RELATIONS

AND
FUNCTIONS
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PREPARED BY: LARA O. ROLAN

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 At the end of the lesson the
student should be able to:
1. Differentiate between
relation and functions.
2. Identify the different kinds of

functions.
3. Know how to evaluate
functions.
4. Appreciate and develops
interest in mathematics.
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 RELATIONS
DEFINITION 1: A pair of numbers 𝑥, 𝑦 in which the order of occurrence of the
numbers matters is called an ordered pair of numbers. Two ordered pairs 𝑎, 𝑏
and 𝑐, 𝑑 are equal if and only if 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑.

DEFINITION 2: Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 be sets. A relation is a correspondence of the

elements of 𝐴 with the elements of 𝐵 such that every element of 𝐴 is paired with
at least one element of 𝐵. A relation can also be defined as a set of ordered
pairs of real numbers.

Note: The set of all elements of 𝐴 is the domain of ℝ and the set of all elements
of 𝐵 is the codomain of ℝ. The set of all images in 𝐵 (elements in 𝐵 paired with
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elements in 𝐴) is the range of ℝ. Hence, the range is a subset of the codomain.

 1. Ordered Pairs
Table of Values
Ways of Describing 2.
3. Mapping Diagram
Relations 4. Equation
5. Graph
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 FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 3: The graph of a relation ℝ is the set of all points 𝑥, 𝑦 in the
plane ℝ! for which 𝑥, 𝑦 is an ordered pair in ℝ.

DEFINITION 4: A function 𝒇 from a set 𝐴 to a set 𝐵 is a rule of

correspondence that assigns to each element 𝑥 in 𝐴 exactly one element 𝑦 in
𝐵. This means that a function is a relation such that no two distinct ordered
pairs have the same first coordinate.
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 Characteristics of a Function

ü Each element in the domain 𝐴 must be matched

with an element in the range, which is contained
in set 𝐵.
ü Some elements in the set 𝐵 may not be
matched with the same element in the range.
ü Two or more elements of the domain may be
matched with the same element in the range.
ü No element of the domain may be matched with
two different elements in the range.
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 FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION 5: A graph in the plane ℝ! represents a function if and only if no
vertical line intersects the graph at more than one point.

DEFINITION 6: FUNCTION NOTATION

The equation 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 defines 𝑦 as a function of 𝑥 where 𝑓 is the function
name, 𝑥 the variable whose values is being assigned (independent variable)
and 𝑦 is the variable whose value depends on the choice of 𝑥 (dependent
variable).
The domain of the function is the set of all values of real numbers taken on by
the independent variable, and the range of a function is the set of values of
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real numbers taken on by the dependent variable.

 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
1. Constant Function 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑐 D: −∞, +∞ 𝑅: −∞, +∞
2. Linear Function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑚≠0 D: −∞, +∞ 𝑅: −∞, +∞
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 !
If 𝑎 > 0, R: 5 , +∞6
4𝑎
3. Quadratic Function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑎≠0 D: −∞, +∞
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 !
If 𝑎 < 0, 𝑅: 9−∞, :
4𝑎
D: −∞, +∞ R: −∞, +∞
𝐼𝑓 𝑛 is odd R: −∞, +∞
4. Power Function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 " 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 > 0 R: [0, +∞)
𝐼𝑓 𝑛 is even:
𝐼𝑓 𝑎 < 0 R: (−∞, 0]
𝐼𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐷 = 𝑅 = ℝ
!
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 ≥ 2 𝐼𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛:
5. Root Function D: [0, +∞), R: [0, +∞)
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎! − 𝑥 ! where 𝑎 > 0 D: −𝑎, 𝑎 R: 0, 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! − 𝑎! where 𝑎 > 0 D: (−∞, −𝑎] ∪ [𝑎, +∞) R: [0, +∞)
6. Absolute Value Function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝐷=ℝ R: [0, +∞)
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 DEFINITION 7: A piecewise-defined (split) function is a function defined by
more than one equation at different parts of its domain.

Example: The following are piecewise-defined functions.

1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

4 − 𝑥 !, 𝑖𝑓 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
2. 𝑔 𝑥 = 7
−𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
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 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0 4 − 𝑥 !, 𝑖𝑓 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑓 𝑥 =$ 𝑔 𝑥 =,
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0 −𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
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 EVALUATION To evaluate a function defined by
OF 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 means to find the value
of 𝑓 at the specified value of 𝑥.
FUNCTIONS
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 3 −𝑥 −3𝑥
1. )𝑓 −𝑥 = !
= !
−𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
Example: 3 3−𝑥
2. ) 𝑓 3 − 𝑥 =
3−𝑥 !+1
3𝑥 9 − 3𝑥
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 = ! , = !
𝑥 +1 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 10
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔: 3 0
1. ) 𝑓 −𝑥 3. ) 𝑓 0 = !
=0
0 +1
2. ) 𝑓 3 − 𝑥 3 −3 −9
3. ) 𝑓 0 4. ) 𝑓 −3 = !
=
−3 + 1 10
4. ) 𝑓 −3 1
1 1 3 3 𝑥 !
5. ) 𝑓 5. ) 𝑓 = 𝑥 = E
𝑥 𝑥 ! 𝑥 1 + 𝑥!
1
+1
𝑥
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3𝑥
= !
𝑥 +1
 Example:
!
!
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 7, 1. ) 𝑓 0 = 0 −2 0 +7=7
!
𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔: 2. ) 𝑓 2 = 2 −2 2 +7=7
!
1. ) 𝑓 0 3. ) 𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑘 −2 𝑘 +7
2. ) 𝑓 2 = 𝑘 ! − 2𝑘 + 7
3. ) 𝑓 𝑘 4. ) 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = 𝑥 + ℎ !
−2 𝑥+ℎ +7
4. ) 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ = 𝑥 ! +2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ! − 2𝑥 − 2ℎ + 7
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 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Sum, Difference, Product, and Quotient of Functions
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be any two functions. The 𝑓 + 𝑔, 𝑓 − 𝑔, 𝑓 = 𝑔, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓/𝑔 are defined
as follows:
1. Sum 𝑓+𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥
2. Difference 𝑓−𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥
3. Product 𝑓=𝑔 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 =𝑔 𝑥
4. Quotient 𝑓 𝑥
𝑓/𝑔 𝑥 = ,𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑥
The domain of each these resulting functions consists of all values of 𝑥
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common to the domains of 𝑓 and 𝑔 except for the quotient in which 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 0.

 Example:
𝑓
𝐼𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 = 8 − 2𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 4. Find 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑓 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
𝑔

1. ) 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 8 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥 + 4

2. ) 𝑓 − 𝑔 𝑥 = 8 − 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 12 − 5𝑥

3. ) 𝑓 E 𝑔 𝑥 = 8 − 2𝑥 3𝑥 − 4 = −6𝑥 ! + 32𝑥 − 32

𝑓 8 − 2𝑥
4. ) 𝑥 =
𝑔 3𝑥 − 4
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 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION 8: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be any two functions. The

composition of 𝑓 with 𝑔 is the function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 defined by

𝒇∘𝒈 𝒙 =𝒇 𝒈 𝒙

The domain of the composite function 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 is the set of all

values of 𝒙 in the domain of 𝒈 such that 𝒈(𝒙) belongs to the
domain of 𝒇.
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 Example:
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ! and 𝑔 𝑥 = 5 − 2𝑥, find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 and 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓

!
1. ) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 5 − 2𝑥 = 25 − 20𝑥 + 4𝑥 !

2. ) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 − 2 𝑥 ! = 5 − 2𝑥 !
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 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION 9: Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two functions. The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are

inverse functions If and only if 𝒇 ∘ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙 for every 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑔 and
𝒈 ∘ 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 for every 𝑥 in the domain of 𝑓.
The notation for the inverse of the function is denoted by 𝑓 "#.

Steps in Finding Inverse of a Given Function

1. Write 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
2. Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦.
3. Solve the equation for 𝑦, if possible in terms of 𝑥.
4. If the resulting equation defines a function, then it is the inverse function
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and we write 𝑦 = 𝑓 "# 𝑥 .

 EXAMPLE: Find the inverse of the following:
1. ) 𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 1 3. ) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦= 𝑓 "# 𝑥 =
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 1 𝑥
𝑦=
3𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 𝑥−1
𝑥+1 𝑦
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 ="# 𝑥=
3 𝑦−1
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑦
2. ) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 $ 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥$ 𝑦 𝑥−1 =𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑦$ 𝑥
𝑦=
𝑦=!𝑥 𝑥−1
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𝑓 "# 𝑥 = ! 𝑥
 Activity 6:
Please see Google
Classroom for
details
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 “ Always believe in yourself.
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 Thank you!!!
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PREPARED BY: LARA O. ROLAN