickets = 2

r = No. of diff. winning tickets to be drawn = 2
No. of selections of 2 out of 2 winning tickets nCr 2C2

p = = =
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
2! 20!
2C2 = 20C2 =
2! · (2 - 2)! 2! · (20 - 2)!
2! 20!
= =
2! · (0)! 2! · (18)!
2! 20 · 19 · 18!
= 0! = 1 =
2! · 1 2! · 18!
2! 20 · 19
= =
2! 2!
2C2 = 1 20 · 19
=
2·1
380
=
2
20C2 = 190
2C2 1 1
Answer : p =
20C2
; p =
190 ; p =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Let : n = No. of diff. losing-numbered tickets = 18

r = No. of diff. losing tickets to be drawn = 2
No. of selections of 18 out of 20 losing tickets nCr 18C2

p = = =
n! m!
nCr = mCr =
r! · (n - r)! r! · (m - r)!
18! 20!
18C2 = 20C2 =
2! · (18 - 2)! 2! · (20 - 2)!
18! 20!
= =
2! · (16)! 2! · (18)!
18 · 17 · 16! 20 · 19 · 18!
= =
2! · 16! 2! · 18!
18 · 17 20 · 19
= =
2! 2!
18 · 17 20 · 19
= =
2·1 2·1
306 380
= =
2 2
18C2 = 153 20C2 = 190
18C2 153 153

Answer : p =
20C2
; p =
190 ; p =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Let : n1 = No. of diff. winning-numbered tickets = 2

n2 = No. of diff. losing-numbered tickets = 18
r1 = No. of diff. winning tickets to be drawn = 1
r2 = No. of diff. losing tickets to be drawn = 1
No. of diff. winning and losing tickets to be
r = = 2
drawn
Since the event is to draw one winning-numbered ticket AND (operation must be multiplications because of the word AND) also one losing-
numbered ticket, the number of selections of 1 out of 2 winning tickets must be multiplied to the number of selections of 1 out of 18 losing
tickets and divide the product to the number of selections of 2 out of 20 total tickets in order to obtain the probability of one is winning and
one is even that yields to:
(No. of selections of 1 out of 2 winning tickets) · (No. of selections of 1 out of 18 losing tickets)
p =
n1Cr1 · n2Cr2
=
mCr
C
2 1 · 18C1
p =
20C2
(c) exactly one.
Solution 2 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
n1! n2! m!
r1! · (n1 - r1)! r2! · (n2 - r2)! r! · (m - r)!
2! 18! 20!
2C1 = 18C1 = 20C2 =
1! · (2 - 1)! 1! · (18 - 1)! 2! · (20 - 2)!
2! 18! 20!
= = =
1! · (1)! 1! · (17)! 2! · (18)!
2 · 1! 18 · 17! 20 · 19 · 18!
= = =
1! · 1! 1! · 17! 2! · 18!
2 18 20 · 19
= 1! = 1 = 1! = 1 =
1! 1! 2!
2C1 = 2 18C1 = 18 20 · 19
=
2·1
380
=
2
20C2 = 190
2C1 · 18C1
p =
20C2
2 · 18
=
190
36
=
190
18
Answer : p =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Lose - Lose
Let : p = Probability that both tickets are winning ones

q1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is a losing one
q2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is also a losing one
Since Events q 1 and q 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back to the
lottery, that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that both losing tickets are drawn is to obtain the product
qA = q1 · q2
Total No. of Losing Tickets Available 18 9

q1 = = =
Total No. of Tickets Available 20 10
Total No. of Losing Tickets Available 17
q2 = =
Total No. of Tickets Available 19
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Recall : p +q =1
qA = q1 · q2
9 17
= ·
10 19
153
qA =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Win - Lose

p1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is a winning one
q3 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is a losing one
Since Events p 1 and q 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back to the lottery,
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that the 1 st ticket is a winning ticket and the 2 nd ticket is a losing ticket
are drawn is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
qB = p1 · q3
Total No. of Winning Tickets Available 2 1

p1 = = =
q3 = =
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Win - Lose
qB = p1 · q3
1 18
= ·
10 19
18
=
190
9
qB =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Lose - Win

p2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is a winning one
Since Events q 4 and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back to the lottery,
qC = q4 · p2

q4 = = =
Total No. of Winning Tickets Available 2
p2 = =
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Lose - Win
qC = q4 · p2
9 2
= ·
10 19
18
=
190
9
qC =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(a) both
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 2 winning tickets drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC
153 9 9
= + +
190 95 95
189
q =
190
189
p + q = 1 ; p +
190
= 1
189
p = 1 -
190
1
Answer : p =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Win - Win
Let : p = Probability that both tickets are losing ones

q1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is a winning one
q2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is also a winning one
lottery, that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that both winning tickets are drawn is to obtain the
qA = q1 · q2

q1 = = =
q2 = =
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Win - Win
qA = q1 · q2
1 1
= ·
10 19
1
qA =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Lose - Win

p1 = Probability that the 1st ticket drawn is a losing one
q3 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is a winning one
Since Events p 1 and q 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back to the lottery,
that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that the 1 st ticket is a losing ticket and the 2 nd ticket is a winning ticket
qB = p1 · q3

p1 = = =
q3 = =
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Lose - Win
qB = p1 · q3
9 2
= ·
10 19
18
=
190
9
qB =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Win - Lose

p2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is a losing one
Since Events q 4 and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned back to the lottery,
qC = q4 · p2

q4 = = =
p2 = =
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Win - Lose
qC = q4 · p2
1 18
= ·
10 19
18
=
190
9
qC =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(b) neither
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that there are no 2 losing tickets drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB + qC
1 9 9
= + +
190 95 95
37
q =
190
37
p + q = 1 ; p +
190
= 1
37
p = 1 -
190
153
Answer : p =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Win - Win
Let : p = Probability that one is a winning ticket and not the other one
q2 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is also a winning one
lottery, that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that both winning tickets are drawn is to obtain the
qA = q1 · q2

q1 = = =
q2 = =
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Win - Win
qA = q1 · q2
1 1
= ·
10 19
1
qA =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that one is a winning ticket and not the other one
q4 = Probability that the 2nd ticket drawn is also a losing one
lottery, that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability that both losing tickets are drawn is to obtain the product
qB = q3 · q4

q3 = = =
q4 = =
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Recall : p +q =1
qB = q3 · q4
9 17
= ·
10 19
153
qB =
190
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that no alternating tickets drawn to obtain the sum of their probabilities which yields to:
q = qA + qB
1 153
= +
190 190
154
=
190
77
q =
95
77
p + q = 1 ; p +
95
= 1
77
p = 1 -
95
18
Answer : p =
95
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p WW = Probability that the ticket drawn both are winning ones
p LL = Probability that the ticket drawn both are losing ones
Also : p WW = p
p LL = q
p WW + p LL = 1
( p WW + p LL = 1 )2
( p WW + p LL )2 = 12
p WW 2 + 2p WW p LL + p LL 2 = 1
(c) exactly one.
Solution 3 :

Ways : Tickets
(c) exactly one
Note : p WW 2 = Result of Problem 27.12 Item (a)

1
p WW 2 =
190
p LL 2 = Result of Problem 27.12 Item (b)
153
p LL 2 =
190
Substituting the values of both p OO 2 and p EE 2 that yields to:
1 153
+ 2p WW p LL + = 1
190 190
1 153
2p WW p LL = 1 - -
190 190
190 - 1 - 153
2p WW p LL =
190
36
2p WW p LL =
190
18
Answer : 2p WW p LL =
95
27.13 Problem : A box contains 7 tickets, numbered from 1 to 7 inclusive. If 3 tickets are drawn from the box, one at a time, determine the probability that they
are alternately either odd, even, odd or even, odd, even.
Solution :

Ways : Tickets
Case 1 : Odd - Even - Odd
Let : pA = Probability that the tickets are either odd, even, odd or even, odd, even
p2 = Probability that the 3rd ticket drawn is also an odd number
Since Events p 1 , q 1 , and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned inside the
box, that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 to happen is to obtain the product of
pA = p1 · q1 · p2
Total No. of Odd-Numbered Tickets 4 (There are 4 odd-numbered tickets available .)

p1 = =
Total No. of Even-Numbered Tickets 3 1 (There are 3 even-numbered tickets available out of the 6 remaining
q1 = = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 6 2 tickets. )
Total No. of Odd-Numbered Tickets 3 (There are now only 3 odd-numbered tickets available out of the 5
p2 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 5 remaining tickets .)
4 1 3 12
pA = · · =
7 2 5 70
6
pA =
35
Solution :

Ways : Tickets
Case 2 : Even - Odd - Even
Let : pB = Probability that the tickets are either odd, even, odd or even, odd, even
q3 = Probability that the 3rd ticket drawn is also an even number
Since Events q 2 , p 3 , and q 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since each ticket drawn is not returned inside the
box, that eventually decreases the number of tickets) therefore the probability of Case No. 2 to happen is to obtain the product of
pB = q2 · p3 · q3
Total No. of Even-Numbered Tickets 3 (There are 3 even-numbered tickets available .)

q2 = =
Total No. of Odd-Numbered Tickets 4 2 (There are 4 odd-numbered tickets available out of the 6 remaining
p3 = = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 6 3 tickets. )
Total No. of Even-Numbered Tickets 2 (There are now only 2 even-numbered tickets available out of the 5
q3 = =
Total No. of Tickets in a Box Available 5 remaining tickets .)
3 2 2 12
pB = · · =
7 3 5 105
4
pB =
35
Solution :

Ways : Tickets
Since Events p A and p B are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that either odd, even, odd or even, odd, even to obtain the sum of their probabilities
yields to:
p = pA + pB
6 4
= +
35 35
10
=
35
2
Answer : p =
7
27.14 Problem : The probability that A can solve a given problem is 4/5, that B can solve it is 2/3, and that C can solve it is 3/7. If all three try, compute the
probability that the problem will be solved.
Solution 1 :
Event : Problem Solving

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Case 1 : Solved by A - Didn't Solve by B - Didn't Solve by C
Note : The question can be interpreted as what is the probability that at least either A, B, or C can solve the given problem ?
Let : p = Probability that the problem will be solved

p1 = Probability of Case No. 1
pA = Probability that A can solve a given problem = 4/5
qB = Probability that B cannot solve a given problem = 1 - 2/3 = 1/3
qC = Probability that C cannot solve a given problem = 1 - 3/7 = 4/7
Since Events p A , q B , and q C are dependent events (events that affect the probability of the desired outcome which is to solve the given problem)
therefore the probability that the problem can be solved by A to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p1 = pA · qB · qC
4 1 4
= · ·
5 3 7
16
p1 =
105
Solution 1 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Case 2 : Didn't Solve by A - Solved by B - Didn't Solve by C

qA = Probability that A cannot solve a given problem = 1 - 4/5 = 1/5
pB = Probability that B can solve a given problem = 2/3
Since Events q A , p B , and q C are dependent events (events that affect the probability of the desired outcome which is to solve the given problem)
therefore the probability that the problem can be solved by B to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p2 = qA · pB · qC
1 2 4
= · ·
5 3 7
8
p2 =
105
Solution 1 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Case 3 : Didn't Solve by A - Didn't Solve by B - Solved by C

pC = Probability that C can solve a given problem = 3/7
Since Events q A , q B , and p C are dependent events (events that affect the probability of the desired outcome which is to solve the given problem)
therefore the probability that the problem can be solved by C to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p3 = qA · qB · pC
1 1 3
= · ·
5 3 7
3
=
105
1
p3 =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Case 4 : Solved by A - Solved by B - Didn't Solve by C

Since Events p A , p B , and q C are dependent events (events that affect the probability of the desired outcome which is to solve the given problem)
therefore the probability that the problem can be solved by both A and B to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p4 = pA · pB · qC
4 2 4
= · ·
5 3 7
32
p4 =
105
Solution 1 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Case 5 : Didn't Solve by A - Solved by B - Solved by C

Since Events q A , p B , and p C are dependent events (events that affect the probability of the desired outcome which is to solve the given problem)
p5 = qA · pB · qC
1 2 3
= · ·
5 3 7
6
=
105
2
p5 =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Case 6 : Solved by A - Didn't Solve by B - Solved by C

Since Events q A , q B , and p C are dependent events (events that affect the probability of the desired outcome which is to solve the given problem)
p6 = pA · pB · qC
4 1 3
= · ·
5 3 7
12
=
105
4
p6 =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Case 7 : Solved by A - Solved by B - Solved by C

Since Events p A , p B , and p C are dependent events (events that affect the probability of the desired outcome which is to solve the given problem)
p7 = pA · pB · pC
4 2 3
= · ·
5 3 7
24
=
105
8
p7 =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , p 3 , …, and p 7 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that either odd, even, odd or even, odd, even to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 + p5 + p6 + p7
16 8 1 32 2 4 8
= + + + + + +
105 105 35 105 35 35 35
101
Answer : p =
105
Solution 2 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Didn't Solve by A - Didn't Solve by B - Didn't Solve by C

q = Probability of Case No. 1
Since Events q A , q B , and q C are dependent events (events that affect the probability of the desired outcome which is to solve the given problem)
q = qA · qB · qC
1 1 4
= · ·
5 3 7
4
q =
105
Solution 2 :

Thing : Problem
Ways : Problem
Recall : p +q =1
4
p + q = 1 ; p +
105
= 1
4
p = 1 -
105
101
Answer : p =
105
27.15 Problem : The probability that a certain man will be alive 25 years hence is 3/7, and the probability that his wife will be alive 25 years hence is 4/5.
Determine the probability that, 25 years hence, (a) both will be alive, (b) at least one of them will be alive, (c) only the man will be alive.
Solution 1 :
Event : A couple's life span

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
(a) both will be alive
Let : p = Probability that both will be alive

p M = Probability that the man will be alive 25 hence = 3/7
p W = Probability that the woman will be alive 25 hence = 4/5
Since Events p M and p W are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since both the man and his wife must be alive 25 years
hence) therefore the probability of which both of them will be alive to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pM · pW
3 4
= ·
7 5
12
Answer : p =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
(b) at least one of them will be alive
Case 1 : Man will be Alive - Woman won't be Alive

pM = Probability that the man will be alive 25 hence = 3/7
qW = Probability that the woman won't be alive 25 hence = 1 - 4/5 = 1/5
Since Events p M and q W are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since the man only must be alive 25 years hence)
therefore the probability of Case No. 1 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p1 = pM · qW
3 1
= ·
7 5
3
p1 =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Case 2 : Man won't be Alive - Woman will be Alive

qM = Probability that the man won't be alive 25 hence = 1 - 3/7 = 4/7
pW = Probability that the woman will be alive 25 hence = 4/5
Since Events p M and q W are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since the woman only must be alive 25 years hence)
p2 = pM · qW
4 4
= ·
7 5
16
p2 =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Case 3 : Man will be Alive - Woman will be Alive

Since Events p M and p W are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since both the man and his wife must be alive 25 years
hence) therefore the probability of which both of them will be alive to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p3 = pM · qW
3 4
= ·
7 5
12
p3 =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Since Events p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that at least one of them will be alive is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = p1 + p2 + p3
3 16 12
= + +
35 35 35
31
Answer : p =
35
Solution 1 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
(c) only the man will be alive

p M = Probability that the man will be alive 25 hence = 3/7
q W = Probability that the woman won't be alive 25 hence = 1 - 4/5 = 1/5
therefore the probability of which both of them will be alive to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pM · qW
3 1
= ·
7 5
3
Answer : p =
35
Solution 2 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Man will be Alive - Woman won't be Alive

q1 = Probability of Case No. 1
q1 = pM · qW
3 1
= ·
7 5
3
q1 =
35
Solution 2 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Recall : p +q =1
Case 2 : Man won't be Alive - Woman will be Alive

Since Events p M and q W are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since the woman only must be alive 25 years hence)
q2 = pM · qW
4 4
= ·
7 5
16
q2 =
35
Solution 2 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Recall : p +q =1
Case 3 : Man won't be Alive - Woman won't be Alive

Since Events q M and q W are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since both the man and his wife are not alive 25 years
hence) therefore the probability of Case No. 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
q3 = qM · qW
4 1
= ·
7 5
4
q3 =
35
Solution 2 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and q 3 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that at least one of them will be alive is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
q = q1 + q2 + q3
3 16 4
= + +
35 35 35
23
q =
35
23
p + q = 1 ; p +
35
= 1
23
p = 1 -
35
12
Answer : p =
35
Solution 2 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Recall : p +q =1
Case 1 : Man won't be Alive - Woman won't be Alive

Since Events q M and q W are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since both the man and his wife are not alive 25 years
hence) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
q1 = qM · qW
4 1
= ·
7 5
4
q1 =
35
Solution 2 :

Thing : Life
Ways : Life
Recall : p +q =1
4
p + q = 1 ; p +
35
= 1
4
p = 1 -
35
31
Answer : p =
35
27.16 Problem : There are three candidates, A, B, and C, for an office. The odds that A will win are 7 to 5, and the odds that B will win are 1 to 3. (a) What is the
probability that either A or B will win? (b) What are the odds in favor or C?
Solution :
Event : Election
Thing : Position for an office
Ways : Candidates
(a) either A or B will win
Let : p a = Probability that either A or B will win

p A = Probability that A will win based from its odds
p B = Probability that B will win based from its odds
Since Events p A and p B are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and also do not affect each other's
outcomes) therefore the probability of either A or B will win to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pa = pA + pB
Odds of Winning 7 7
pA = ( Odds of Winning + Odds of Losing )
A
=
7 + 5
=
12
Odds of Winning 1 1
pB = ( Odds of Winning + Odds of Losing ) B
=
1 + 3
=
4
7 1
pa = +
12 4
5
=
6
5
Answer : pa =
6
27.16 Problem : There are three candidates, A, B, and C, for an office. The odds that A will win are 7 to 5, and the odds that B will win are 1 to 3. (a) What is the
probability that either A or B will win? (b) What are the odds in favor or C?
Solution :
Event : Election
Thing : Position for an office
Ways : Candidates
(b) odds in favor of C
Let : p = Probability that either A, B, or C will win = 1

pA = Probability that A will win based from its odds
pB = Probability that B will win based from its odds
pC = Probability that C will win
Since Events p A , p B , and p C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and also do not affect each other's
outcomes) therefore the probability of C will win to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC
Odds of Winning 7 7
pA = ( Odds of Winning + Odds of Losing )
A
=
7 + 5
=
12
Odds of Winning 1 1
pB = ( Odds of Winning + Odds of Losing )
B
=
1 + 3
=
4
Remember that p is equal to 1 since p represents that an election will occur between candidates A, B, and C .
7 1
1 = + + pC
12 4
5
1 = + pC
6
1
Answer : pC =
6 ; Odds is 1 is to 5
27.17 Problem : One purse contains 5 dimes and 2 quarters, and a second purse contains 1 dime and 3 quarters. If a coin is taken from on of the two purses
at random, what is the probability that it is a quarter?
Solution 1 :
Event : Random taking of a quarter

Thing : Quarter Coin
Ways : Quarter Coin
Case 1 : Choosing the 1st coin purse to take a quarter
Let : p = Probability that the coin taken is a quarter from either the 1st or 2nd coin purse
p1 = Probability that the 1st coin purse is selected
p2 = Probability that the coin from the 1st coin purse is a quarter
Since Events p 1 and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since selecting a quarter depends on the purse selected)
pA = p1 · p2
1
p1 = (Since there is only 1 out of 2 purses to select )
2
2
p2 = (Since there are 2 quarters out of 7 total coins that consist of 2 quarters and 5 dimes for the 1 st coin purse )
7
1 2
pA = ·
2 7
1
pA =
7
Solution 1 :

Ways : Quarter Coin
Case 2 : Choosing the 2nd coin purse to take a quarter
p3 = Probability that the 2nd coin purse is selected
p4 = Probability that the coin from the 2nd coin purse is a quarter
Since Events p 3 and p 4 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since selecting a quarter depends on the purse selected)
pB = p3 · p4
1
p3 = (Since there is only 1 out of 2 purses to select )
2
3
p4 = (Since there are 3 quarters out of 4 total coins that consist of 3 quarters and 1 dime for the 2 nd coin purse )
4
1 3
pB = ·
2 4
3
pB =
8
Solution 1 :

Ways : Quarter Coin
Since Events p A and p B are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the taken coin is a quarter is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = pA + pB
1 3
= +
7 8
29
Answer : p =
56
Solution 2 :

Ways : Quarter Coin
Case 1 : Choosing the 1st coin purse to take a dime
Recall : p +q =1
q1 = Probability that the 1st coin purse is selected
q2 = Probability that the coin from the 1st coin purse is a dime
Since Events q 1 and q 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since selecting a dime depends on the purse selected)
qA = q1 · q2
1
q1 = (Since there is only 1 out of 2 purses to select )
2
5
q2 = (Since there are 5 dimes out of 7 total coins that consist of 2 quarters and 5 dimes for the 1 st coin purse )
7
1 5
qA = ·
2 7
5
qA =
14
Solution 2 :

Ways : Quarter Coin
Case 1 : Choosing the 2nd coin purse to take a dime
Recall : p +q =1
q3 = Probability that the 2nd coin purse is selected
q4 = Probability that the coin from the 2nd coin purse is a dime
Since Events q 3 and q 4 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes since selecting a dime depends on the purse selected)
qB = q3 · q4
1
q3 = (Since there is only 1 out of 2 purses to select )
2
1
q4 = (Since there are 1 dime out of 7 total coins that consist of 3 quarters and 1 dime for the 2 nd coin purse )
4
1 1
qB = ·
2 4
1
qB =
8
Solution 2 :

Ways : Quarter Coin
Recall : p +q =1
outcomes), therefore the probability that the taken coin is a quarter is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
q = qA + qB
5 1
= +
14 8
27
q =
56
27
p + q = 1 ; p +
56
= 1
27
p = 1 -
56
29
Answer : p =
56
27.18 Problem : A bag contains 2 white balls and 3 black balls. Four persons, A, B, C, D, in the order named, each draw one ball and do not replace it. The first
to draw a white ball receives $10. Determine their expectations.
Solution :
Event : Drawing of a white ball

Thing : White Ball
Ways : Participants
Case 1 : A drawing a White Ball
Type : Simple Event
Let : pA = Probability of Case No. 1

EA = Expectation of Case No. 1
No. of White Balls Available

pA =
Total No. of Balls Available
2
=
2+3
2
pA =
5
EA = pA · $10
2
= · $10
5
Answer : EA = $4
Solution :

Thing : White Ball
Ways : Participants
Case 2 : B drawing a White Ball if A did not draw a White Ball
Type : Dependent Event
Let : pB = Probability of Case No. 2

EB = Expectation of Case No. 2
q1 = Probability that A did not draw a white ball
p2 = Probability that B draws a white ball
Since Events q 1 and p 2 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes and the balls are not replaced as stated. If A did not draw
a white ball, then B has a chance to receive $10) therefore the probability of Case No. 2 is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pB = q1 · p2
2 (This equation represents the probability that A drew a black ball instead of a white one. In simple terms, the
q1 = 1 -
5 result is the chance that A simply was not lucky enough to win $10 .)
3
q1 =
5
2 1
p2 = = (Since there are still 2 white balls and 2 black balls availabe left because A took a black ball .)
4 2
Solution :

Thing : White Ball
Ways : Participants
Case 2 : B drawing a White Ball if A did not draw a White Ball

EB = Expectation of Case No. 2
p2 = Probability that B draws a white ball
3 1
pB = ·
5 2
3
pB =
10
EB = pB · $10
3
= · $10
10
Answer : EB = $3
Solution :

Thing : White Ball
Ways : Participants
Case 3 : C drawing a White Ball if A and B did not draw a White Ball
Let : pC = Probability of Case No. 3

EC = Expectation of Case No. 3
q2 = Probability that B did not draw a white ball
p3 = Probability that C draws a white ball
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , and p 3 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes and the balls are not replaced as stated. If A and B
did not draw a white ball, then C has a chance to receive $10) therefore the probability of Case No. 3 is to obtain the product of their probabilities
which yields to:
pC = q1 · q2 · p3
q1 = 1 -
3
q1 =
5
2 (This equation represents the probability that B drew a black ball instead of a white one. In simple terms, the
q2 = 1 -
4 result is the chance that B simply was not lucky enough to win $10 .)
1
q2 =
2
2
p3 = (Since there are still 2 white balls and 1 black ball availabe left because A and B took 2 black balls .)
3
Solution :

Thing : White Ball
Ways : Participants
Case 3 : C drawing a White Ball if A and B did not draw a White Ball

EC = Expectation of Case No. 3
p3 = Probability that C draws a white ball
3 1 2
pC = · ·
5 2 3
3
pC =
15
1
pC =
5
EC = pC · $10
1
= · $10
5
Answer : EC = $2
Solution :

Thing : White Ball
Ways : Participants
Case 4 : D drawing a White Ball if A, B, and C did not draw a White Ball
Let : pD = Probability of Case No. 4

ED = Expectation of Case No. 4
q3 = Probability that C did not draw a white ball
p4 = Probability that D draws a white ball
Since Events q 1 , q 2 , q 3 , and p 4 are dependent events (events that affect each other's outcomes and the balls are not replaced as stated. If A, B,
and C did not draw a white ball, then D has a chance to receive $10) therefore the probability of Case No. 4 is to obtain the product of their
pD = q1 · q2 · q3 · p4
q1 = 1 -
3
q1 =
5
2 (This equation represents the probability that B drew a black ball instead of a white one. In simple terms, the
q2 = 1 -
4 result is the chance that B simply was not lucky enough to win $10 .)
1
q2 =
2
Solution :

Thing : White Ball
Ways : Participants

2 (This equation represents the probability that C drew a black ball instead of a white one. In simple terms, the
q3 = 1 -
3 result is the chance that C simply was not lucky enough to win $10 .)
1
q3 =
3
2
p4 = (Since there are still 2 white balls and 0 black balls left because A, B, and C took 3 black balls .)
2
p4 = 1
Solution :

Thing : White Ball
Ways : Participants

3 1 1
pD = · · · 1
5 2 3
3
pD =
15
1
pD =
5
ED = pD · $10
1
= · $10
5
Answer : ED = $2
27.19 Problem : Eleven books, consisting of 5 engineering books, 4 mathematics books, and 2 chemistry books, are placed on a shelf at random. What is the
probability p that the books of each kind are all together?
Solution :
Event : Book Arrangement

Thing : Book Slots
Ways : Books
Let : p = Probability of that the books of each kind are all together
B1 = Number of engineering books
B2 = Number of mathematics books
B3 = Number of chemistry books
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 M1M2M3M4 C1 C2
{
{
{ (These books together must be treated as a single book each and then arrange it in (1 + 1 + 1)!
1 1 1 ways .)
B1! · B2! · B3! · (1 + 1 + 1)! (There are B 1 ! ways to arrange engineering books, B 2 ! ways to arrange mathematics books,
p =
(B1 + B2 + B3)! and B 3 ! ways to arrange chemistry books .)
5! · 4! · 2! · (1 + 1 + 1)!
=
(5 + 4 + 2)!
5! · 4! · 2! · 3!
=
(11)!
5! · 4! · 2! · 3!
=
11 · 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5!
4! · 2! · 3!
=
11 · 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6
288
=
332,640
1
Answer : p =
1,155
27.20 Problem : Five red blocks and 4 white blocks are placed at random in a row. What is the probability p that the extreme blocks are both red?
Solution :

Thing : Book Slots
Ways : Books
Let : p = Probability of that the extreme blocks are both red

PA = Number of total arrangements of five red blocks and 4 white blocks in a row
PB = Number of total arrangements of the 3 red blocks and 4 white blocks between the two red blocks
R = Number of red blocks
W = Number of white blocks
R1 R2 R3 R4 W1W2W3W4 R5
{
{
1 7 1
(R + W)!
PA =
R! · W!
(5 + 4)!
=
5! · 4!
(9)!
=
5! · 4!
9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5!
=
5! · 4!
9·8·7·6
=
(4 · 3 · 2 · 1)
3,024
=
24
PA = 126
Solution :

Thing : Book Slots
Ways : Books

R1 R2 R3 R4 W1W2W3W4 R5
{
{
1 7 1
(3 + 4)!
PB =
3! · 4!
(7)!
=
3! · 4!
7 · 6 · 5 · 4!
=
3! · 4!
7·6·5
=
3·2·1
210
=
6
PB = 35
Solution :

Thing : Book Slots
Ways : Books

R1 R2 R3 R4 W1W2W3W4 R5
{
{
1 7 1
PB (The number of arrangements of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , W 1 , W 2 , W 3 , and W 4 is divided by the total number of

p =
PA arrangments because the two remaining red blocks are placed on both ends constantly .)
35
=
126
5
Answer : p =
18
27.21 Problem : One purse contains 6 copper coins and 1 silver coin; a second purse contains 4 copper coins. Five coins are drawn from the first purse and
put into the second, and then 2 coins are drawn from the second and put into the first. Determine the probability that the silver coin is in (a)
the second purse, (b) the first purse.
Solution 1 :
Event : Drawing of a silver coin

Thing : Silver Coin
Ways : Coin Purse
(a) the second purse
Type : Simple Event
Let : p2 = Probability that the silver coin is in the second purse
Sequence No. 1 : ⒸⓈⒸ Ⓒ Ⓒ

ⒸⒸⒸ Ⓒ Ⓒ
Ⓒ
Purse 1 Purse 2
Sequence No. 2 : ⒸⓈⒸ

Ⓒ Ⓒ ⒸⒸⒸ
ⒸⒸⒸ
Purse 1 Purse 2
Consider the diagram of Sequence No. 2 wherein 5 coins including a silver coin is now put in Purse 2, therefore the probability is:
5 (Since there are 5 coins including a silver coin to draw from Purse 1 going in to Purse 2 )
Answer : p2 =
7 (Since there are 7 total coins in Purse 1 )
Solution 1 :

Thing : Silver Coin
Ways : Coin Purse
(b) the first purse
Case 1 : Silver Coin remains on Purse 1 after drawing 5 coins from Purse 1
Type : Simple Event
Let : p1 = Probability that the silver coin is in the first purse

pa = Probability that the silver coin is in the first purse on Sequence No. 2

ⒸⒸⒸ Ⓒ Ⓒ
Ⓒ
Purse 1 Purse 2
Sequence No. 2 : Ⓢ ⒸⒸⒸ

ⒸⒸⒸ
Ⓒ ⒸⒸⒸ
Purse 1 Purse 2
Consider the diagram of Sequence No. 2 wherein 5 coins excluding a silver coin is now put in Purse 2, therefore the probability is:
5
pa = 1 -
7
2
pa =
7
Solution 1 :

Thing : Silver Coin
Ways : Coin Purse
(b) the first purse
Case 2 : Silver Coin is put in Purse 2 and from Purse 2 is returned back to Purse 1

pb = Probability that the silver coin is in the second purse on Sequence No. 2
pc = Probability that the silver coin is back on the first purse on Sequence No. 3
pd = Probability of Case No. 2

ⒸⒸⒸ Ⓒ Ⓒ
Ⓒ
Purse 1 Purse 2
Sequence No. 2 : Ⓒ ⒸⓈⒸ

ⒸⒸⒸ
Ⓒ ⒸⒸⒸ
Purse 1 Purse 2
pb =
Solution 1 :

Thing : Silver Coin
Ways : Coin Purse
(b) the first purse
Case 2 : Silver Coin is put in Purse 2 and from Purse 2 is returned back to Purse 1

pb = Probability that the silver coin is in the second purse on Sequence No. 2
pc = Probability that the silver coin is back on the first purse on Sequence No. 3
pd = Probability of Case No. 2
Sequence No. 3 : Ⓢ ⒸⒸⒸ

Ⓒ Ⓒ Ⓒ
Ⓒ ⒸⒸⒸ
Purse 1 Purse 2
2 (Since there are 2 coins including a silver coin to draw from Purse 2 returning in to Purse 1 )
pc =
pd = pb · pc (Since Sequence No. 3 depends on Sequence No. 2 hence Events p b and p c must be multiplied )
5 2
= ·
7 9
10
pd =
63
Solution 1 :

Thing : Silver Coin
Ways : Coin Purse
Since Events p a and p d are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the silver coin is in the first purse is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = pa + pd
2 10
= +
7 63
28
=
63
4
Answer : p =
9
Solution 2 :

Thing : Silver Coin
Ways : Coin Purse
(b) the first purse
Case 1 : Silver Coin is put in Purse 2 and retained in Purse 2 after 2 random copper coins are drawn back to Purse 1
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p = Probability that the silver coin is in the first purse

pa = Probability that the silver coin is in the second purse on Sequence No. 2
pb = Probability that the silver coin is still in the second purse on Sequence No. 3

ⒸⒸⒸ Ⓒ Ⓒ
Ⓒ
Purse 1 Purse 2
Sequence No. 2 : Ⓒ ⒸⓈⒸ

ⒸⒸⒸ
Ⓒ ⒸⒸⒸ
Purse 1 Purse 2
pa =
Solution 1 :

Thing : Silver Coin
Ways : Coin Purse
(b) the first purse
Recall : p +q =1

Sequence No. 3 : Ⓒ ⒸⒸⒸ

Ⓒ Ⓒ Ⓢ
Ⓒ ⒸⒸⒸ
Purse 1 Purse 2
2 (Since there are 2 coins including a silver coin to draw from Purse 2 returning in to Purse 1 )
pb = 1 -
7
pb =
9
Solution 1 :

Thing : Silver Coin
Ways : Coin Purse
(b) the first purse
Recall : p +q =1

q = pa · pb
5 7
= ·
7 9
5
q =
9
Solving the value of p yields to:
5 5
p + q = 1 ; p + = 1 ; p = 1 -
9 9
4
Answer : p =
9
27.22 Problem : Compute the probability that a single throw with 9 dice will result in exactly 2 ones.
Solution 1 :
Event : Dice Throwing

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 1 : 1 - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
Type : Independent Event
Let : ∅ = Die did not result in '1' (Either '2', '3,', '4', '5', or '6')
pn = Probability that the die results in '1' (n = 1, 2, 3, …, and 9 since there are 9 dice to throw once)
qn = Probability that the die did not result in '1' (n = 1, 2, 3, …, and 9 since there are 9 dice to throw once)
Since all the 9 events are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each die does not affect the
result of the other 8 dice) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
p1 = p2 = (Since both Die 1 and 2 resulted in both '1''s )
6
1 5 (Since these remaining dice didn't result in '1' like
q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
pA = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pA =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 2 : 1 - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pB = p1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q2 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5
pB = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pB =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 3 : 1 - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pC = p1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q2 = q3 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5
pC = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pC =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 4 : 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pD = p1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q2 = q3 = q4 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5
pD = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pD =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 5 : 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pE = p1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · p6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5
pE = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pE =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 6 : 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pF = Probability of Case No. 6
pF = p1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · p7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5
pF = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pF =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 7 : 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pG = Probability of Case No. 7
pG = p1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · p8 · q9
1
6
q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5
pG = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pG =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 8 : 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1
Recall : p +q =1
pH = Probability of Case No. 8
pH = p1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · p9
1
6
q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1
pH = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pH =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 9 : ∅ - 1 - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pI = Probability of Case No. 9
pI = q1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 1 1 5 5 5 5 5 5
pI = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pI =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 10 : ∅ - 1 - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pJ = Probability of Case No. 10
pJ = q1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q3 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 1 5 1 5 5 5 5 5
pJ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pJ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 11 : ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pK = Probability of Case No. 11
pK = q1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q3 = q4 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5
pK = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pK =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 12 : ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pL = Probability of Case No. 12
pL = q1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · p6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5
pL = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pL =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 13 : ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pM = Probability of Case No. 13
pM = q1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · p7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5
pM = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pM =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 14 : ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pN = Probability of Case No. 14
pN = q1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · p8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1 5
pN = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pN =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 15 : ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1
Recall : p +q =1
pO = Probability of Case No. 15
pO = q1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · p9
1
6
q1 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1
pO = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pO =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 16 : ∅ - ∅ - 1 - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pP = Probability of Case No. 16
pP = q1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1
pP = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pP =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 17 : ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pQ = Probability of Case No. 17
pQ = q1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · p5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q4 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 5
pQ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pQ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 18 : ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pR = Probability of Case No. 18
pR = q1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · p6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q4 = q5 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 5
pR = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pR =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 19 : ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pS = Probability of Case No. 19
pS = q1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · p7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 5
pS = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pS =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 20 : ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pT = Probability of Case No. 20
pT = q1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · p8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5
pT = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pT =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 21 : ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1
Recall : p +q =1
pU = Probability of Case No. 21
pU = q1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · p9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 1
pU = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pU =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 22 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pV = Probability of Case No. 22
pV = q1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · p5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q6 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5 5
pV = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pV =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 23 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pW = Probability of Case No. 23
pW = q1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · p6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q5 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5
pW = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pW =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 24 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pX = Probability of Case No. 24
pX = q1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · q6 · p7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q5 = q6 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 1 5 5 1 5 5
pX = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pX =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 25 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pY = Probability of Case No. 25
pY = q1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · p8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 5
pY = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pY =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 26 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1
Recall : p +q =1
pZ = Probability of Case No. 26
pZ = q1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · q8 · p9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q5 = q6 = q7 = q8 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1
pZ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pZ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 27 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pA̅ = Probability of Case No. 27
pA̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · p6 · q7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q7 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5 5
pA̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pA̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 28 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pB̅ = Probability of Case No. 28
pB̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · q6 · p7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q6 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5
pB̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pB̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 29 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pC̅̅ = Probability of Case No. 29
pC̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · q6 · q7 · p8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q6 = q7 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 5
pC̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pC̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 30 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1
Recall : p +q =1
pD̅ = Probability of Case No. 30
pD̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · p6 · q7 · q8 · p9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q6 = q7 = q8 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1
pD̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pD̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 31 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - 1 - ∅ - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pE̅ = Probability of Case No. 31
pE̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · p6 · p7 · q8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q8 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5 5
pE̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pE̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 32 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - 1 - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pF̅ = Probability of Case No. 32
pF̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · p6 · q7 · p8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q7 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1 5
pF̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pF̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 33 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - ∅ - 1
Recall : p +q =1
pG̅ = Probability of Case No. 33
pG̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · p6 · q7 · q8 · p9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q7 = q8 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1
pG̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pG̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 34 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - 1 - ∅
Recall : p +q =1
pH̅ = Probability of Case No. 34
pH̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · p7 · p8 · q9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q9 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5
pH̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pH̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 35 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - ∅ - 1
Recall : p +q =1
pI̅ = Probability of Case No. 35
pI̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · p7 · q8 · p9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q8 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 1
pI̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pI̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 36 : ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - ∅ - 1 - 1
Recall : p +q =1
pJ̅ = Probability of Case No. 36
pJ̅ = q1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · q6 · q7 · p8 · p9
1
6
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = q6 = q7 = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6 maybe '2', '3', '4', '5', or '6' )
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1
pJ̅ = · · · · · · · ·
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
78,125
pJ̅ =
10,077,696
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events pA, pB , …, pZ, pA̅, …, and pJ̅ are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that a single throw with 9 dic will result in exactly 2 ones is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC + … + pA̅ + … + pJ̅
78,125 78,125 78,125 78,125 78,125

= + + + … + + … +
10,077,696 10,077,696 10,077,696 10,077,696 10,077,696
2,812,500
=
10,077,696
78,125
Answer : p =
279,936
Solution 2 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
p +q =1
Recall :
P = n Cr ·p r ·q (n-r)
Let : p = Probability that the die results in '1'

q = Probability that the die did not result in '1'
P = Probability that a single throw with 9 dice will result in exactly 2 '1''s
n = Number of dice available to throw once
r = Number of desired results which in this case is exactly 2 '1''s
n = 9 (Since there are 9 dice to throw once )

r = 2 (Since the desired outcome must be two '1''s )
1
p = (Since there is exactly only one '1' out of 6 possible outcomes )
6
1 5
q = ( 1 -
6 ) =
6
(Since there are 5 out of 6 possible outcomes )
2 (9 - 2)
1 5
P = 9C2 · ( 6 ) · ( 6 )
78,125
Answer : P =
279,936
27.23 Problem : What is the probability of getting a 9 exactly once in 3 throws with a pair of dice?
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 1 : 1st Throw: All pairs having a total of 9 - 2nd Throw: All pairs not having a total of 9 - 3rd Throw: Same as 2nd Throw Outcome
Recall : p +q =1

pn = Probability that the throw results in a total of 9 (n = 1, 2, and 3)
qn = Probability that the throw did not result in a total of 9 (n = 1, 2, and 3)
Since the 3 events are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since the result of each throw pair of dice does not
affect the result of the other throws) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which
yields to:
pA = p1 · q2 · q3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 (Since there are 4 pairs having a total of

p1 = · + · + · + · = =
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 9 9: 3 & 6 , 4 & 5 , 5 & 4 , and 6 & 3 )
1 8
q2 = q3 = ( 1 - p1 )=( 1 -
9 ) =
9
1 8 8
pA = · ·
9 9 9
64
pA =
729
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 2 : 1st Throw: All pairs not having a total of 9 - 2nd Throw: All pairs having a total of 9 - 3rd Throw: Same as 1st Throw Outcome
Recall : p +q =1

yields to:
pB = q1 · p2 · q3

p2 = · + · + · + · = =
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 9 9: 3 & 6 , 4 & 5 , 5 & 4 , and 6 & 3 )
1 8
q1 = q3 = ( 1 - p1 )=( 1 -
9 ) =
9
8 1 8
pB = · ·
9 9 9
64
pB =
729
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Case 3 : 1st Throw: All pairs not having a total of 9 - 2nd Throw: Same as 1st Throw Outcome - 3rd Throw: All pairs having a total of 9
Recall : p +q =1

yields to:
pC = q1 · q2 · p3

p3 = · + · + · + · = =
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 9 9: 3 & 6 , 4 & 5 , 5 & 4 , and 6 & 3 )
1 8
q1 = q2 = ( 1 - p1 )=( 1 -
9 ) =
9
8 1 8
pC = · ·
9 9 9
64
pC =
729
Solution 1 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events p A , p B , and p C are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes, therefore the probability of getting a 9 exactly once in 3 throws with a pair of dice is to obtain the sum of their probabilities
yields to:
p = pA + pB + pC
64 64 64
= + +
729 729 729
192
=
729
64
Answer : p =
243
Solution 2 :

Thing : Dice
Ways : Dice
p +q =1
Recall :
Let : p = Probability that a throw of a pair of dice has a total of 9

q = Probability that a throw of a pair of dice does not have a total of 9
P = Probability of getting a 9 exactly once in 3 throws with a pair of dice
n = Number of total throws with a pair of dice
r = Number of desired throws of getting a 9 exactly with a pair of dice
n = 3 (Since there are 3 throws with a pair of dice )

r = 1 (Since the desired outcome must be one throw getting a 9 exactly with a pair of dice )
1
p = (Refer to Sol. 1. There are 4 out of 36 pairs: 3 & 6 , 4 & 5 , 5 & 4 , and 6 & 3 are the pairs that will get an exact sum of 9 )
9
8
q = (Refer to Sol. 1. There are 32 out of 36 pairs that will not get an exact sum of 9 )
9
1 (3 - 1)
1 8
P = 3C1 · ( 9 ) · ( 9 )
64
Answer : P =
243
27.24 Problem : If the probability that the average freshman will not complete four years of college is 1/3, what is the probability P that of 4 freshmen at least
3 will complete four years of college?
Solution 1 :
Event : College Graduation

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
Case 1 : At least 3 freshmen will complete four years of college : Freshman 1, 2, and 3 finishes and Freshman 4 does not
Recall : p +q =1

pn = Probability that each freshman will finish (n = 1, 2, 3, and 4)
qn = Probability that each freshman will not finish (n = 1, 2, 3, and 4)
Since the 4 events are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since a freshman's chance to finish 4 years of college
does not affect the other freshmen) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields
to:
pA = p1 · p2 · p3 · q4
1 2
p1 = p2 = p3 = ( 1 - q4 )=( 1 -
3 ) =
3
2 2 2 1
pA = · · ·
3 3 3 3
8
pA =
81
Solution 1 :

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
Recall : p +q =1

to:
pB = p1 · p2 · q3 · p4
1 2
p1 = p2 = p4 = ( 1 - q3 )=( 1 -
3 ) =
3
2 2 1 2
pB = · · ·
3 3 3 3
8
pB =
81
Solution 1 :

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
Recall : p +q =1

to:
pC = q1 · p2 · p3 · p4
1 2
p2 = p3 = p4 = ( 1 - q1 )=( 1 -
3 ) =
3
1 2 2 2
pC = · · ·
3 3 3 3
8
pC =
81
Solution 1 :

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
Recall : p +q =1

to:
pD = p1 · q2 · p3 · p4
1 2
p1 = p3 = p4 = ( 1 - q2 )=( 1 -
3 ) =
3
2 1 2 2
pD = · · ·
3 3 3 3
8
pD =
81
Solution 1 :

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
Case 5 : All freshmen will complete four years of college
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pE = Probability of Case No. 5

to:
pD = p1 · p2 · p3 · p4
1 2
p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = ( 1 -
3 ) =
3
2 2 2 2
pD = · · ·
3 3 3 3
16
pD =
81
Solution 1 :

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events p A , p B , p C , p D , and p E are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability of getting a 9 exactly once in 3 throws with a pair of dice is to obtain the sum of their probabilities yields to:
P = pA + pB + pC + pD + pE
8 8 8 8 16
= + + + +
81 81 81 81 81
48
=
81
16
Answer : P =
27
Solution 2 :

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
Case 1 : 3 out of 4 freshmen will complete four years of college
p +q =1
Recall :
P 1 = n1 Cr1 ·p r1 ·q (n1-r1)
Let : p = Probability that a certain freshman will complete four years of college
q = Probability that a certain freshman will not complete four years of college
P1 = Probability that exactly 3 freshmen will complete four years of college
n1 = Number of total freshmen will attend college
r1 = Number of total freshmen will attend and complete 4 years of college
n1 = 4 (Since there are four freshmen will attend college )

r1 = 3 (Since the desired outcome must be 3 freshmen will attend and complete four years of college )
2
p = (Refer to Sol. 1. )
3
1
q = (The probability that a certain freshman will not complete as stated in the problem above )
3
3 (4 - 3)
2 1
P1 = 4C3 · ( 3 ) · ( 3 )
32
P1 =
81
Solution 2 :

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
Case 2 : 4 out of 4 freshmen will complete four years of college
p +q =1
Recall :
P 2 = n2 Cr2 ·p r2 ·q (n2-r2)
Let : p = Probability that a certain freshman will complete four years of college
q = Probability that a certain freshman will not complete four years of college
P2 = Probability that exactly 4 freshmen will complete four years of college
n2 = Number of total freshmen will attend college
r2 = Number of total freshmen will attend and complete 4 years of college
n2 = 4 (Since there are four freshmen will attend college )

r2 = 4 (Since the desired outcome must be 4 freshmen will attend and complete four years of college )
2
p = (Refer to Sol. 1. )
3
1
q = (The probability that a certain freshman will not complete as stated in the problem above )
3
4 (4 - 4)
2 1
P2 = 4C4 · ( 3 ) · ( 3 )
16
Answer : P2 =
81
Solution 2 :

Thing : Graduation
Ways : Freshmen
p +q =1
Recall :
Since Events P 1 and P 2 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's outcomes),
therefore the probability that of 4 freshmen at least 3 will complete four years of college is to obtain the sum of their probabilities that yields
to:
P = P1 + P2
32 16
= +
81 81
48
=
81
16
Answer : P =
27
27.25 Problem : A coin is tossed 6 times. What is the probability P of getting at least 3 heads? What are the odds in favor of getting at least 3 heads?
Solution 1 :
Event : Coin Tossing

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 1 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1

pn = Probability that the tossing of each coin is a head (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6)
qn = Probability that the tossing of each coin is not a head (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6)
Since the 6 events are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each tossing of a certain coin does not affect
the other remaining coins) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields
to:
pA = p1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · q6
1 (Since a coin has two sides then probability of getting a head is equal to
p1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = q5 = q6 =
2 getting a tail, which is also 1/2 )
1 1 1 1 1 1
pA = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pA =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 2 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1

to:
pB = q1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · q5 · q6
q1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = q5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pB = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pB =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 3 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1

to:
pC = q1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · p5 · q6
q1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pC = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pC =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 4 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1

to:
pD = q1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · p6
q1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pD = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pD =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 5 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1

to:
pE = p1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · q5 · q6
p1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = q5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pE = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pE =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 6 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pF = Probability of Case No. 6

to:
pF = p1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · p5 · q6
p1 = q2 = p3 = q4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pF = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pF =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 7 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pG = Probability of Case No. 7

to:
pG = p1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · p6
p1 = q2 = p3 = q4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pG = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pG =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 8 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pH = Probability of Case No. 8

to:
pH = p1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · q6
p1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = q5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pH = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pH =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 9 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pI = Probability of Case No. 9

to:
pI = p1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · q6
p1 = p2 = q3 = q4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pI = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pI =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 10 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pJ = Probability of Case No. 10

to:
pJ = p1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · q5 · p6
p1 = p2 = q3 = q4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pJ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pJ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 11 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pK = Probability of Case No. 11

to:
pK = q1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · p5 · p6
q1 = q2 = q3 = p4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pK = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pK =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 12 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pL = Probability of Case No. 12

to:
pL = p1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · p6
p1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pL = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pL =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 13 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pM = Probability of Case No. 13

to:
pM = p1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · p6
p1 = q2 = q3 = p4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pM = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pM =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 14 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pN = Probability of Case No. 14

to:
pN = p1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · p5 · q6
p1 = q2 = q3 = p4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pN = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pN =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 15 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pO = Probability of Case No. 15

to:
pO = q1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · p6
q1 = p2 = q3 = q4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pO = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pO =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 16 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pP = Probability of Case No. 16

to:
pP = q1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · p6
q1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pP = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pP =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 17 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pQ = Probability of Case No. 17

to:
pQ = q1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · p5 · q6
q1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pQ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pQ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 18 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pR = Probability of Case No. 18

to:
pR = q1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · p5 · p6
q1 = q2 = p3 = q4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pR = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pR =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 19 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pS = Probability of Case No. 19

to:
pS = q1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · q5 · p6
q1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pS = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pS =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 20 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 3 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pT = Probability of Case No. 20

to:
pT = q1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · p5 · q6
q1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pT = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pT =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 21 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : T (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pU = Probability of Case No. 21

to:
pU = p1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · q5 · q6
p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = q5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pU = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pU =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 22 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pV = Probability of Case No. 22

to:
pV = q1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · p5 · q6
q1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pV = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pV =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 23 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p W = Probability of Case No. 23

p n = Probability that the tossing of each coin is a head (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6)
q n = Probability that the tossing of each coin is not a head (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6)
to:
pW = q1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · q5 · p6
q1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pW = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pW =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 24 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pX = Probability of Case No. 24

to:
pX = p1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · p5 · q6
p1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pX = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pX =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 25 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pY = Probability of Case No. 25

to:
pY = p1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · q5 · p6
p1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pY = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pY =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 26 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pZ = Probability of Case No. 26

to:
pZ = p1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · p5 · q6
p1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pZ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pZ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 27 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pA̅ = Probability of Case No. 27

to:
pA̅ = p1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · q5 · p6
p1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pA̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pA̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 28 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pB̅ = Probability of Case No. 28

to:
p B̅ = p1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · p5 · q6
p1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
p B̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
p B̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 29 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pC̅ = Probability of Case No. 29

to:
pC̅ = p1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · q5 · p6
p1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pC̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pC̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 30 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pD̅ = Probability of Case No. 30

to:
pD̅ = q1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · p5 · p6
q1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pD̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pD̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 31 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pE̅ = Probability of Case No. 31

to:
pE̅ = p1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · p5 · p6
p1 = q2 = q3 = p4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pE̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pE̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 32 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pF̅ = Probability of Case No. 32

to:
pF̅ = p1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · p5 · p6
p1 = q2 = p3 = q4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pF̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pF̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 33 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pG̅ = Probability of Case No. 33

to:
pG̅ = q1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · p5 · p6
q1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pG̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pG̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 34 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pH̅ = Probability of Case No. 34

to:
pH̅ = q1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · p5 · p6
q1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pH̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pH̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 35 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 4 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pI̅ = Probability of Case No. 35

to:
pI̅ = p1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · p5 · p6
p1 = p2 = q3 = q4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pI̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pI̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 36 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : T (Exactly 5 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pJ̅ = Probability of Case No. 36

to:
pJ̅ = p1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · p5 · q6
p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = q6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pJ̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pJ̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 37 : Coin 1 : T Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 5 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pJ̅ = Probability of Case No. 37

to:
pJ̅ = q1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · p5 · p6
q1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pJ̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pJ̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 38 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : T Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 5 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pK̅ = Probability of Case No. 38

to:
pK̅ = p1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · p5 · p6
p1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pK̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pK̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 39 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : T Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 5 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pL̅ = Probability of Case No. 39

to:
pL̅ = p1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · p5 · p6
p1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pL̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pL̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 40 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : T Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 5 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pM̅ = Probability of Case No. 40

to:
pM̅ = p1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · p5 · p6
p1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pM̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pM̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 41 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : T Coin 6 : H (Exactly 5 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pN̅ = Probability of Case No. 41

to:
pN̅ = p1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · q5 · p6
p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = q5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pN̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pN̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 42 : Coin 1 : H Coin 2 : H Coin 3 : H Coin 4 : H Coin 5 : H Coin 6 : H (Exactly 6 coins are heads )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pO̅ = Probability of Case No. 42

to:
pO̅ = p1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · p5 · p6
p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 = p6 =
1 1 1 1 1 1
pO̅ = · · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
pO̅ =
64
Solution 1 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events pA, pB , …, pZ , pA̅, pB̅, …, and pO̅ are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each
other's outcomes), therefore the probability of getting a 9 exactly once in 3 throws with a pair of dice is to obtain the sum of their probabilities
yields to:
P = pA + pB + … + pZ + pA̅ + pB̅ + … + pO̅
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + … + + + + … +
64 64 64 64 64 64
42
=
64
21
Answer : P =
32
The odds in favor of getting at least 3 heads is:
At least 3 heads
Odds =
All events - At least 3 heads
21
=
32 - 21
21
Answer : Odds =
11
Solution 2 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
Case 1 : 3 out of 6 coins are heads
p +q =1
Recall :
P 1 = n1 Cr1 ·p r1 ·q (n1-r1)
Let : p = Probability that a certain coin is a head

q = Probability that a certain coin is not a head
P1 = Probability that exactly 3 coins will be heads
n1 = Number of total coins to throw
r1 = Number of total coins to throw and will results to heads
n1 = 6 (Since there are 6 coins that will be thrown )

r1 = 3 (Since the desired outcome must be 3 heads )
1
p = (Since there are two sides of a coin, therefore the probability a coin will result to a head is 1/2 )
2
1
q = (The probability that a certain coin after thrown is not a head )
2
3 (6 - 3)
1 1
P1 = 6C3 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
5
P1 =
16
Solution 2 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
p +q =1
Recall :
P 2 = n2 Cr2 ·p r2 ·q (n2-r2)


1
2
1
2
4 (6 - 4)
1 1
P2 = 6C4 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
15
P2 =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
p +q =1
Recall :
P 3 = n3 Cr3 ·p r3 ·q (n3-r3)


1
2
1
2
5 (6 - 5)
1 1
P3 = 6C5 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
3
P3 =
32
Solution 2 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
p +q =1
Recall :
P 4 = n4 Cr4 ·p r4 ·q (n4-r4)


1
2
1
2
6 (6 - 6)
1 1
P4 = 6C6 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
1
P4 =
64
Solution 2 :

Thing : Coins
Ways : Heads
p +q =1
Recall :
Since Events P 1 , P 2 , …, and P 4 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that the 6 coins tossed the result is that at least 3 heads is to obtain the sum of their probabilities
that yields to:
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4
5 15 3 1
= + + +
16 64 32 64
21
Answer : P =
32
The odds in favor of getting at least 3 heads is:
At least 3 heads
Odds =
All events - At least 3 heads
21
=
32 - 21
21
Answer : Odds =
11
27.26 Problem : Determine the probability P that in a family of 5 children there will be at least 2 boys and 1 girl. Assume that the probability of a male birth is
1/2.
Solution 1 :
Event : Birth Giving

Thing : New born child
Ways : Boys
Case 1 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : B Child 3 : G Child 4 : G Child 5 : G (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1

pn = Probability that the new born child is a boy (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5)
qn = Probability that the new born child is a girl (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5)
Since the 5 events are independent events (events that do not affect each other's outcomes since each new born child does not affect the other
remaining child to be born) therefore the probability of Case No. 1 to happen is to obtain the product of their probabilities which yields to:
pA = p1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · q5
1 (Since the probability of a male birth is 1/2 as stated from the problem above, hence
p1 = p2 = q3 = q4 = q5 =
2 the probability of a female birth is also 1/2 )
1 1 1 1 1
pA = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pA =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 2 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : B Child 3 : B Child 4 : G Child 5 : G (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1

pB = q1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · q5
q1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pB = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pB =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 3 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : G Child 3 : B Child 4 : B Child 5 : G (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1

pC = q1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · q5
q1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pC = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pC =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 4 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : G Child 3 : G Child 4 : B Child 5 : B (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1

pD = q1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · p5
q1 = q2 = q3 = p4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pD = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pD =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 5 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : G Child 3 : B Child 4 : G Child 5 : G (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1

pE = p1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · q5
p1 = q2 = p3 = q4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pE = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pE =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 6 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : B Child 3 : G Child 4 : B Child 5 : G (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pF = Probability of Case No. 6

pF = q1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · q5
q1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pF = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pF =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 7 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : G Child 3 : B Child 4 : G Child 5 : B (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pG = Probability of Case No. 7

pG = q1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · p5
q1 = q2 = p3 = q4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pG = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pG =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 8 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : G Child 3 : G Child 4 : B Child 5 : G (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pH = Probability of Case No. 8

pH = p1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · q5
p1 = q2 = q3 = p4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pH = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pH =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 9 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : B Child 3 : G Child 4 : G Child 5 : B (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pI = Probability of Case No. 9

pI = q1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · p5
q1 = p2 = q3 = q4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pI = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pI =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 10 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : G Child 3 : G Child 4 : G Child 5 : B (Exactly 2 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pJ = Probability of Case No. 10

pJ = p1 · q2 · q3 · q4 · p5
p1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pJ = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pJ =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 11 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : G Child 3 : B Child 4 : B Child 5 : B (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pK = Probability of Case No. 11

pK = q1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · p5
q1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pK = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pK =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 12 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : G Child 3 : G Child 4 : B Child 5 : B (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pL = Probability of Case No. 12

pL = p1 · q2 · q3 · p4 · p5
p1 = q2 = q3 = p4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pL = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pL =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 13 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : B Child 3 : G Child 4 : G Child 5 : B (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pM = Probability of Case No. 13

pM = p1 · p2 · q3 · q4 · p5
p1 = p2 = q3 = q4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pM = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pM =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 14 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : B Child 3 : B Child 4 : G Child 5 : G (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pN = Probability of Case No. 14

pN = p1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · q5
p1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pN = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pN =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 15 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : B Child 3 : G Child 4 : B Child 5 : B (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pO = Probability of Case No. 15

pO = q1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · p5
q1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pO = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pO =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 16 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : G Child 3 : B Child 4 : G Child 5 : B (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pP = Probability of Case No. 16

pP = p1 · q2 · p3 · q4 · p5
p1 = q2 = p3 = q4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pP = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pP =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 17 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : B Child 3 : G Child 4 : B Child 5 : G (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pQ = Probability of Case No. 17

pQ = p1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · q5
p1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pQ = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pQ =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 18 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : B Child 3 : B Child 4 : G Child 5 : B (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pR = Probability of Case No. 18

pR = q1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · p5
q1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pR = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pR =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 19 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : G Child 3 : B Child 4 : B Child 5 : G (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pS = Probability of Case No. 19

pS = p1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · q5
p1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pS = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pS =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 20 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : B Child 3 : B Child 4 : B Child 5 : G (Exactly 3 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pT = Probability of Case No. 20

pT = q1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · q5
q1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pT = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pT =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 21 : Child 1 : G Child 2 : B Child 3 : B Child 4 : B Child 5 : B (Exactly 4 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pU = Probability of Case No. 21

pU = q1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · p5
q1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pU = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pU =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 22 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : G Child 3 : B Child 4 : B Child 5 : B (Exactly 4 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pV = Probability of Case No. 22

pV = p1 · q2 · p3 · p4 · p5
p1 = q2 = p3 = p4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pV = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pV =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 23 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : B Child 3 : G Child 4 : B Child 5 : B (Exactly 4 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : p W = Probability of Case No. 23

p n = Probability that the new born child is a boy (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5)
q n = Probability that the new born child is a girl (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5)
pW = p1 · p2 · q3 · p4 · p5
p1 = p2 = q3 = p4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pW = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pW =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 24 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : B Child 3 : B Child 4 : G Child 5 : B (Exactly 4 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pX = Probability of Case No. 24

pX = p1 · p2 · p3 · q4 · p5
p1 = p2 = p3 = q4 = p5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pX = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pX =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Case 25 : Child 1 : B Child 2 : B Child 3 : B Child 4 : B Child 5 : G (Exactly 4 boys will be born )
Recall : p +q =1
Let : pY = Probability of Case No. 25

pY = p1 · p2 · p3 · p4 · q5
p1 = p2 = p3 = p4 = q5 =
1 1 1 1 1
pY = · · · ·
2 2 2 2 2
1
pY =
32
1/2.
Solution 1 :

Ways : Boys
Recall : p +q =1
Since Events pA, pB , …, and pZ̅ are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability of getting a 9 exactly once in 3 throws with a pair of dice is to obtain the sum of their probabilities
yields to:
P = pA + pB + … + pZ
1 1 1
= + + … +
32 32 32
25
Answer : P =
32
1/2.
Solution 2 :

Ways : Boys
Case 1 : 2 out of 5 newborn children are boys
p +q =1
Recall :
P 1 = n1 Cr1 ·p r1 ·q (n1-r1)
Let : p = Probability that a certain newborn child is a boy

q = Probability that a certain newborn child is a girl
P1 = Probability that exactly 2 boys will be born
n1 = Number of total children by a certain family
r1 = Number of total newborn boys by a certain family
n1 = 5 (Since there are 5 children )

r1 = 2 (Since the desired outcome must be 2 boys )
1
p = (As stated in the problem above )
2
1
q = (The probability that a certain child is not a boy )
2
2 (5 - 2)
1 1
P1 = 5C2 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
5
P1 =
16
1/2.
Solution 2 :

Ways : Boys
p +q =1
Recall :
P 2 = n2 Cr2 ·p r2 ·q (n2-r2)


1
2
1
2
3 (5 - 3)
1 1
P2 = 5C3 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
5
P2 =
16
1/2.
Solution 2 :

Ways : Boys
p +q =1
Recall :
P 3 = n3 Cr3 ·p r3 ·q (n3-r3)


1
2
1
2
4 (5 - 4)
1 1
P3 = 5C4 · ( 2 ) · ( 2 )
5
P3 =
32
1/2.
Solution 2 :

Ways : Boys
p +q =1
Recall :
Since Events P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 are mutually exclusive events (events that cannot happen at the same time and do not affect each other's
outcomes), therefore the probability that at least 2 boys and 1 girl will be born by a family is to obtain the sum of their probabilities
that yields to:
P = P1 + P2 + P3
5 5 5
= + +
16 16 32
25
Answer : P =
32
27.27 Problem : The probability that a student takes chemistry and is on the honor rolls is 0.042. The probability that a student is on the honor roll is 0.21.
What is the probability that the student is taking chemistry, given that the student is on the honor roll?
Solution :
Event : Chemistry student on the honor roll

Thing : Student
Ways : Student taking chemistry
P(B & A)
Recall : P(B|A) =
P(B)
Type : Conditional Probability of two events
Let : P(B|A) = Probability that a student is taking chemistry, given that the said student is on the honor roll
P(B & A) = Probability that a student takes chemistry and is on the honor roll
P(B) = Probability that a student is on the honor roll
Chemistry Honor Roll
P(B & A)
P(B|A) =
P(B)
0.042
=
0.21
Answer : P(B|A) = 0.2
27.28 Problem : At the Pine Valley Country Club, 32% of the members play golf and are female. Also, 80% of the members play golf. If a member of the club is
selected at random, find the probability that the member is female given that the member plays golf.
Solution :
Event : Choosing a female golfer

Thing : Golf
Ways : Female
P(B & A)
Recall : P(B|A) =
P(B)
Type : Conditional Probability of two events
Let : P(B|A) = Probability that a member is female given that the member plays golf
P(B & A) = Probability that a member plays golf and is a female
P(B) = Probability that a member plays golf
Female Golf
P(B & A)
P(B|A) =
P(B)
32%
=
80%
Answer : P(B|A) = 40%

Schaum&#39;s College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 1

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Chapter 27: Solutions to Solved Problems

Event : Random drawing of one ball

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is red

No. of red balls available to draw randomly

Event : Random drawing of one ball

(b) not red

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is not red

No. of non-red balls available to draw randomly

Event : Random drawing of one ball

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is white

No. of white balls available to draw randomly

Event : Random drawing of one ball

(d) red or blue

Type : Mutually Exclusive Events

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is either red or blue

Event : Random drawing of one ball

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is red

No. of non-red balls available to draw randomly

Event : Random drawing of one ball

(b) not red

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is not red

No. of red balls available to draw randomly

Event : Random drawing of one ball

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is white

No. of non-white balls available to draw randomly

Event : Random drawing of one ball

(d) either red or blue

Type : Simple Event

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn is either red or blue

No. of non-red or non-blue balls available to draw randomly

Event : Random drawing of one ball each bag

(a) both are white

Type : Independent Events

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn both are white

Event : Random drawing of one ball each bag

(b) both are black

Type : Independent Events

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn both are black

Event : Random drawing of one ball each bag

(c) 1 is white and 1 is black

Case 1 : 1st bag drawn is white while 2nd bag is black

Type : Independent Events

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn 1 is white and 1 is black

Event : Random drawing of one ball each bag

(c) 1 is white and 1 is black

Case 2 : 1st bag drawn is black while 2nd bag is white

Type : Independent Events

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn 1 is white and 1 is black

Event : Random drawing of one ball each bag

(c) 1 is white and 1 is black

Type : Mutually Exclusive Events

Let : p = Probability that the ball drawn 1 is white and 1 is black

Event : Random drawing of one ball each bag

(c) 1 is white and 1 is black

Type : Mutually Exclusive Events

Let : p WW = Probability that the ball drawn both are white

Substituting the variables p and q to the equation above yields to:

Event : Random drawing of one ball each bag

Schaum's College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 1

Schaum's College Algebra - Ch. 27 Part 1