‫‪1‬‬

‫הפנטסטי והפלאי באמנות האסלאם ‪ :‬עג׳אאיב‬

‫קורס‪ 5035-0821 :‬סמסטר א'‪ 2022 /2021 :‬תשפ"ב‬
‫‪Fantastic and Fabulous in Islamic Art: ʿAjaʾib‬‬
‫יום ה׳ ‪1800 – 1400‬‬
‫המסגרת‪ :‬סמינר מ‪.‬א‪ .‬וסמינר ב‪.‬א‪) .‬באישור(‬

‫דוא"ל‪levkapit@gmail.com :‬‬ ‫שם המרצה ‪ :‬ד"ר אריה לב קפיטייקין‬

‫שעות קבלה ‪ /‬מיקום‪ :‬ימים א׳ ‪ /‬ה׳ בתיאום מראש עם המרצה בדוא"ל‪.‬‬

‫תיאור הקורס‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫שדים כלואים בבקבוקים‪ ,‬ציפורי ענק שמצילות ימאים‪ ,‬ומפלצות שממיתות במבט מדגימים את הפנטסטי באסלאם – הידוע‬
‫כעג׳אאיב‪ .‬מסורות על פלאי הודו סין ואפריקה נפוצו כבר במאה ה ‪ ,9‬ויתגבשו בהמשך לסיפורי ״אלף לילה ולילה״‪ .‬החל‬
‫מן המאות ‪ 13/12‬אנציקלופדיות של ״ניפלאות הבריאה״ מאת קזוויני וטוסי איירו תופעות‪ ,‬ייצורים ואף מבנים מופלאים‪,‬‬
‫דוגמת ״עיר הנחושת״ של שלמה או מגדלור המראה של אלכסנדר‪ .‬הם הנגישו אותם לקוראים בדימויים מרהיבים‬
‫הממצבים את הפנטסטי כחלק אינטגרלי מן היקום שבו מתגלם אללה‪ .‬למופלא יוחסו יכולות מאגיות לתווך בין האדם לאל‪,‬‬
‫מלאכים‪ ,‬שדים וישויות רוחניות אחרות‪ .‬הסמינר יבחן את הפנטסטי באיסלאם ובאיראן מתוך ראייה ביקורתית והשוואתית‪,‬‬
‫הממקמת אותו בהקשרי תרבות וידע‪ ,‬יחסי טקסט ‪ /‬תמונה‪ ,‬והתקבלות )רצפציה( נבונה ע״י הצופה‪.‬‬

‫‪Demons imprisoned in bottles, giant birds rescuing sailors, and monsters killing by sight exemplify‬‬
‫‪the fantastic in Islam – known as “ʿajaʾib”. Traditions regarding the wonders of India, China and‬‬
‫‪Africa became popular already in the ninth century, to be crystallized later in the tales of‬‬
‫‪“Thousand and One Nights.” Starting from the twelfth/thirteenth centuries, universal encyclopedias‬‬
‫‪of “Wonders of Creation” by Qazwini and Tusi illustrated fabulous phenomena, living creatures,‬‬
‫‪and even wondrous buildings, like Solomon’s “City of Brass” or Alexander’s “Mirror Lighthouse”.‬‬
‫‪They made them accessible to readers through spectacular images, that construed the fantastic as‬‬
‫‪integral part of the universe, that embodies Allah’s work. The fabulous was ascribed magic abilities‬‬
‫‪to mediate between man and between God, angels, demons, and other spiritual beings. The seminar‬‬
‫‪shall examine the fantastic in Islam and in Iran from critical and comparative viewpoints,‬‬
‫‪contextualizing it in frameworks of culture & knowledge, ‘text-image’ relations, and informed‬‬
‫‪reception by the observer.‬‬

‫דרישות הקורס‪:‬‬
‫נוכחות חובה עפ"י תקנון הפקולטה‪.‬‬
‫קריאת‪-‬חובה של מאמרים או טקסטים אחרים באנגלית משיעור לשיעור‪.‬‬
‫השתתפות פעילה בדיון בשיעור בהתבסס על קריאת החובה‪.‬‬

‫מטלה סופית‪:‬‬
‫עבודת סמינר כתובה )כ ‪ 20‬עמודים(‪ .‬בנוסף‪ ,‬כל המשתתפים בסמינר התלמידים מחוייבים בהצגה של רפרט על נושא‬
‫העבודה בכיתה‪ .‬הצגת רפרט בכיתה הינה חובה ולא יתאפשר להגיש עבודה ללא רפרט בע"פ בכיתה!‬
‫רשימת נושאים תפורסם במהלך הסמסטר‪ .‬הסטודנטים מוזמנים להציע נושאים משלהם‪ ,‬בכפוף לאישור המרצה‪.‬‬

‫מרכיבי הציון הסופי‬

‫‪ – 90%‬עבודת סמינר‪/‬רפרט כתובה‪.‬‬ ‫‪– 10%‬רפרט בע״פ בכיתה‪.‬‬

‫טקסט‪-‬בוקים‬
3

Berlekamp, Persis, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos in Medieval Islam, New Haven and London,
2011. Abbreviated: Berlekamp, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos.

Carboni, Stefano, The Wonders of Creation and the Singularities of Painting: A Study of the
Ilkhanid London Qazvīnī, Edinburgh, 2015.

Subject List(‫נושאי–הלימוד )נתון לשינויים‬

‫ ציורי פלאים באסלאם‬: ‫ מבוא‬. 1

Berlekamp, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos, pp. 1-22.

‫במבט השוואתי‬: ‫ בין פנטסטי לפלאי‬. 2

Berlekamp, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos, pp. 22-26.

Bynum, Caroline W., "Wonder", The American Historical Review, 102 (1997), pp. 1-26.

Todorov, Tzvetan, The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre, trans. R. Howard
Cleveland, OH, 1973, chapter 3: "The uncanny and the marvellous", pp. 41-57,

‫ פלאים אוניברסליים‬. 3
Berlekamp, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos, pp. 37-57.

Zadeh, Travis, "The Wiles of Creation: Philosophy, Fiction, and the ʿAjāʾib Tradition," Middle
Eastern Literatures, 13:1 (2010), pp. 21-48.

‫ מלאכים ושדים‬:‫ השמיימי והארצי‬. 4

Berlekamp, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos, pp. 68-76, 152-169.

‫ענק‬-‫ פלאים ימיים וציפורי‬.5

Berlekamp, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos, pp. 59-68.
4

Bivar, A.D.H., "The Rukhkh, giant eagle of the southern seas", In Exegisti monumenta: Festschrift
in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams, eds. Werner Sundermann, Almut Hintze and Francois de
Blois, Wiesbaden, 2009, pp. 1-12.

‫ פלאים מאגיים‬.6
Berlekamp, Wonder, Image, and Cosmos, pp. 106-117.

Pancaroğlu, Oya, "Signs in the horizons: Concepts of image and boundary in a medieval Persian
cosmography", RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 43 (2003), pp. 31-41.

7. ‫יד (השתתפות חובה‬-‫)סיור וסדנת כתבי‬

‫יד מאויירים‬-‫ הספרייה לעיון מודרך בכתבי‬/ ‫ביקור במוזיאון ישראל‬.

‫ עיר הנחושת של שלמה והמגדלור של אלכסנדר‬:‫ פלאים גאוגרפיים‬.8

Behrens-Abouseif, Doris, "The Islamic History of the Lighthouse of Alexandria," Muqarnas, 23

(2006), pp. 1-14.

Fudge, Bruce, "Signs of Scripture in 'The City of Brass'," Journal of Qur'anic Studies, 1/8 (2006),
pp. 88-118.

‫הקרן ואייל המושק‬-‫ חד‬:‫ פלאים שימושיים‬.9

King, Anya, "Tibetan Musk and Medieval Arab Perfumery," In Islam and Tibet: Interactions along
the Silk Roads, eds. Ana Akasoy, Charles Burnett, and Ronit Yoeli Talalim, Aldershot, 2011,
pp. 154-161.

Contadini, Anna, "A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān
(British Library, or. 2784),” Muqarnas, 20 (2003), pp. 17-33.

‫ רפרטים של סטודנטים‬12 – 10

‫ביבליוגרפיה‬
5

‫הפנטססטי באמנות איסלאמית‬

Badiee, Julie, "The Sarre Qazwīnī: An early Aq Qoyunlu Manuscript?," Ars Orientalis, 14 (1984),
pp. 97-113.

Baer, Eva, Sphinxes and Harpies in Medieval Islamic Art, Jerusalem, 1965.

Bernus-Taylor, Marthe, L'étrange et le merveilleux en terres d'Islam [Exhibition, Paris, Musée du

Louvre, 23 avril-23 juillet 2001], Paris, 2001.

Carboni, Stefano, "The ‘Book of Surprises’ (Kitāb al-bulhān) of the Bodleian Library", La Trobe
Journal, 91 (2013), pp. 22-34.

Contadini, Anna, "A Bestiary tale: Text and image of the unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān
(British Library, or. 2784), Muqarnas, 20 (2003), pp. 17-33.

Contadini, Anna, A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the
Kitāb naʿt al-ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshūʿ tradition, Leiden, 2012.

Ettinghausen, Richard, Studies in Muslim Iconography I. The Unicorn, Washington, DC, 1950.

Hillenbrand, Robert, "The Iskandar Cycle in the Great Mongol Sahnâma", In The Problematics of
Power: Eastern and Western Representations of Alexander the Great, eds. Margaret Bridges and J.-
Christoph Bürgel, Bern, 1996, pp. 203-229.

Kobayashi, Kazue, "Illustrations to the Arabian Nights", In The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia, eds.
Ulrich Marzolph and Richard van Leeuwen, Santa Barbara, CA, 2004, vol. 1, pp. 29-34.

Kuehn, Sara, The Dragon in Medieval East Christian and Islamic Art, Leiden, 2011.

Milstein, Rachel and Moor, Bilha, "Wonders of a changing world: Late illustrated ʿAjāʾib
manuscripts (part 1)", Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 32 (2006), pp. 1-67.

Pancaroğlu, Oya, "Signs in the horizons: Concepts of image and boundary in a medieval Persian
cosmography", RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics, 43 (2003), pp. 31-41.

Peacock, A. C. S., "A Seljuq Occult Manuscript and its World: MS Paris persan 174," In The
Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture and History, eds. Sheila R. Canby, Deniz Beyazit and
Martina Rugiadi, Edinburgh, 2020, pp. 163-179.

de Ruiter, Jan Jaap, "Human embryology in Zakariyā al-Qazwīnī's The Marvels of Creation",
Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Techniek, 9
(1986), pp. 99-117 https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/251073/256-1108-1-PB.PDF?sequence=2
6

‫הפנטססטי בספרות האסלאם‬

Arié, Rachel, "Le merveilleux dans la littérature hispano-musulmane au Bas Moyen Age", In
Rachel Arié, Etudes sur la civilisation de l'France musulmane, Leiden 1990, no. XV, pp. 239-257.

Arkoun, Mohammad et al., L'Etrange et le merveilleux dans l'islam médiéval: Actes du colloque
tenu au Collège de France à Paris, en mars 1974, Paris, 1978.

Bivar, A.D.H., "The Rukhkh, giant eagle of the southern seas", In Exegisti monumenta: Festschrift
in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams, eds. Werner Sundermann, Almut Hintze and Francois De
Blois, Wiesbaden, 2009, pp. 1-12.

Bosworth, C. E. and Afshar, I., "ʿAjāʾeb al-makhlūqāt (The marvels of created things)", In
Encyclopaedia Iranica, I/7, pp. 696-699.

Brauer, Ralph W., "Boundaries and frontiers in medieval Muslim geography", Transactions of the
American Philosophical Society, 85 (1995), pp. 1-73.

Buquet, Thierry, "Les légendes relatives à l'origine hybride et à la naissance des girafes selon les
auteurs arabes", Bulletin d’études orientales, 62.1 (2014), pp. 125-147.

Casari, Mario, "Decoding the Labyrinth: Rome in Arabic and Persian medieval literature",
Medieval Encounters, 17.4-5 (2011), pp. 534-565.

el-Cheikh, Nadia, "Constantinople through Arab eyes: A mythology," In Myths, Historical

Archetypes, and Symbolic Figures in Arabic Literature: Towards A New Hermeneutic Approach,
ed. Angelika Neuwirth et al., Beirut, 1999, pp. 521-537.

el-Daly, Okasha, Egyptology, the Missing Millenium: Ancient Egypt in Medieval Arabic Writings,
London, 2005.

Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina, Alexander Magnus Arabicus: A Survey of the Alexander Tradition

through Seven Centuries: From Pseudo-Callisthenes to Ṣūrī, Paris, 2010

Doufikar-Aerts, Faustina, "A letter in bits and pieces: The Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem
Arabica. A first edition with translation based on four 16th-18th century manuscripts", In Writings
and Writing from another World and another Era in Honour of J.J. Witkam, eds. R. Kerr and T.
Milo, Cambridge, 2010, pp. 91-115.

Fudge, Bruce, "Signs of scripture in 'The City of Brass' ", Journal of Qur'anic Studies, 1/8 (2006),
pp. 88-118.
7

von Hees, Syrinx, Enzyklopädie als Spiegel des Weltbildes. Qazwini’s Wunder der Schöpfung, eine
Naturkunde des 13. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden, 2002.

von Hees, Syrinx, "The astonishing: A critique and re-reading of ʿAjāʾib literature", Middle Eastern
Literatures: Incorporating Edebiyat, 8 (2005), pp. 101-120.

von Hees, Syrinx, "Al-Qazwīnī’s ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt: An encyclopaedia of natural history?", In

Organizing Knowledge: Encyclopaedic Activities in the Pre-Eighteenth Century Islamic World, ed.
Gerhard Endress, Leiden and Boston, 2006, pp. 171-186.

Hermes, Nizar F., The [European] Other in Medieval Arabic Literature and Culture: Ninth-Twelfth
Century AD, New York, 2012.

Hermes, Nizar F. "The Orient’s medieval ‘Orient(alism)’", In Orientalism Revisited: Art, Land and
Voyage, ed. Ian Richard Netton, Abingdon, Oxon and New-York, 2013, pp. 207-222.

Kowalska, Maria, "From facts to literary fiction. Medieval Arabic travel literature", Quaderni di
studi arabi, 5/6 (1987), pp. 397-403.

Miquel, André, La géographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu'au milieu du 11e siècle, 4 vols.,
Paris, 1967-88.

Montgomery, James E., "Al-Sindibād and Polyphemus. Reflections on the genesis of an archetype",
In Myths, Historical Archetypes, and Symbolic Figures in Arabic Literature: Towards A New
Hermeneutic Approach, ed. Angelika Neuwirth et al., Beirut, 1999, pp. 437-466.

Mottahedeh, Roy P., "ʿAjā’ib in the Thousand and One Nights", In The Thousand and One Nights
in Arabic Literature and Society, eds. Richard Hovannisian and Georges Sabagh, Cambridge, MA
1997, pp. 29-39.

Netton, Ian Richard, "Myth, miracle and magic in the riḥla of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa", Journal of Semitic
Studies, 29 (1984), pp. 131-140.

Netton, Ian Richard, Islam, Christianity and the Realms of the Miraculous: A Comparative
Exploration, Edinburgh, 2019.

Park, Hyunhee, Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern
Asia, Cambridge, UK, 2012.

Rabbat, Nasser, "ʿAjīb and gharīb: Artistic perception in medieval Arabic sources", The Medieval
History Journal, 9 (2006), pp. 99-113.
8

Stoneman, Richard, Erickson, Kyle and Netton, Ian eds., The Alexander Romance in Persia and the
East, Groningen, 2012.

Toorawa, Shawkat M., "Wâq al-wâq: Fabulous, fabular, Indian Ocean (?)
island(s)…", Emergences, 10.2 (2000), pp. 387-402.

Tornesello, Natalia, "From reality to legend: Historical sources of Hellenistic and Islamic
teratology," Studia Iranica, 31 (2002), pp. 163-192.

Zadeh, Travis, "The wiles of creation: philosophy, fiction, and the ʿAjāʾib tradition", Middle
Eastern Literatures, 13:1 (2010), pp. 21-48.

Zadeh, Travis E., Mapping Frontiers across Medieval Islam: Geography, Translation, and the
'Abbāsid Empire, London and New-York, 2011.

‫מקורות ראשוניים‬

Sīrāfī, Abū Zayd and Aḥmad Ibn Faḍlān, Two Arabic Travel Books: Accounts of China and India &
Mission to the Volga, ed. & Eng. Trans. Tim Mackintosh-Smith, James E. Montgomery, Philip F.
Kennedy, and Shawkat M. Toorawa, New York and London, 2014. (9th-10th century)

Buzurg Ibn Shahriyār of Ramhormuz, The Book of the Wonders of India: Mainland, Sea, and
Islands, ed. & Eng. Trans. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, London, 1980 (10th century)

Hamdāni, The Antiquities of South Arabia, Eng. trans. Nabih Amin Faris, Princeton, NJ, 1938. (10th
century)

Rapoport, Yossef and Emilie Savage-Smith, eds. & trans., An Eleventh-Century Egyptian Guide to
the Universe: the Book of Curiosities, eds. & Eng. trans., Leiden and Boston, 2014. (11th century)

Ferrand, Gabriel, Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à
L'Extrème Orient du VIIIe au XVIIIe siècles, 2 vols., Paris, 1913-1914.

Gharnāṭī, Abū Ḥāmid, Tuḥfat al-albāb wa-nukhbat al-aʿjāb, ed. Ismāʿīl al-ʿArabī, Beirut and
Morocco, 1993. French trans.: Guy Ducatez "Tuḥfa al-albāb d'Abū Ḥāmid al-Andalusī al-Garnatī.
Traduction annotée", Revue des études islamiques, 53 (1985), pp. 141-241. (12th century)

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad,ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt (ʿAǰāʾeb-nāma), ed. Manūchihr

Sotūda, Teheran, 1966. (Persian, 12th century)

Qazwīnī, Zakariyā b. Muḥammad, Kitāb ʿajāʾib al-makhlūqāt wa-al-ḥayawānāt wa-gharāʾib al-

mawjūdāt = Kosmographie. 1. Die Wunder der Schöpfung, ed. Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, Göttingen,
9

1849. German trans.: Ethé, Hermann, Kosmographie.1. Die Wunder der Schöpfung, Leipzig, 1868.
(13th century)

Husain Haddawy, The Arabian Nights: Eng. trans. Based on the Text of the Fourteenth-Century
Syrian Manuscript ed. by Muhsin Mahdi, London, 1992 (10th-14th centuries)

Marzolph, Ulrich ed., The Arabian Nights Reader, Detroit, 2006.

Marzolph, Ulrich and van Leeuwen, Richard, The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia, 2 vols., Santa
Barbara, CA, 2004.
‫הפנטססטי והמופלא במערב ובתיאוריה‬

Bynum, Caroline W., "Wonder", The American Historical Review, 102 (1997), pp. 1-26.

Camille, Michael, Image on the Edge: The Margins of Medieval Art, Cambridge, MA, 1992.

Campbell, Mary B., The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400-1600,
Ithaca, NY, 1988, pp. 47-86.

Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome, Monster Theory: Reading Culture, Minneapolis, MN, 1996.

Daston, Lorraine and Park, Katharine, Wonders and the Order of Nature 1150-1750, New-York,
1998.

Ford, A. J., Marvel and Artefact: The 'Wonders of the East' in its Manuscript Contexts, Leiden and
Boston, 2016.

Friedman, John B., The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought, Cambridge, MA, 1981.

Le Goff, Jacques, "The Medieval West and the Indian ocean: An oneiric horizon", In Time, Work &
Culture in the Middle Ages, Jacques Le Goff, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Chicago, IL, 1980,
pp. 189-200.

Le Goff, Jacques, "The Marvellous in the Medieval West", In The Medieval Imagination, Jacques
Le Goff, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Chicago, IL, 1988, pp. 27-44.

Mittman, Asa S. and Dendle, Peter, The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the
Monstrous, Farnham, Surrey, 2012.

Mittman, Asa S. and Kim, Susan M., "Anglo-Saxon frames of reference: framing the real in the
Wonders of the East", Different Visions: A Journal of New Perspectives on Medieval Art, 2 (2010),
pp. 1-19.
10

Todorov, Tzvetan, The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre, trans. R. Howard
Cleveland, OH, 1973, pp. 41-57, chapter 3: "The uncanny and the marvellous".

Wittkower, Rudolf, "Marvels of the east, a study in the history of monsters", Journal of the
Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 5 (1942), pp. 159-197.

Zuwiyya, David Z. ed., A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages, Leiden, 2011.

‫יד אונליין‬-‫כתבי‬

Database of Islamic Manuscript Illustrations: http://www.islamicpaintedpage.com/

Qazwīnī-Wonders, Munich: Wasit, Iraq 1280 (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Arab. 464)
http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0004/bsb00045957/images/index.html?seite=00001&l=en

Qazwīnī-Wonders, London: Mosul, ca. 1300 (British Library, Ms. Oriental 14140)
http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023586788.0x000001

Qazwīnī-Wonders, Freer Art Gallery (Sarre Qazwini): Iraq or East Turkey, late 14th – early 15th C.
https://asia.si.edu/object/F1954.50/ (Scroll to bottom to see the whole manuscript)

Qazwīnī-Wonders, Cambridge: Iran, 1566 (Cambridge, MS Nn. 3.74)

https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-NN-00003-00074/32

Qazwīnī-Wonders: Palestine, ca. 1750 (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Arab. 463)

http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00036421/images/index.html?seite=00001&l=en

Ṭūsī-Wonders : Baghdad, 1388 (Paris, Bib. Nat. Supplément persan 332):

http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8422994d/f15.image.r=supplement%20persan%20332

Book of Surprises / Kitāb al-bulhān : Iran, late 14th-15th centuries (Oxford, MS. Bodl. Or. 133):
https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/5c9da286-6a02-406c-b990-0896b8ddbbb0/

Book of Surprises / Kitāb al-bulhān (Ottoman version Book of Felicity): Istanbul, ca. 1582
(Paris, Bib. Nat. supplément turc 242)
http://www.moleiro.com/en/miscellanea/the-book-of-felicity.html
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8427189w/f33.image.r=suppl%C3%A9ment%20turc%20242
11

Greek Alexander Romance: Byzantium, Trebizond, 14th century, Venice, Hellenic Institute Cod. Gr.
5: http://194.177.217.107/scripts_and_miniatures/

:‫אתרי אינטרנט‬

Islam & Islamic Art Terms: http://www.islamic-art.org/Glossary/glossary.asp

Dynasties & History of Islam: https://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic/dynasties/sultanates

Database of Islamic Museums & Collections: http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/

Jonathan M. Bloom and Sheila S. Blair, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture,
Oxford, 2009.
http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001/acref-9780195309911