Republic of the Philippines

ZAMBOANGA CITY STATE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
R.T. Lim Blvd., Zamboanga City

LEARNING MODULE
Course Code: Education 223
Course Description: Research in Education

Date Developed: Date Revised: August 2020

Document No: ZCSPC-LM2020 Issued by: ZCSPC- CTE

Prepared by:
GLORIA I. FLORES
Visiting Lecturer
Reviewed by: Recommending Approval:

Reviewed by: Recommending Approval:

Dr. JUDITH M. MAGHANOY

APPROVED:
Dr. ELIZABETH JANE P. SEBASTIAN

MODULE 2
 TITLE: RESEARCH APPROACHES: QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the module, the pre-service teacher can:
a. Compare and contrast the major characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research
designs

LESSON 1: Qualitative Research

ACTIVITY: Photo Scavenger Hunt

Directions: Find interesting things stated in the scavenger sheet and capture them using a camera.
Print and paste it on the appropriate box.

ANALYSIS: (Answer on separate sheet)

 What can you say about the activity?
 Was it fun? Why or Why not?
 How long did it take you to complete the photo scavenger
hunt?
 What Strategy did you use to complete the task?

P hoto S c a ve nge r Hu nt : Ta ke a p ho to of the following a nd p a s te it on th e rig h t b ox.

Baby picture of A group p

A girl in an orange hat The funniest thing you can find
you or your love dressed
one

Something that begins with the A picture of

A girl in an orange hat
letter “Z”

ABSTRACTION:
Your strategy determines your goal’s high-level direction, driving all internal decisions. It enables
you to have a cohesive planning and decision making throughout the process. Hence, this module
will guide you on what particular method or approach to use in conducting research.
Qualitative Research
Relies on unstructured and non-numerical data. The data include field notes written by the
researcher during the course of his or her observation, interviews and questionnaires, focus
groups, participant-observation, audio or video recordings carried out by the researcher in
natural settings, documents of various kinds (publicly available or personal, paper-based or
electronic records that are already available or elicited by the researcher), and even material
artifacts. 

Qualitative research methods

Each of the research approaches involve using one or more data collection methods.
These are some of the most common qualitative methods:

 Observations: recording what you have seen, heard, or encountered in detailed field notes.
 Interviews: personally, asking people questions in one-on-one conversations.
 Focus groups: asking questions and generating discussion among a group of people.
 Surveys: distributing questionnaires with open-ended questions.
 Secondary research: collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, audio or video
recordings, etc.

Qualitative research design varies depending upon the method used: participant
observations, in-depth interviews (face-to-face or on telephone, and focus groups are all
examples of methodologies which may be considered during qualitative research design.
Qualitative research focuses on human behavior from participants’ point of view.
The underlying reason for carrying out any qualitative research is to gain a richly
detailed understanding of a particular topic, issue, or meaning based on first-hand
experience. This is achieved by having a relatively small but focused sample base because
collecting the data can be rather time consuming. Qualitative data is concerned with depth as
opposed to quantity of findings. A Qualitative research design is concerned with establishing
answers to whys and how’s of the phenomenon in question.
Due to this, qualitative research is often defined as being subjective, and findings are
gathered in a written format as opposed to numerical (quantitative). This means that the data
collected from a piece of qualitative research cannot usually be analyzed in a quantifiable
way using statistical techniques because there might not be commonalities between the
various data collected. However, a process of coding can be implemented if common
categories can be identified during analysis.

Examples of Research/ study using Qualitative research design

Thesis Title:
 Perception of First Year College Students Regarding Modular Learning in ZCSPC
 Challenges Confronted by Pupils with Special Needs in Vitali Central School
 Role of ZCSPC teachers in Multi-cultural education
 Discipline in Education and its Effect in the Process of Learning

Types of Qualitative Research Design

1. Phenomenological Method
The goal of this method is to describe how one participant or respondent experiences a
specific event. This method utilizes interviews, observation and surveys to gather
information from the respondents. Phenomenological Method is highly concerned with
how particular respondents feel about things during an event or activity. Businesses used
this type of method to develop processes to help sales representatives effectively close
sales using styles that fit their personality.
 2. Ethnographic Model
This model is one of the most popular and widely recognized methods of qualitative
research. It immerses researcher in a culture that is unfamiliar to them. The goal is to
learn and describe the culture’s characteristics much the same way anthropologists
observe the cultural challenges and motivations that drive a group. Ethnographers do their
fieldwork in communities and study the totally of social life.
3. Grounded Theory Method
It tries to explain why a course of action evolved the way it did. Grounded theory looks at
large subject numbers. Businesses used this method when conducting survey or
satisfaction surveys that target why consumers use company products or services. This
data helps companies maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty.
4. Case Study Model
Its purpose is to study intensively the background, current status, and environmental
interactions of a given social unit: an individual, group, institution or community.
Example:
 Piaget’s studies of cognitive growth in children
 Study of the adjustment patterns of students with learning disabilities who are
enrolled in inclusive education

5. Historical Model
It describes past events in order to understand present patterns and anticipate future
choices. This model answers questions based on a hypothetical idea for any potential
deviations.

6. Narrative Model
It occurs over extended periods of time and compiles information as it happens like a
story narrative, it takes researcher at a starting point and reviews situations as obstacles or
opportunities occur, although the final narrative doesn’t always remain in chronological
order. Researchers used this method to define respondents’ personality and use them to
identify innovations that would address the target problem of the target respondents.

APPLICATION:
Read the following examples and then decide if each statement is Qualitative or Not. Put a
check mark √ for Qualitative and X if Not.

/ 1. The candy is sweet.

X 2. The bag was 10 cm long.
/ 3. The flower is red.
X 4. The mass of the beaker was 100 grams.
X 5. My fingernail is 2 cm long.
/ 6. The slug was slimy.
/ 7. The laptop is white.
/ 8. My hair is black.
X 9. You have three sisters.
X 10. She is 155 cm tall.

ASSESSMENT:
 Based on your own understanding, describe what is qualitative research design? Use
Frayer’s Model to illustrate your understanding.

Definition Characteristics

 Data collected are non-numerical  Broad representations of the study.

and information are based on  Cease behavioral-related
perspective of the respondents. outcomes.
 Doesn’t contain any statistic  Word-based results.
information of the research.

Examples Non-examples
Qualitative Research
 Behavioral Result of a Victim of  The total number of STUDENTS
bullying. of Vnhs
 Perception of College Students to  Quantity of affected families in the
Online Class City Fire Incident.

LESSON 2: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

ACTIVITY: Tally Charts

Directions: Look at the figures inside the box. Use a table or graph to tally them.
 OBJECT/ FIGURE TOTAL TALLY

15

21
17
ANALYSIS: (answer on a separate sheet)
 How did you find the activity?
It was quite interesting and I am having fun.
 What did you do in the activity?
Great and search what is asking there.
 How did you tally your data?
By counting and represent a table.
 Can you illustrate your graph or tally sheet?
Yes.
 What can you say about your tally?
Amazing! I don’t know if I got the correct answer.

ABSTRACTION:
The preliminary activity is just a very basic glimpse on the process that you will go through
in doing a Quantitative Research Design.

 What is Quantitative Research Design

Quantitative Research is an inquiry into an identified problem based on testing a theory
composed of variables, measured with numbers and analyzed by using statistical technique.

Characteristics of Quantitative research

- Using numbers
- A Prior categorization:
- Variables rather than cases:
- Statistics and the language statistics
- Standardized procedures to assess objective reality
- Quest for generalizability and universal laws: Numbers, variables, standardized
procedures, statistics and scientific reasoning are all parts of quantitative quest for fact
that are generalizable

 What are the different types of Quantitative research design

1. Descriptive Method
This method is used to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given
population or area of interest, factually and accurately. (Soliven, 2001)

Examples:
Study of employees’ job satisfaction in an organization
Study of test performance of students in certain region/school
 Community survey to establish the need for rehabilitation program

Characteristics of Descriptive Method

- Seek to explain relationships
- Test hypothesis
- Make predictions or
- Get at meanings and implications

2. Survey
May researchers often broaden the term descriptive research to include all forms of
research except historical and experimental. In this broader context, the term “survey
studies” is often used. Specifically, survey studies have the ff. purposes;
a. To collect detail factual information that describe existing phenomena
b. To identify or justify current conditions and practices
c. To make comparisons and evaluation
d. To determine what others are doing with similar problems or situations and
benefit from their experience in making future plans and decisions.
3. Development Research Method
Its purpose is to investigate patterns and sequences of growth and/or change as a
function of time.

4. Correlational Research Method

Its purpose is to investigate the event to which variations in one factor correspond
with variations in one or more factors based on correlation coefficient.
5. Causal-Comparative Research
It aims to determine the cause for existing differences in the status of groups or
individuals. The cause, or independent variable is believed to influence and cause an
effect in another variable, the dependent variable.
6. Experimental Research Method
Experimental is one of the most powerful methodologies researcher can use. Of the
many types of research, it is the best way to establish cause-effect relationship
between variables. Yet, experiments are not always easy to conduct.
Experimental research is unique in two very important respects: it is the only type of
research that directly attempts to influence a particular variable, and it is the only type
that can really test hypothesis about cause-effect relationship.
APPLICATION: Identify the type of quantitative research design that can be used in the
following research scenarios and studies.

1. Pre-test -------treatment ------post test

*DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH METHOD

2. Level of Pupils’ Reading Ability

* CASUAL COMPARATIVE RESEARCH

3. Challenges encountered by Grade Six pupils in Modular Learning Modality

* SURVEY

4. The Extend of School Reading Program in the Improvement of Pupils Reading Ability
*EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH METHOD

5. Effect of Absenteeism on the academic performance of Grade Six Pupils in Vitali Central
School
*CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH METHOD
ASSESSMENT: Build connections with the text read. Use this graphic organizer to effectively
describe your understanding of the text read in this lesson. Use separate sheets.
 QUALITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH RESEARCH DEALS WITH
DATA WITH WORDS.

QUANTITATIVE
DEALS WITH
RESEARCH NUMERICAL DATA.

RESEARCH

LESSON 3: COMPARING QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

ACTIVITY: Qualitative VS Quantitative

Complete the table below by describing the oil painting based on its qualitative and quantitative
characteristics.
Qualitative Quantitative
Deals with descriptions Deals with numbers
Data can be observed but NOT measured Data can be measured
Qualitative - Quality Quantitative - Quantity

Oil painting Oil painting

QUALITATIVE DATA: QUANTITATIVE DATA:

 The painting is dominant green.  The size of the oil painting is around
 It is about nature. 4x5.

______________________________________

ANALYSIS: (Use separate sheets to answer.)

  How did you find the activity?
Interesting.
 What did you do in the activity?
Observe,count and tally.
 How did you do it?
Manually.

ABSTRACTION:

The activity you have just engaged in entails describing the characteristics of oil painting in terms of
its’ quality and quantity. Today, you are going to compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative
research design using the knowledge you have learned from your previous lessons in this module.

How do you compare and contrast?

 Compare and contrast is a rhetorical style that discusses the similarities and differences of
two or more things, ideas, concepts, items, places, etc..
 Using graphic organizer such as Venn Diagram or a chart can help you quickly and
efficiently compare and contrast two or more things or ideas.

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Differences
Similarities
Differences NUMERICAL
-STUDY
WORD BASED STATISTICAL
-AIMS TO GIVE
IMAGE SOLUTION AND GRAPHS
PERSPECTIVE INFORMATION.

APPLICATION: Using Venn Diagram, compare and contrast Qualitative research and Quantitative
research.

ASSESSMENT:

Using the Venn Diagram in application part, organize your ideas and write an essay
comparing and contrasting qualitative and quantitative research design.