Directional Valve Classifications and Components

Directional valves
Classification schemes:
1. Spool valves or poppet valves

2. Switching or continuously adjustable valves
3. Number of ports and positions
4. The kind of governing and positioning unit
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 1

Directional valves
1. Spool valves or poppet valves:
Spool valves Poppet valves
have always leakages can be totally sealed

need relatively large displacements need smaller displacements to let
because a positive overlap is needed for fluid through
sealing
preferred in all other cases because of preferred for large flow rates
their flexibility and lower price
need radial and axial

pressure relief,

Directional valves
2. Switching or continuously
adjustable valves:
Directional valves work either in certain switching positions or they are

continuously adjustable.
Latter by electrohydraulic or electric governing units.

Directional valves
3. Number of ports and positions:
Basic symbols
Two positions Three positions
4/3 valve with ports, operation

positions and governing
elements

Directional valves
4. Kind of governing and positioning unit:
By hand, electrically or electrohydraulically
Cross-
section:
Symbol:

Electrically governed continuously adjustable
valves
 Servo valves
 Proportional valves
Servo valves:
They are able to govern a very large output power with a very small input power.
Large masses have to be moved in a short time against varying forces to precise
positions.
These valves are very expensive because they have to be manufactured with very
high accuracy.
Because of this, their operation is also expensive, because the fluid has to be very
well filtered.
They have usually two (for very large flow rates three) amplifying stages.

Servo valves
Double nozzle – impinging plate (bridge circuit):
s0-s  
s0+s  
 1 1 
 s0  s  s 0 p  p 0   2
 2 
  s  s 
1  
  s  1   1  
 s  
1 
s   0   0  
Q1 Q2
QU QU p Linear part in
User p0 the middle
Q01 Q01
p1 p2
p0
0,8
-1
1 s
s0
-0,8
Servo valves
Operation:
If there is no current, there is no displacement, the valve body is kept in the middle.
If there is current, the iron core is displaced and the impinging plate that is rigidly
coupled with it is also displaced and a pressure drop is created.
Note that there is a small negative overlap, the manufacturing must be very good.
There must always be a flow.
Disadvantage: it is difficult to hold the zero position, because of dry friction or
contamination.
Solution:
There are also three-stage servo valves.

They are used for very large powers.

Continuously adjustable valves
Proportional valves:
Continuously adjustable proportional magnets are able
to adjust continuously and precisely the position of a
directional valve.
The magnetic force is proportional to the current and
nearly independent of the position.
The core reaches out far from the coil.
They might be connected with a position control, where
hysteresis effects are smaller.
They are often used for flow rate control
but all pressure valves can work with a proportional
magnet instead of a spring.
They are more precise.

Accessories
Liquid reservoir:
Tasks:  Storing of necessary liquid volume
 Conducting heat away from the system

 De-airing of the liquid (large surface, long stay of the liquid)
 Separation of condensed water
 Carrying element of other system components (pumps, valves, pipes,
etc.)
Pipes:
Steel of flexible hoses.
Key point: sealing

Accessories
Filter:
• Surface filter
• Volume filter – an order of magnitude
better but not cleanable
It can be before the pump, after the pump, before every sensitive elements
or in the back flow line.

System concepts
Delivering of liquid by:
 Flow sources
 Pressure sources
In case of flow sources normally for each actuator a separate source.

One pressure source can deliver several actuators parallel.
Pressure source should not be controlled by restriction valves because the losses
will be then too high. *
Better is to control by adjusting the displacement volume of the actuator.
It can happen with a hydromotor easily but for a hydraulic cylinder one needs a
hydraulic transformer.
This is called secondary control.
* → exp. on next slide

System concepts
Cont.
* Basically there are two main subgroups:
1. The pressure is always constant

In this case the main task is to find a control system to change the flow rate
for the oscillating flow rate needs of the actuators.
Various control mechanisms can be used here
2. The pressure is not constant

- Secondary control (see previous page)
- Load sensing control (much more complicated)

System concepts
Constant pressure sources:
- Pump with pressure relief valve: not very effective – lot of lost energy.
- The displacement volume or the rotational speed of a pump can be
controlled by measuring the pressure. In fact flow rate control but
indirectly pressure control.
Position drives:
VDr = Restriction valve
VW = direction valve
- All three versions have a 4/3 valve
- All three versions have two restriction valves, one constant and one
adjustable
The constant valve is for safety: it limits the maximum possible flow rate through
the system and prevents a breakdown of the pressure. These valves are all between
the actuator and the reservoir. This has the advantage that the actuator is between
two liquid columns that are both under pressure.
System concepts
Drives

Constant pressure sources
Position drives:
With the adjustable resistance the velocity can be
controlled:
a) Is a simple circuit. Problem is drifting in
the holding position since the spool valve
has a leakage.
b) Solves this problem by putting a 2/2 directional valve before the 4/3
valve. This seals perfectly. In addition, a double check valve prevents
the cylinder from moving.
c) Is even better. It allows a very accurate positioning. The directional
valve 1 has the job to switch between a creeping mode and a normal
speed mode. From the creeping mode it is easy to stop accurately.
Hold: 1
Normal speed: 2
Creeping speed: 0

Velocity drives:
VW = directional valve
EV = fast forward
ER = fast backward
Directional valve positions
AV = working forward
AR = working backward
VSZ = flow control valve
VDr = restriction valve Simpler circuits can be derived. If for example no
working backward mode is needed then VW4 and
VSZ1 can be omitted.
If the working velocity is so small that the flow rate is

around the leakage flow rate, large errors occur. In this case
spool valves may not be applied, instead pilot operated
check valves.
Force drives: Holding of work pieces, lifting of weights, forming of materials
a) b) c)
a) Simple circuit without adjustment of force.

Why is it a constant force drive? Because the d)
pressure pushes the cylinder as long to the right
as there is no equilibrium with the spring force.
b) Force adjustable with a pressure relief valve.
c) Large force. Force is adjustable in two stages. e)
d) Weight balancing, not adjustable.

e) Weight balancing with two-stage adjustability.
Big pictures
End of normal presentation
Beginning of big pictures

Directional valves
Spool valves – pressure relieves
1 – axial, 2 – axial

Directional valves
Spool valves - overlaps
O>0 O=0 O<0

Directional valves
Spool valves
With two switching positions and latch Spool types
Centred by springs
Pneumatically operated
Hydraulically operated

Directional valves
Spool valves
Electro-hydraulicaly
governed, centred by
spring
Electro-hydraulicaly
governed , centred by
pressure
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

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2005/2006 I.
Directional valves
Spool valves

Directional valves
Spool valves

Directional valves
Spool valves

Spool valves
Directional valves
-
spool types

Directional valves
Spool valves

Directional valves
Spool valves

Directional valves
Spool
valves

Directional valves
Spool valves

Directional valves
Poppet valves
Electrically governed 3/2 poppet valves
Ball Taper Plate
With one ball With two ball
1 - ball 2 - spring 3 - poppet

4 - housing 5 – lever ? 6 – operating pin ?
7 - ball 8 - poppet
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

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2005/2006 I.
Directional valves
Poppet valves

Directional valves
Poppet valves

Directional valves
Poppet valves

Directional valves
Number of ports and positions:
a) 2/2
b) 3/2
c) 4/3
d) 5/3
e) 5/3
f) 4/3
g) 6/3

Directional valves
5/3 valves:

Directional valves

Directional valves

Directional valves
Kind of governing and positioning unit:

Directional valves

Directional valves

Directional valves

Directional valves

Directional valves

Directional valves

Directional valves

Construction
Servo valves
Torque motor
Permanent magnets
Iron core with coils tube
Bending tube
Double nozzle – impinging plate
Return springs
Spool valve
Constant restrictions
User

Servo valves
Positioning with spring

Servo valves
Positioning with
spring

Servo valves
Positioning with spring

Servo valves
Positioning with inductive device

Servo valves
Three stage
servo valve

Servo valves
Three stage servo valve

Proportional valves
Proportional directional valve

Proportional valves
Proportional directional valve

Proportional valves
Proportional
directional valve

Proportional valves
Proportional flow rate valve

Proportional valves
Proportional flow rate valve

Proportional valves
Proportional pressure valve

Proportional valves
Proportional
pressure valve

Accessories
Filters

Accessories
Filters

Accessories
Filters

Accessories
Filters

Accessories
Filters

Accessories
Filters

Accessories
Filters

System concepts
Positioning drives
Against bumpers Drift-free holding of Positioning out of

the cylinder creeping motion
System concepts
Positioning drives
Against bumpers Drift-free holding of Positioning out of

the cylinder creeping motion
Circuit plan
Velocity drives

Velocity drives
Directional valve positions

Velocity drives
Modification for very
low working speeds

Force drives
Without adjustment of force

Force drives
Force adjustable with
pressure relief valve

Force drives
Force is adjustable in two
stages

Force drives
Weight balancing, not adjustable

Force drives
Weight balancing with two-stage adjustability

Directional Valve Classifications and Components

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Directional Valve Classifications and Components

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Directional valves

1. Spool valves or poppet valves

2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 1

have always leakages can be totally sealed

need radial and axial

2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 2

Directional valves work either in certain switching positions or they are

2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 3

Two positions Three positions

4/3 valve with ports, operation

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There are also three-stage servo valves.

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Tasks:  Storing of necessary liquid volume

 Conducting heat away from the system

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In case of flow sources normally for each actuator a separate source.

* → exp. on next slide

* Basically there are two main subgroups:

1. The pressure is always constant

2. The pressure is not constant

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If the working velocity is so small that the flow rate is

a) Simple circuit without adjustment of force.

d) Weight balancing, not adjustable.

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O>0 O=0 O<0

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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

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Ball Taper Plate

With one ball With two ball

1 - ball 2 - spring 3 - poppet

Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

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