Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Model perekonomian :
Okun’s Law : Pertumbuhan ekonomi X pengangguran
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Economics – the study of how to make
trade-offs; the science of the allocation
of scarce resources.
There is difficulty in confronting trade-
offs between environmental preservation
and other economic and social activities.
Ekonomi mempelajari
perilaku manusia dalam
mengalokasikan sumber-
sumber yang langka untuk
memenuhi keinginannya
Terjadi interaksi antara
Permintaan (Demand) dan
supply demand Penawaran (Supply) dan
harga menjadi indikator
keseimbangan antara S vs D.
Sistem Ekonomi
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Trade-offs occur at every
geographic scale
We are experiencing losses of habitat and the collapse
of many renewable resources including:
The majority of our most important global fisheries.
Massive losses of tropical forests.
Rapid die-off of coral reefs.
Extensive losses of wetlands.
Conversion of grasslands and other ecosystems to desert at an
alarming rate.
A Taxonomy of Resources
Natural Resources
Environmental Resources
Natural Resources
These are provided by nature and can be divided
into increasingly smaller units and allocated at the
margin.
Examples include: barrels of oil, cubic meters
of wood, kilograms of fish.
Stocks of natural resources may be fixed or have
regenerative capability.
These resources are divided into renewable
resources and exhaustible resources.
Physical Resource Flows
These resources do not exist as a stock, but have never-
ending flows.
Examples include: solar energy, wind power, tidal power
and geothermal power.
Our consumption of these resources has no effect on the
stock or our ability to consume them.
Environmental Resources
Resources provided by nature that are indivisible.
Examples include: an ecosystem, an estuary, and the
ozone layer.
These resources can be examined at the margin in
terms of quality but not quantity.
These resources are not consumed directly, but people
consume the ecological services provided by these
resources.
Ecological Services
Flow from environmental resources.
Ecological service is a function of quality of the
environmental resource.
These services are provided to both ecosystems
and social systems.
Clean air and water support basic biological
functions.
Clean air and water provide important
recreational and aesthetic benefits.
Clean water contributes to economic
production processes.
Ecological Services promote the stability and
resilience of the ecosystem that generates them.
Social System
Economic
System
Environmental and natural resource economics
is the application of the principles of
economics to the study of how environmental
and natural resources are developed and
managed.
- Natural resources – resources provided by
nature that can be divided into increasingly
smaller units and allocated at the margin.
- Environmental resources – resources provided by
nature that are indivisible.
- Natural resources serve as inputs to the economic
system. Environmental resources are affected by
the system (e.g. pollution).
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Environmental Economics
undertakes theoretical or empirical studies of the
economic effects of national or local environmental
policies around the world. Particular issues include the
costs and benefits of alternative environmental policies
to deal with air pollution, water quality, toxic
substances, solid waste, and global warming
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Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan
dalam ekonomi lingkungan :
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3. How to evaluate environmental programs?
Ideally, we need to know what level of environmental protection
is desired.
The choice is not between clean air and dirty air, but rather
between levels of pollution.
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Market Failure
3. Barang publik.
5. Eksternalitas.
Persaingan Tidak Sempurna
Sebagai contoh:
Contoh :
1. Pembangunan jalan.
2. Pembatasan pengambilan sumberdaya laut
Intervensi Pemerintah yang kurang
sesuai
PV Keuntungan = B /(1+i) t
Contoh : Perhitungan PV benefit dan Biaya Proyek X pada Social Discount rate = 15%
Rumus NPV :
BCR = ∑ Bt
t=0 (1+i)
t
∑ Ct
t=0 (1+i)t
TEORI EKONOMI LINGKUNGAN
1. Teori Produksi
2. Teori Konsumsi
3. Teori Kesejahteraan
Asumsi
ATAU
“Hal-hal yang menyebabkan bahan itu langka
atau mahal dibandingkan dengan faktor
produksi lain akan mendorong perusahaan
mengurangi limbah buangan.”
Apabila konsumen harus menanggung biaya limbah
buangan, maka dia dipaksa ke kurva indifference yang
lebih rendah dan tidak akan berada pada titik singgung
antara garis anggaran dan kurva indifference.
Teori Kesejahteraan
Program perlindungan lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan
penilaian kegiatan sistem perekonomian.
Berbagai anggapan :
1. “value jugment”/penilaian subyektif terhadap nili-nilai
perlu ditentukan : Keberhasilain suatu sistem ekonomi
dinilai dari kemampuan sistem tersebut dalam memenuhi
kebutuhan dan keinginan masyarkat
2. Kebutuhan dan keinginan manusia dapat dilihat dari segi
konsumsi dan produksi
3. Dari segi Konsumsi manusia memiliki pilihan barang yang
dikonsumsi dan jasa yang tersedia, sehingga fungsi
kegunaan menjadi ukuran seberapa jauh pilihan dipenuhi
4. Dari segi Produksi, manusia menilai suatu pekerjaan
berdasarkan upah dan kondisi kerja
5. Setiap individu menilai kebutuhan dan keingina
(Adayangmenilai lingkungan menilai tinggi ada yang rendah
sehingga bersifat subyektif
6. Adanya campur tangan pemerintah sebagai wakil
masyarakat
Sistem Ekonomi dapat lebih
memenuhi kebutuhan dan keinginan
individu atau memperbaiki
kesejahteraan seseorang pada
situasi A (dibandingkan pada situasi
B), apabila alokasi sumberdaya A
menempatkan pada kurva
indeference yang lebih tinggi dari B
Program pemerintah bisa saja
memperbaiki kesejahteraan
individu yang satu, mungkin pada
waktu yang sama memperburuk
kesejahteraan individu yang lain
GREEN ECONOMY
Masalah Lingkungan :
1. Iklim berubah
2. Menipisnya ozon
3. Asap kebakaran hutan
4. Asap lalu lintas
5. Sampah menumpuk
6. Tingginya kepadatan bangunan
Faktor Pemicu :
1. Over consumption
2. Gaya hidup yang tidak sustainable
3. Pola pembangunan yang tidak sehat