GECART REVIEWER The Place of Humanities in the History of

Lecture 1.1 Arts as a Humanistic Western Civilization

Discipline
Ancient 800 BC
2 General Fields of Learning ● Cosmocentric View
The Sciences ● Protagoras: Man is the measure of all things
● Geocentrism: Man is at the center of the
 deals with natural, physical, universe
phenomena
 Subject-knower – Scientific Method
– Object-known
 Scientist learns about things in the
world

The Humanities
 deals with human phenomena
 Subject-knower = Object-known –
Reflexive Method
 Humanist learns about the self

Thinkers whose Thoughts were the Basis of

Ptolemy (100-170 AD) Almagest
Method in the Humanities
● Socrates, 469-399 BC – “Know thyself.” Medieval 300 AD
● Theocentric View
● Augustine, 354-430 AD – “Withdraw into ● Scholasticism: Man is created in the image of
God. Man is at the center of creation
yourself truth dwells in the inner man.”
● Thales of Miletus, 620-546 BC – “A
scientist tends to know everything about the
world that he forgets to know anything about
himself.”
● Confucius 555-479 BC – “The Great
Sage” Wise Man

Escorial Beatus, Illuminated Manuscript,

10th Century

Renaissance 1400
● Anthropocentric View
● Humanism: Nothing is more wonderful than
man.

Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man, 1490
Michelangelo, The Creation of Man (Sistine
Chapel Painting, 1512)
Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Turf,
1642

Copernicus, On the Revolution of Celestial

Bodies, 1542

Modern 1600 Legaspi Gadgets 1947

●Scientific-Technocentric View
● Man is a part of nature Postmodern 1960
● Eclectic View
● Man is a piece of everything.

The Evolution of Man

Medio Cruz, Poleteismo, from Kulo Exhibit

2011
Humanistic discipline
● Minor Art or Craft – made by artisans
● History – Human events happening in the and concerned with functionality and
world usefulness of human- made objects
● Language – Written and oral forms of (artifacts)
human communication
● Philosophy – Human reason concerning The Seven (7) Major Arts in Western
reality Civilization
● Art – Admiration (Art Appreciation) of
human-made objects and the human Visual
creativity (Art creation) by ● Painting
which these objects are made. ● sculpture
● Architecture
ETYMOLOGY
Performing
The word “art” comes from the Latin word ● Music
“ars” which means skillful production or ● Dance
performance. ● Drama

Two Types Of Art: Linguistic

● Literature
 LIBERAL ARTS
- Professional and academic artist Minor Arts: Crafts
- related to Fine Arts ● Ceramics
- Major art ● Weaving
 Architects ● Sewing
 Sculptors ● Handicraft
 Painters ● Carpentry
● Masonry
 SERVILE ART ● Stone Cutting
- Artisan ● Gardening
- makes craft ● Cooking
- Minor art
 Stone cutter
 Carpenter

Western Concept of Art

● Academic – only schooled people are

artists
● Elitist – meant for the higher social class
● Hierarchical – liberal art and servile art,
high and low art, major art and minor art or
craft, fine art and practical art, folk art,
indigenous art, popular art

Western Classification of the Arts

● Major Art – Made by artists and primarily

concerned with the form of beauty
The Humanities and the Filipino
Personhood (Pagkatao)
The Jar and the Filipino Personhood
Labas – ulo and dibdib
Loob – isip and damdamin
Lalim – kaluluwa and budhi
Labas ng Pagkatao - Katawan (Physical) –
kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim), tindig
(matangkad, pandak),ilong
(matangos,pango), dibdib (malapad, malaki)
Loob ng pagkatao – Kalooban (Espiritual,
Emotional, and Moral) – isip (matalino),
ugali, asal (mabuti)
Lalim ng Pagkatao – Kaluluwa (spiritual –
anito (banal)
The Humanities in Filipino Concept
“Pagpapakatao” is the process on how a
human being becomes a Filipino.
The first objective of the colonizing power is
to erase the cultural memory of the
conquered people, to induce a collective
amnesia about their past ang supplant it
with the culture of the colonizers. In this lie
the roots of the Filipino derivativeness and
inferiority complex vis-à-vis West.
 Pre-colonial Period (Before
1500’s) – Had our own cultural
identity
 Colonial Period (1500-1950) – Our
identity destroyed by colonizers:
Westernization of Filipino Culture
making us alienated from our own
 Post-Colonial Period (1950 onwards)
– Reclamation, affirmation, and
definition of our identity in our own terms
  Son of Chinese immigrants
converted to Christianity, but
thought to be a noble Spanish
descent by the Spaniards so that
they commissioned him to paint
 Engaged by a merchant to paint, in
Forms of Alienation Caused by miniaturismo style, albums of people
Westernization of Filipino Culture wearing their daily costumes
 Had a vision of making art more
1. Alienation from community accessible to the Filipinos (Indios)
2. Alienation from our source of cultural energy:  Founded the first Art School in
Thinking in borrowed forms and the economics the Philippines Escuela Dibujo y
of
Pintura in Tondo Manila in 1821
dependency
3. Alienation from our race: The Doña Victorina
Syndrome
4. Alienation from the Indigenous: Denigrating
the local
5. Alienation from the land
6. Alienation from being Filipino
7. Alienation from sustainable living

THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF ART

Western Concept
ART
 Academic - Only schooled people
are artists Juan Luna (1857-1899) – Academic
 Elitist - Meant for the higher social Westernized Filipino Painting
class
 Hierarchical - High and low art,
major art and craft fine and practical
art, folk, indigenous

Filipino Concept
ART
 Has no such Western distinctions
Damian Domingo (1796-1834) – Father of
 Bachelor of Arts Degree, Ateneo
Philippine Painting Municipal de Manila. Enrolled in
Academy of Fine Arts, Manila
 Went to Europe in 1877, and
studied in Escuela de Bellas Artes
de San Fernando
 Won gold medal in Exposicion
Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884
for Spoliarium
 Commisioned by Spanish
government to do paintings like La
 Batalla de Lepanto and El Pacto
de Sangre
 Arrested for murdering his wife
and mother-in-law, but was
acquitted on grounds of crime of
passion
 It came from the Latin word “ars/artis” which
means to do or man made;

LECTURE 2 It is a medium of expression because

Art Appreciation and through arts we express our ideas,
the Human Faculties emotions, feelings, without using words.
Creative activity which involves skill or
THE BASIC QUESTION expertness in handling materials and
IN THE HUMANITIES - Who am I? organizing them into a new.

“I am a human being.” DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART

THREE HUMAN FACULTIES I. By the Audience

- focus on how audience classified arts
Mind Reason Thinking
Will Emotion Feeling 1.Performing Arts- something an artist
Senses Perception Sensing used body as a medium. An art form that is
Eyes Sensation Seeing moving from one place to another.
Ears Hearing
Nose Smelling Example: play, movies, live music,
Tongue Tasting movies/TV, operas, mime, puppetry,
Skin Touching acrobatic, dance, and ballet
Imagination Imagining
2. Visual Arts- usually exist in two
Plato admits three parts, forms, or powers dimensional form and stay in one place.
of the soul, perhaps even three distinct Something that we see and hear.
souls: the intellect (noûs), the nobler
affections (thumós), and the appetites or Example: painting, photography, drawing,
passions (epithumetikón). films, sculpture, engraving, wooden
materials, silk screen, cartoon, stained
ANALYSIS OF ART BASED ON THE glass, mosaic, and stage setting.
THREE HUMAN FACULTIES
ELEMENTS OF ART
LEVEL OF THE SENSES COLOR (HUE) - gives meaning, value,
intensity and saturation to an object. It has
1. PERCEPTUAL ELEMENTS series of wave lengths which strikes our
Sense-Data: Lines, Color, Shapes, etc.
retina.
2. REPRESENTATIONS
Things, People, Objects, Events Example of Color and its meaning

LEVEL OF THE WILL Color Meaning

3. EMOTIONAL SUGGESTIONS
Happy, Sad, Afraid etc. Black - Death, despair, gloom,
sorrow,
LEVEL OF THE MIND Blue - Infinity, Freedom, Calmness,
4. INTELLECTUAL MEANING
Peace
Ideas, Concepts, Symbolism
Brown - Humility
ART
Green - Nature, Freshness,
Prosperity,
MEDIUM - it denotes the means of artists to
Hope, Money express his ideas, it pertains to materials
used to express feelings through art.
Orange - Sweetness,
Cheerfulness, IV. Rhythm- pattern, arrangement of lines,
color, synchronization or connection of path
Pink - Feminity, love,
that suggest gracefulness.
Red - Bravery, Energy, Passion,
V. Style- the typical expressing and training
War, Warm
of artist and outlook in life.
Violet - Royalty, Dull
VI. Structure- surface and quality of object
White - Purity, Clarity, Simplicity, either real or made to be appeared real. It
gives variety and beauty on art.
Virginity, Peace
VII. Shape - the enclosed space defined by
Yellow - Joyful, Life, Vibrant, other elements of art. shapes may take on
Sunshine, the appearance of two-d or three- objects.
Happiness PRINCIPLES OF ART
LINE - one or two dimensional art that Emphasis – the composition refers to
indicates direction,orientation, movement, developing points of interest to pull the
and energy. It is considered as the oldest, viewer's eye to important parts of the body
simplest, universal element. of the work.
DIRECTION OF LINE Balance – it is a sense of stability in the
body of work. It can be created by repeating
 Vertical line- basic framework of all same shapes and by creating a feeling of
forms, power & delimination, equal weight.
strength, stability, simplicity, and
efficiency. Harmony  – achieved in a body of work by
 Horizontal line- creates an using similar elements throughout the work,
impression of serenity and perfect harmony gives an uncomplicated look to
stability. Rest, calmness, peace, and your work.
reposed.
 Diagonal line- it shows movement Variety – refers to the differences in the
and instability. Portraysmovement work, you can achieve variety by using
action. difference shapes, textures, colors and
 Zigzag line- it shows violence, values in your work.
confusion, and conflict.
 Curve line- it shows a gradual Movement – adds excitement to your work
change of direction andfluidity. It by showing action and directing the viewers
signifies subtle form. eye throughout the picture plane.
Rhythm – a type of movement in drawing
and painting. It is seen in repeating of
shapes and colors. Alternating lights and
darks also give a sense of rhythm.  
Proportion or scale – refers to the Cooking
relationships of the size of objects in a body Munch, The Scream 1893
of work. Proportions give a sense of size VISUAL ELEMENTS
seen as a relationship of objects. such as COLORS, SHAPES, LINES
smallness or largeness. REPRESENTATIONS
PEOPLE, THINGS, EVENTS
Unity – is seen in a painting or drawing
when all the parts equal a whole. Your work
should not appear disjointed or confusing. EMOTIONAL SUGGESTION
Mondrian, Composition with
FEAR OR TERROR: Shown by
Red, Yellow and Blue, 1924 the facial expression of the
woman, and by the curving
VISUAL ELEMENTS lines of red, yellow, orange
COLORS: Red, Yellow, Blue, of the sky
White, Black Steenweck, The
Vanities
SHAPES: Rectangles, Square of Human Life 1645

LINES: Straight, Horizontal and VISUAL ELEMENTS

Vertical COLORS, etc.

REPRESENTATIONS
THINGS, etc.
EMOTIONS
SUGGESTIONS
SADNESS
INTELLECTUAL
Allegory of the Vanities of Human MEANINGS
Life(1640) National Gallery, London. CONCEPTS, IDEAS,
By Harmen van Steenwyck, who SYMBOLS
specialized in vanitas painting,
a form of Christian art that used
symbols to convey a moral message.
Amorsolo Winnowing Rice, 1957
INTELLECTUAL MEANING: Ideas,
VISUAL ELEMENTS Concepts and Symbols in Art
COLOR
SHAPES  From the Book of Ecclesiastes in the
LINES Bible
REPRESENTATIONS  MEMENTO MORI - Reflecting about
PEOPLE: Woman Death
Farmers  Stynweck The Vanities of Human
ANIMALS: Life 1645
Chicken  Each item in the painting has a
Carabao symbolic meaning.
THINGS: Skull - memento mori - a cautionary
Trees reminder that even for the wealthiest citizen,
Nipa Hut there is no escaping the inevitability of
Sky death, and heavenly judgment.
Clouds Chronometer - signifies the passing of
Mountain time.
EVENTS Shell - being a rare collector's item, is a
Winnowing symbol of earthly wealth (as is the purple
Planting silk fabric), Books and Musical
instruments - symbolize human
knowledge. All these elements symbolize
futile quests for earthly riches or the vanity
of knowledge.
Samurai sword - representing military
power, is included to show that even the ART APPRECIATION
might of arms cannot defeat death.
Steenwyck (Harmen Evertz Steenwyck) Positive - wow!
also employs a striking compositional Perceptual - Sense Data and
device to reinforce the symbolic meaning of Representation
the painting and enhance the dramatic tone Emotional - Feelings
of the work: Intellectual - Meanings
beam of light - (a Christian symbol of the response to - Communication and
eternal) falling onto the skull (the principal Reaction
reminder of human mortality), thus the beauty - Value that delights
emphasizing the gulf between earthly decay of artworks - Painting, sculpture and
and the eternity of heaven. music

LECTURE 2.3
Art and the Perception of Reality

Art is talent, skill, passion, emotion, Idea,

truth, reality, goodness, beauty, form,
expression, representation, power

Art is reality

Leonardo, The
Mona Lisa, 1501
"Do not store up for yourselves treasures on RENAISSANCE
earth, where moth and rust destroy...
ART
[instead] ...store up for yourselves treasures
in heaven, where moth and rust do not
destroy." (Gospel of Matthew 6:18-21)
DUST IN THE WIND - Composed by Kerry
Livgren Sung by The Kansas, 1977

The meaning of the lyrics is based on the

verse from the Bible, Genesis 3:19: “You
are from dust, and into dust you shall
return.”
LESSON 2.2
The Process of Art Appreciation
 Picasso,
The Weeping Fajardo,
Woman, From Rags
1924 to Riches
1984
CUBISM
READY
MADE
ART

Mondrian,
Composition
with Red, Duchamp,
Yellow and Blue, The Fountain
1924 (Urinal), 1917

CONCRETISM

Picasso, Dora Maar with

Cat, 1941

Malevich,
White on
White,
1917

SUPREMATISM

Picasso, Marie Therese

Walter 1937
 Picasso,
Rene Magritte The Treachery of Images
Jacqueline with
Crossed Hands
1941

Burnt-Jones
Pygmalion 1878

“A moment of complete happiness never

occurs in the creation of a work of art.
The promise of it is felt in the act of
creation, but disappears towards the
completion of the work. For it is then that
the painter realizes that it is only a
picture he is painting. Until then he has
almost dared to hope that the painting
might spring into life.” Lucian Freud,
from Gombrich (1960), Art and Illusion,
p. 80.
 Philosophy - Theory about the
ultimate
reality of things
of beauty - Nature of Beauty: Why
are
beautiful things
beautiful?
and art - Essence of Art: What
makes
something a work of art?

AESTHETIC DEFINITION
is the creation - by the artists in their
creativity
and appreciation - by the art spectator
with
LECTURE 3: AESTHETICS: Study of Art artistic taste
and Beauty of BEAUTIFUL - anything with a value that
delights
LECTURE 3.1 The Field of Aesthetics human-made objects - art distinguished
from nature

Etymology - “AESTHETICS”
GREEK - aesthesis
ENGLISH - “sensory perception” TWO WAYS OF CONSIDERING BEAUTY

SUBJECT – RELATIVE “Beauty is in the

ALEXANDER BAUMGARTEN (1714-1762) eye of the beholder.”
Aesthetics
OBJECT – ABSOLUTE “Beauty is in the
thing itself.”

DIVISION OF AESTHETICS

THEORY OF BEAUTY - Nature of beautiful

things

THEORY OF ART - Essence of art

The word “aesthetics” was first employed by THEORY OF ART CRITICISM - Evaluation
Baumgarten to mean “the science of of the merit or demerit of works of art
sensory perception.” Particularly, he used it
to denote a realm of concrete knowledge,
as distinct from the abstract where content
is communicated in sensory forms.
AESTHETICS
MODEL: Simonetta Vespucci (Italian-
*Marco Vespucci)
THEORY OF BEAUTY: Is she beautiful?
Why?

Simonetta Vespucci, nicknamed la bella FILIPINO SENSE OF BEAUTY - The

Simonetta, was an Italian noblewoman from colorful is beautiful.
Genoa, the wife of Marco Vespucci of
Florence and the cousin-in-law of Amerigo HORROR VACCUI - Fear of Empty Space
Vespucci. She was renowned for being the
greatest beauty of her age. PRETTY - Beautiful Shape

LECTURE 3.2 Aesthetic Terms GROTESQUE - Ugly Shape

SEXY - Beautiful shape of the female body
CATEGORIES OF VALUE

LOGICAL - True and False

ETHICAL - Good and Bad
AESTHETICS - Beautiful and Ugly

AESTHETICS VALUES
BEAUTIFUL Delights - Wow!Ayos ah!
Hanep!
UGLY Glooms - Yak!Eww!Ngeek!

CUTE - Beautiful Size

PIQUANT - Ugly Size
 ANALYSIS OF AESTHETIC TERMS
ACCORDING TO FILIPINO
ANTHROPOLOGY

COVAR - Pagkataong Filipino and the

Concepts of Labas and Loob
JOCANO - Filipino Aesthetic Worldview
The Beautiful Personhood (Ang Magandang
Pagkatao)

Filipino Worldview: Ethnography of Local

Knowledge, 2001
By F. Landa Jocano
Filipino Anthropologist

ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY
Historical Particularism
Cultural Relativism
Cognitive Theory

LECTURE 3.3 Hierarchy of Beauty WORLDVIEW

 A way people look at the universe

 People’s picture of the universe that
lies deep in the heart of culture

CULTURE

 A system of symbols and meanings

people use to organize their ideas
which they express through
language

LANGUAGE - Contains words that

LECTURE 3.4 The Filipino Aesthetic carries culture.
Worldview
 Analysis of the meaning of words in a
language is analysis of the form of
culture on which lies people’s worldview
DIMENSIONS OF FILIPINO
WORLDVIEW
1. Natural Dimension
2. Biological Dimension
3. Communal Dimension
4. Social Dimension
5. Normative Dimension
6. Ethical Dimension
7. Moral Dimension
8. Aesthetic Dimension
9. Teleological Dimension
10. Ideological Dimension
THE PHENOMENON OF GANDA
GANDA (Beauty) As an affective phenomenon
The primary Filipino aesthetic term  Ganda is judged in terms of the
“Sum total of katangian (traits) of anything emotion or the sentiment it evokes
that gives the highest pleasure to the from the perceiver
senses.”
Relative term since its use defends on the NAKAKABIGHANI: Ganda evokes
judgment of the beholder. desirability
When applied to person, ganda involves NAKAKAAKIT: It attracts
both physical appearance (ayos) and social NAKAKATAWAG NG PANSIN: It calls
character (ugali). attention
Ganda then is about the “totality of the As an olfactory sense phenomenon
person,” both his pagkataong panlabas
(physical appearance) and his pagkataong  Ganda is judge through scent or
panloob (social behavior). sense of smell
Ganda and buti (good) are interchangeable  NANANATILI O NAMAMALAGI:
terms so that whatever is maganda is also Ganda makes its presence felt
mabuti. Aesthetic taste involves moral (amoy bagong paligo)
judgement. MALINIS: It fells or smells clean
(malinis haplusin/amoy-
malinis
SARIWA: It smells or fells fresh
(amoy-sariwa, amoy-pinipig)
As behavioral, ethical phenomenon

 Ganda is judged in terms of action,

public appearance or human relation
(ugali)
 MAHINHIN: It is coy, dainty, demure
MABAIT: It is good-natured,
considerate
MAGALANG: it is respectful or
polite

As a physical phenomenon

 Ganda is judged in terms of action,

public appearance or human relation
(ugali)

MAKINIS ANG BALAT: Smooth skin

MAAMO ANG MUKHA: Gentle, docile face
MATIPUNO ANG KATAWAN: Healthy
body
MATIKAS ANG TINDIG:

As a capability phenomenon

 Ganda is judge as the ability to

perform work or do things
MASIPAG MAGTRABAHO: Industrious
MAGALING MAGLUTO: A good cook
MAHUSAY KUMANTA: A good singer
 Plato’s Circle
Mosaic of Pompeii
1st Century BC

MOSAIC

AESTHETICS BEAUTY
UGLY
Logic Truth Falsity
Metaphysics Reality Illusion

Epistemology Knowledge
Ignorance
Ethics Good
Evil
LECTURE 4

Art and Philosophy: Imitationism and

Representationism

LECTURE 4.1
Imitation Theory of Art and Beauty

THEORIES OF ART

 Imitationism
 Representationism
 Formalism
 Expressionism
 Action Theory
 Institutional Theory

PLATO 348-267 BC
 The Dialogue The Republic
 IMITATIONISM - Idealist Theory of
Art
IMITATIONISM BY PLATO

Raphael, The
 Things in this world are beautiful
School of Athens,
1511 as appearances of the reality or
idea of beauty or the universal
Leonardo form of beauty existing in the
as Plato
Michelangelo
world of being.
as Aristotle  Art is beautiful as
imitations of things in this world.
 Art is the imitation
of the appearance of reality

Van Gogh,
Chair with
a Pipe

IMITATION OF
THE
APPEARANCE OF
THE REAL CHAIR

Leonardo,
Portrait of
Ginebra d’Benci

IMITATION OF
A PHYSICAL
WOMAN

Van Gogh,
Sunflower

Cezanne, Still
Life with Apples
 Monet, Field of Poppies

Constable, Hay Wain