Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Introduction
Concrete is an artificial conglomerate
stone made essentially of Portland
cement, water, and aggregates.
Introduction
1
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
2
Concrete Structures
Introduction
Concrete Structures
Why Concrete ??
● Concrete cheaper than steel.
● Good combination of concrete and steel.
● Durability from concrete covering.
● Continuity from monolithic joint.
Introduction
3
Advantages & Limitations of Concrete
The advantages include the following
● It has considerable compressive strength as
compared to other materials.
● It has great resistance to action of fire & water.
● It is very rigid.
● It is low maintenance material.
● It has a very long service life as compared with
other materials.
● It is economical, especially for footings, basement
walls, dams, piers, and slabs.
Introduction
Introduction
4
Advantages & Limitations of Concrete
The advantages include the following
● Chemically inert concrete doesn't require paint to
achieve a given color; natural-mineral pigments
and coloring agents can be added at the mixing to
provide a rainbow of options.
● Can be reused or recycled. Concrete can be
reused with bituminous asphalt as road base
materials, can be recycled and reused by crushing
into aggregates for new concrete or as fill material
for road beds or site works.
Introduction
5
Advantages & Limitations of Concrete
Limitations of Concrete
● The low strength per unit of weight of concrete
leads to heavy members.
● Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of
concrete means members will be relatively large,
an important consideration for tall buildings and
long-span structures.
● Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and
the application of live loads.
Introduction
6
Progress in Concrete Technology
●Heavyweight Concrete
●Mass Concrete
●Roller-Compacted Concrete
●Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC)
●Nano Concrete
●Piko Concrete
●Pervious Concrete
Introduction
7
The History of Concrete
The History of Concrete
Cement has been around for at least 12
million years.
Introduction
Introduction
8
The History of Concrete
Introduction
Introduction
9
The History of Concrete
Introduction
10
The History of Concrete
1824 Joseph Aspdin of England
invented portland cement by burning
finely ground chalk with finely divided
clay in a lime kiln until carbon dioxide
was driven off. The sintered product
was then ground and he called it
portland cement named after the high
quality building stones quarried at
Portland, England.
Introduction
Introduction
11
The History of Concrete
Introduction
Introduction
12
The History of Concrete
Introduction
Introduction
13
The History of Concrete
1891 George Bartholomew placed the
first concrete street in the USA in
Bellefontaine, OH. It still exists today!
1900 Basic cement tests were
standardized.
1930 Air entraining agents were
introduced to improve concrete's
resistance to freeze/thaw damage.
Introduction
14
The History of Concrete
Introduction
Concrete Materials
Introduction
15
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
Introduction
16
Concrete Materials
Concrete Materials
Introduction
17
Concrete Materials
CEMENT
The cement powder, when mixed with
water, forms a paste.
Introduction
Concrete Materials
Introduction
18
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
Introduction
19
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
Introduction
20
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
• Type III (High Early Strength). It has
rapid chemical reaction at early age
of setting. It is developed to satisfy
the need of structures which require
high early strength after casting and
requires finishing as quick as
possible, such as highway,
buildings, and airport structures. It
is also suitable for Cold Weather.
Introduction
21
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
• Type V (Sulfate Resistance). It can
be used for structures which are
located in the ground or water that
contains high sulfate and very
suitable for waste water
installations, underwater structures,
bridges, tunnels, port/offshore
structures, mines, nuclear plant, etc.
Introduction
22
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
Introduction
23
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
STORAGE
Cement should be stored off the
ground in a well-aired, clean, dry place.
Introduction
24
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
AGGREGATES
Aggregates are of two basic types:
• COARSE: crushed rock, gravel or
screenings.
• FINE: fine and coarse sands and
crusher fines.
Introduction
25
Concrete Materials
Concrete Materials
• DURABLE to stand up to
wear and tear and
weathering.
• CHEMICALLY INACTIVE
so the aggregates don’t
react with the cement.
Introduction
26
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
Introduction
27
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
STORAGE
Aggregates should be stored where
they will stay clean, separated from
other materials and dry.
If the aggregates are very wet use less
water in the mix.
Introduction
28
Concrete Materials
WATER
Water is mixed with the cement powder
to form a paste which holds the
aggregates together like glue.
Water must be clean, fresh and free
from any dirt, unwanted chemicals or
rubbish that may affect concrete.
Introduction
Concrete Materials
Introduction
29
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
ADMIXTURES
Admixtures are mixed into the concrete
to change or alter its properties, i.e. the
time concrete takes to set and harden,
or its workability.
Introduction
30
Concrete Materials
Introduction
Concrete Materials
A measured amount of cement is added
and mixed in.
Enough water is added to make the mix
workable. All the materials are then
mixed together well.
The cement powder and water form a
paste which bonds the aggregates
together like glue.
Introduction
31