Republic of the Philippines

BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE

Institute of Education
Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Philippines 3010

MAEM 205 Management Theories and Practices

The Components of Theory in Management

Until the day that machines are able to think, talk, and experience emotions, humans
will remain the most complicated beings to manage. Humans can never achieve the kind of
error-free performance that machines provide. On the upside, there are tons of things that
machines aren’t capable of doing, making humans indispensable assets. For such reason,
proper management is one of the most crucial things for an organization.

For a long time, theorists have been researching the most suitable forms of
management for different work settings. This is where management theories come into play.
Although some of these theories were developed centuries ago, they still provide stable
frameworks for running businesses.

System Theory
System - composed of a whole made up of interacting parts, and therefore, systems
scientists in both the natural and social sciences study the interaction between parts to
better understand the complexities of reality.

A system therefore denotes a set of parts that are interrelated so as to function as a

whole in order to achieve a common purpose.

According to the theory, the success of an organization depends on several key

elements: synergy, interdependence, and interrelations between various subsystems.

Systems management offers an alternative approach to the planning and

management of organizations.

Employees are one of the most important components of a company.

Other elements crucial to the success of a business are departments, workgroups, and
business units.

Managers coordinate work activities in the various parts of the organization, they
ensure that all these parts are working together so the organization’s goals can be
achieved.

Components Of System Theory

 Republic of the Philippines
BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Institute of Education
Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Philippines 3010

Input – encompass the material, human, financial, or information resources required to

produce goods and services of varied quantities and qualities.

Process – The transformation process involves the application of production

technology by management to change the inputs into outputs.

Output - the tangible products and services of the organization that possess a market
value or user utility.

Weaknesses:

● Doesn’t focus on specific task functions

● Too abstract – difficult to apply in practical problems

● Lack of universality

Strengths:

Recognizes. . .

● interdependence of personnel

● impact of environment on organizational structure and function

● affect of outside stakeholders on the organization

Decision Theory

Decision Theory represents a general approach to decision-making which is suitable

for a wide range of operations management decisions.

Decision-making - is a process that guides actions.

Decisions - based on the beliefs, values and previous experiences of individuals.

Four Key Resources in School-Based Decision Making

1. Knowledge and skills in framing new instructional strategies

● skills for being able to do team work

● budgeting and fiscal planning

● interpersonal problem solving

● assessment strategies for analyzing, interpreting and working upon the school
performance data

2. Detailed information about the performance and progress of the school

 Republic of the Philippines
BULACAN AGRICULTURAL STATE COLLEGE
Institute of Education
Pinaod, San Ildefonso, Bulacan, Philippines 3010

● budgets

● students’ performance

● teachers’ performance

● demographic data trend

3. Power and authority

● to make decisions, especially in the areas of curriculum and instruction, staffing
and personnel, and resource allocation and budgeting.

4. Recognition and rewards

● salary adjustments

● professional development opportunities

● performance-based incentives

● awards for good performance

Scopes of Decision-Making

1. Budget - decision making will revolve around staffing, equipment and materials for
school labs and other utility, building maintenance expenditure, professional
development and students’ recreation and activities.

2. Personnel - schools will decide how best to recruit and whether they will have all
permanent staffs or mix of permanent and part timers.

3. Curriculum - this is determined in terms of the state level or national level educational
goals set up.

“You cannot make progress without making decisions”

Submitted by: Noted:

JAKE ROBIN S. CALATIN DR. VIVERLY E. MATA

MAED A