11

Learning Activity Sheet

Practical Research 1
(Qualitative)

Quarter 4 – Week 1 to Week 2:

Understanding Data and Ways to
Systematically Collect Data
Lesson 3: Analysis of Procedures such as Survey, Interview,
and Observation
In research methods, collection of data is included which can be
interpreted or analyzed to answer hypothesis. This lesson presents data collection
in more detail, in particular how they work in practice, the purpose of each, when
their use is appropriate and what they can offer in students’ individual research or
by group research.

What’s In?
In previous lesson, you have learned the characteristics of study of
sampling techniques and determined which and how many being selected. You
also knew the most common sampling methods used in qualitative research
such as purposive sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. In this new
lesson, you will learn to analyze procedures in collecting data thru Survey,
Interview and Observation.

What is it?
The following were analysis of procedures in collecting data:

Observation

is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, or

communicate with the subjects of yours. It is a systematic data collection approach
where researchers use all of their senses to examine people in natural settings or
naturally occurring situations.

Classification of Observational Method

1. Casual and Scientific Observation

- Casual involves observing the right thing at the right place and also at
the right time by a matter of chance or by luck while scientific observation involves
the use of the tools of the measurement, but remember that all the observations
are not scientific in nature.

2. Natural Observation
- involves observing the behavior in a normal setting, no efforts are made to
bring any type of change in the behavior of the observed.

3. Subjective and Objective Observation

 -The subject refers to the observer whereas the object refers to the
activity or any type of operation that is being observed.

- Subjective observation involves the observation of the one’s own

immediate experience whereas the observations involving observer as an entity
apart from the thing being observed, are referred to as the objective
observation.

4. Direct and Indirect Observation

- Indirect method of observation involves studies of mechanical recording or
the recording by some of the other means like photographic or electronic. Direct
observation is relatively straighter forward as compared to the indirect observation.

5. Participant and Non-Participant Observation

- In participant observation,a researcher may interact with participants and
become part of their community . But in the non-participant type of observation, no
participation of the observer in the activities of the group takes place and also
occurs no relationship between the researcher and the group.

6. Structured and Unstructured Observation

-Structured observation works according to a plan and involves specific
information of the units that are to be observed and also about the information that
is to be recorded. But in the case of the unstructured observation, observer has the
freedom to note down what s/he feels is correct and relevant to the point of study.

7. Controlled and Un-controlled Observation

- Controlled observations are the observations made under the influence of
some of the external forces and such observations rarely lead to improvement in
the precision of the research results. Un-controlled observations are made in the
natural environment and reverse to the controlled.

8. Covert and Overt Observation

-Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary
member of the group and observes in secret. Overt observations are when the
researcher tells the group s/he is conducting research (i.e. they know they are
being observed)
Interview
-defined as a qualitative research technique which involves “conducting
intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their
perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation.” Boyce, C. & Neale, P.
(2000)
Source: Connaway, L.S.& Powell, R.P.(2010) “Basic Research Methods for Librarians” ABC-
CLIO

Three different formats of interviews:

1. Structured interview- consist of a series of pre-determined questions
that all interviewees answer in the same order. Data analysis usually
tends to be more straightforward because researcher can compare
and contrast different answers given to the same questions.

2. Unstructured interview- are usually the least reliable from research

viewpoint, because no questions are prepared prior to the interview
and data collection is conducted in an informal manner. Unstructured
interviews can be associated with a high level of bias and
comparison of answers given by different respondents tends to be
difficult due to the differences in formulation of questions.

3. Semi-structured interview- contain the components of both, structured

and unstructured interviews. In semi-structured interviews, interviewer
prepares a set of same questions to be answered by all interviewees.
At the same time, additional questions might be asked during
interviews to clarify and/or further expand certain issues.

Survey
-is often used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings. If possible the use
of an already designed and validated survey instrument will ensure that the data
being collected is accurate. If you design your own survey it is necessary to pilot
test the survey on a sample of your target group to ensure that the survey
instrument is measuring what it intends to measure and is appropriate for the
target group.
 Data Collection Method in Survey:
1. Self-completion Survey
-this is via mail, email, the internet or SMS are generally the
least expensive ,particularly for a widespread sample. They allow
respondents time to consider their answers, refer to records or consult
with others (which can be helpful or unhelpful, depending on the
survey’s objectives). They also eliminate interviewer errors and reduce the
incidence of selected people (or units) being unable to be contacted. A
major disadvantage of self completion surveys is the potentially high non-
response.

2. Interviewer-based Surveys
- such as face-to-face or telephone surveys generally allow more
data to be gathered than self-completion surveys and can include the use
of more complex questionnaires. Interviewers can reduce non-response
by answering respondents’ queries or concerns. They can often pick up
and resolve respondent errors. Face-to-face surveys are usually more
expensive than other methodologies

Source:Kabir, Syed Muhammad Sajjad(2016). Methodsof data Collection. Basic Guidelines for
Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines, Edition: First, Chapter: 9, Publisher: Book
Zone Publication, Chittagong-4203, Bangladesh, pp.201-275

What’s More? Activity 4

Which among these topics can lend itself to observation technique?

Explain your choice.

1. K-12 Goals, Theories, and Methodologies

2. Historical Development of Cell Phones
3. Philippine Bridges in Metro Manila
4. Shoe Styles of UST Freshmen Architectural Students
5. Human Respiratory System
6. First Friday Mass with Quiapo Devotees
7. Playground Bullying among Elementary Pupils
8. Molecular Contents of Water
9. Uniform Wearing by All Divisoria Vendors
10. Dirty Ice Cream Selling at UST Campus
Lesson 4: Application of Creative Design Principles for Execution
Critical Thinking has a big role in doing research. Researchers need to
make many decisions in creating and conducting a study. The challenge of
conducting it successfully is to manage choices well throughout the study.

What’s In?
Previous lesson teaches you the different procedure in data collection. In the
application of creative design, student will understand the artworks of research.

What’s New? Activity 5

Do the following. Look at the image on the left and critique it by answering the
questions on the table

Describe: What do you see?

Interpret : How does this work of art make you feel?
Judge : Is this work of art successful? Why or why not?

Leonardo da Vinci: Mona LisaMona Lisa, oil on wood panel by Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–06; in the
Louvre, Paris.Scala/Art Resource, New York

What is it?
By embracing a pragmatic curiosity, you will need to describe and explain
each choice made in conceptualizing and conducting the research because each
method is justified in the conduct of its usage in the study at hand. The answer to
the question, “How does it make sense to utilize an ethnographic methodology in a
study designed to explore the effectiveness of a psychotherapy intervention?” is
“Here is what I did and why these choices make sense in the context of my study.”
Without certainty in terms of methodological destiny, researchers are left with the
tools of openness and rhetoric when it comes to defending their research choices
(Chenail, 2011).
10 steps in Qualitative Inquiries:

1. Reflect on What Interest You

-Starting with a topic about which you have a passion helps to sustain you
throughout the research process. It also helps you to find a design that fits your
passion rather than needing to find a passion that fits a design.

2. Draft a Statement Identifying your Preliminary Area of Interest and Justifying Its
Scholarly and/or Practical Importance
-Compose a simple sentence or two in which you state your beginning area
of curiosity and explain why the topic is significant, relevant, and worthy of study.
By doing so you begin to address the “so what” question right away.

3. Hone your Topic Focus

-Hone your focus by considering the choices you need to make in order to
design your study
- Consider who, what, when, where, why and how

4. Compose your Initial Research Question or Hypothesis

-Based upon your answers to the Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How
questions, compose your initial research question. In qualitative research it is
perfectly okay to make adjustments to your research question as the inquiry
develops, but it is critical that you are aware when these adjustments are made
and make the appropriate adjustments to your design.

5. Define your Goals and Objectives

-. Make sure each goal and objective can be justified and evaluated so you
can track the progress you are making and identify where problems are arising or
where adjustments are being made.

6. Conduct a Review of the Literature

-Some researchers start their qualitative research process with a review of
the literature, some delay their reviews until after the study is completed, and some
continually review the literature throughout the research process (Chenail, Cooper,
& Desir, 2010). Some qualitative researchers explore the literature to learn what is
not known about a phenomenon and then formulate questions which will guide a
discovery- oriented inquiry to uncover new evidence about the phenomenon in
question.

7. Develop your Research Design

-. Develop a research design which will allow you to address your research
question or hypothesis effectively and efficiently.

8. Conduct a Self-assessment in Order to Determine What Strengths You Have

That Will Be Useful in your Study and What Skills You Will Need to Develop in
Order to Complete your Study
-As you review your plan and identify what skills and knowledge base you
will need to complete the study successfully. Develop a growth plan for helping you
to master the competencies you will need throughout the study.
 9 . Plan, Conduct, and Manage the Study
-Successful qualitative research projects involve careful management of four
different yet connected studies: (a) the study proposed, (b) the study conducted,
(c) the study reported, and (d) the study of these studies. Develop an action plan
detailing the steps you need to take in order to begin and complete your studies.

10. Compose and Submit your Report

-Depending on the vehicle you will use to report your study (e.g.,
dissertation, thesis, scholarly paper, poster, or conference presentation), identify
the relevant policies and rules governing the form, substance, and submission of
the report (e.g., school or departmental guidelines, journal article submission
requirements, book prospectus elements, style manual of the American
Psychological Association, 2010, etc.) and report and submit your findings in
compliance with these parameters

Post-Test
Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. It described as Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods,
policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or
more methods
a. case study c. ethnography
b. ground theory d. narrative inquiry
2. It defined as is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally
watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of yours.”
a. interview c. observation
b. object d. survey
3.The following statements described Structured Interview EXCEPT: a.Can
compare and contrast different answers given to the same
questions
b. Additional questions might be asked during interviews to
clarify and expand certain issues
c.Consist of series of pre-determined questions
d. Data analysis seems to be straightforward
4. Instructors teaching research methods are interested in knowing what study
techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing all students, the
researchers randomly select 10 students from each of the sections to comprise
their sample. What sampling method do you think would be the best fit to use?
a. Systematic Sampling c. Stratified Random Sampling
b.Cluster Sampling d.Simple Random Sampling
5.Which of the following statements described ethnography?
a.Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies,
institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or
more methods
b.It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory.
c. understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s
realistic dealings with hard facts of life
d. Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a
group.
6. It refers to an observational method which involves studies of mechanical
recording or the recording by some of the other means like photographic or
electronic
a. Covert observations c. objective observation b
Structured observation d.Indirect method
7.Which of the following is TRUE about self-completion survey? a.Interviewers
can reduce non-response by answering respondents
queries concern
b.allow respondents time to consider their answers, refer to
records or consult with others
c.Allows more data to be gathered
d.More expensive than other methodologies

8. Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs on campus.
What sampling technique could you use to build this sample?
a. snowball sampling c. cluster sampling
b. quota sampling d. purposive sampling 9.Which of
the following statement is true about systematic sampling
a. researchers divide the entire population into sections that represent a
population
b.groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each group
separately
c. each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to be a
part of a sample
d.members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a
population
10. It refers to a sampling method which requires selection of a starting point for
the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals?
a.Simple Random Sampling c. Cluster Sampling b.Systematic
Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling
 REFERENCES

Acosta, Alexander and Imee Acosta(2016). “Seeing Through a Magnifying Lens:

A qualitative Inquiry of K-12 Readiness of Faculty Members from Higher
Education Institutions in the Philippines”. International Refereed Research
Journal. Vol VII. October 4, 2016
Adi Bhat. Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods with Examples.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/types-of-sampling-for-social-research/
Bhattacharya,Kakal i( 2017). Fundamentals of Qualitative Research : A
practical Guide. Routledge, New York 10017
Boyce, C. & Neale, P. (2006) “Conducting in-depth Interviews: A Guide for
Designing and Conducting In-Depth Interviews”, Pathfinder International Tool
Series
Braceros, E.L. 2016. Practical Research 1.. Rex Bookstore. Manila, Philippines.
Caleb Castillo (2018). Identifying Sampling Methods Worksheet.
https://www.scribd.com/document/394603083/Identifying-Sampling-Methods-
Worksheet
Chenail, R. J. (2011). Ten Steps for Conceptualizing and Conducting Qualitative
Research Studies in a Pragmatically Curious Manner. The Qualitative
Report, 16(6), 1715-1732. Retrieved from
https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol16/iss6/13
Connaway, L.S.& Powell, R.P.(2010) “Basic Research Methods for
Librarians” ABC-CLIO
Driscoll, Dana Lynn (2011). Introduction to Primary Research: Observations,
Surveys, and Interviews. Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing, Volume
2. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
https://wac.colostate.edu/books/writingspaces2/driscoll--introduction-to-
primary-research.pdf
Gil, Peter (2008). “The Everyday Lives of Men: An Ethnographic Investigation of
Young Adult Male Identity”. Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
Kabir, Syed Muhammad Sajjad(2016). Methodsof data Collection. Basic
Guidelines for Research: An Introductory Approach for All Disciplines, Edition:
First, Chapter: 9, Publisher: Book Zone Publication, Chittagong-4203,
Bangladesh, pp.201-275
Nugent, Theresa Andrea(2007) .” A NARRATIVE INQUIRY OF TEACHERS’
PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EXPERIENCES”. Western Michigan University, Klamazoo,Michigan
Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide. Deped.2016
Reeves,Sybil (2019) https://slideplayer.com/slide/13695337/
Tuovila, Alicia( 2020). “Sampling”.
Investopedia.com.https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sampling.asp
 https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=qjAlDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=types+of+qualitative+research+design&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOys2
4l c_pAhWQPXAKHdJ- D9oQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=types%20of
%20qualitative%20research%20 design&f=false

https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesigns
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1902&context=dis sertations
https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol61/youth_culture.pdf
https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1195&context=op en_access_dissertations
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
article=1126&context=ceh sedaddiss
https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:cj82nr11x/fulltext.pdf
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/app5.167