Usability of Handmade Paper Canvas to the Grade 10 Visual Arts Students

of Lananpin National High School

A Research Project
Presented to the Senior High School
Faculty of Lananpin National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Subject Research Project

Submitted by

Ruelt Cabasa
Jasmine Pagaduan
Kirby Antonio
Danica Cielo Balbin
Christian Mheg Bravo
Ryan Porquillano

July 2023

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Waste generation has increased massively around the world in recent decades,

and there are no signs of it slowing down. Worldwide municipal solid waste generation is

expected to have increased by roughly 70 percent to 3.4 billion metric tons. Less than 20

percent of waste is recycled each year, with huge quantities still sent to landfill sites.

Waste is also often disposed of at hazardous open dump sites, especially in developing

nations. According to statistics from Green Student U, 35 of every 100 pounds of

garbage that is dumped in landfills is paper. Paper is become our most common waste

material (Tiseo, 2023).

In the Philippines, nineteen percent (19%) of the nation's municipal solid trash is

made up of waste paper. Recycling, however, in the country is still very minimal. Of the

estimated 6,700 tons of wastes generated per day in Metro Manila, approximately 720

tons per day are either recycled or composted (ADB, 2004). For waste paper alone, only

60% of the 100 tons produced in a year is being recycled and the rest goes to the

landfill. Wastepaper is the second most produced solid waste in the Philippines,

contributing nineteen percent of the total municipal solid waste production

(Environmental Studies Institute).

In Lananpin National High School (LNHS), there’s a lot of paper used by the

grade 10 visual arts students because of their activities in their visual arts subject. The

paper waste collected in their classroom are dumped in the dump site of the school. The

keepers in the school are keeping the recyclable materials and selling it to add funds to

the projects in the school.

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 Different kinds of paper can be recycled, including white office paper,

newspaper, colored office paper, cardboard, white computer paper, magazines,

catalogs, and phone books. By using recycled materials in the paper-making process,

we divert waste from landfills, consume less energy, and use less water than if using

virgin fibers. The results are quality eco-friendly papers consumers naturally appreciate.

According to Paperslurry (2020) Making paper by hand at home can be a pretty simple

process. It’s also a fantastic way to use up your old receipts, scrap papers, junk mail,

and copy paper that you were about to throw in the recycling bin, and instead create a

thing of glorious handmade beauty.

Canvas paper is a thick, coated paper with a surface roughness that closely

resembles the completed look of a canvas. Like a drawing or Bristol-board pad, it

normally comes in flat sheets that are bound. Although canvas paper is appropriate for a

wide range of media, including oil paint, casein, alkyd, egg tempera, and even paint

markers, it is the perfect work surface for honing your acrylic painting techniques. It's

ideal for refining and testing new skills. For a beginner, this is an excellent way to

experiment with a variety of methods, hues, brushstrokes, and styles while still

maintaining the realistic texture and feel of canvas (Moore J., 2021). According to

Strathmore (2020), paper canvas is a great paper to use while practicing painting

techniques. Many schools use this paper for teaching purposes. The mediums that can

be used on this paper are graphite, colored pencil, oils, acrylic, and painting mediums.

The grade 10 visual arts students of Lananpin National High School are having

difficulty in buying canvas cloth to practice and do their performance task in their visual

arts subject because canvas cloth is expensive. They have a lot of used paper from their

classroom and we decided to recycle it and make paper canvas that is more affordable

to use in their visual arts subject. The purpose of this study is to develop a paper canvas

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using recycled paper to effectively reduce the amount of used paper in Lananpin

National High School. The researchers aim to discover The Usability of a Handmade

Paper Canvas.

Statement of the Problem

1. What are the steps at developing paper canvas?

2. What is the level of usability of paper canvas for grade 10 students in their visual

arts subject in terms of:

a. quality;

b. subjective satisfaction and;

c. cost?

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Conceptual Framework

The researchers used the Input, Process and Output conceptual model in the

study. The usability of the handmade paper canvas is the input where the quality,

subjective satisfaction and cost was described. Conducting survey questionnaires,

validating data, analyzing and interpreting data develops in the process. The expected

output of the study is about the usability of handmade paper canvas to the students.

Input Output
Process
Usability of The usability of
Conducting survey
handmade paper handmade paper
questionnaires,
canvas: canvas to the
validating data,
A. Quality grade 10 visual
analyzing and
B. Subjective arts students of
interpreting data.
satisfaction Lananpin National
C. Cost High School

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Scope and Delimitations

This study will focus on the usability of handmade paper canvas to the grade 10

students of Lananpin National High School in the school year 2022-2023. All information

and conclusion drawn from this study were obtained only to this particular group of the

students.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to discover the usability of handmade paper canvas to the grade

10 students of Lananpin National High School and will be beneficial to the following:

Grade 10 Students. This study will help the grade 10 students to manage their paper

waste and convert it to handmade paper canvas that can be use in their visual arts

subject.

School. This study will help the school to reduce paper waste by crafting it to something

usable like paper canvas.

Community. This study will help the community to reduce their paper waste by recycling

their used paper and craft it to become something usable.

Future Researchers. The benefits of this study can also be extended for the future

researches who will use this study for the reference about the usability of handmade

paper to the students.

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Definition of Terms

We defined the terms using lexical definition of terms, also known as the

dictionary definition, is the definition closely matching the meaning of term in common

usage. As its other name implies, this is the sort of definition one is likely to find in the

dictionary.

Handmade. Made by hand, not by machine, and typically therefore of superior quality.

Mediums. The substance used to create an art piece.

Pulp. Made from breaking down the fibrous part of plants, primarily trees or recycled

paper, and refers to the main ingredient in the paper making process.

Subjective satisfaction. Describes the user’s perceived satisfaction with the interaction

experience.

Usability. The degree to which something is able or fit to be used.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

The structural treatment of deteriorated oil paintings on canvas is a major

concern. In the past, the attachment of a second canvas to reinforce the weakened

origin This was called re-lining and later became known as lining. A major change of

opinion has occurred in modern attitudes toward conservation, which place greater

emphasis on preserving the canvas support and applied paint film. These attitudes are

influenced in part by the increased number of conservators. This has largely replaced

apprenticeship training, which is one of the strengths of existing practice. Now, a less

interventionist approach is taken. But it is dependent on the accuracy and relevance of

engineering models derived from the application of this knowledge to conservation

practice creates an ongoing dialogue about the aesthetics and ethics of conservation,

(Hackney, S., 2004).

Local Literature

Canvas paintings in the Philippines, 61% were on wooden strainers, and the

remaining 39% were on stretchers. This assessment showed that the strainers appeared

to be locally constructed, as evidenced by their use of local woods and their direct

method of construction. This is hardly surprising given that strainers are much simpler to

custom make compared to the more complex tongue and groove joins sued in the

construction of stretchers. The strainers joins were simple and as 70% of the works

included a beveled edge, indicating that the makers were aware of the importance of an

inner sloping edge and more importantly, standard painting practices. Their consistent

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manufacturing techniques and use of local woods also suggests they were locally

constructed. On the other hand, the stretchers were mainly constructed from a pine

wood with strongly marked growth rings, beveled edge and tongue and groove join.

These characteristics are typical of imported Artists Colourmens stretchers and given

that the species of pine wood are not native to Southeast Asia, this suggests they were

imported, (Tse, N. and Slogget, R., 2008).

Foreign Study

Thousands of stress measurements on canvas paintings have been collected over

the past three years using an automated logging program. They confirmed the observation

that paint needs a stiff substrate to be preserved undamaged. Considerable fluctuations in

the tension of stretched fabrics in response to changes in temperature and RH were

recorded. Such fluctuations lead to repeated overstretching of the canvas during stress

peaks. With each overstretching, the canvas loses some of its initial tension. With time, the

canvas becomes so slack as to be incapable of providing a firm support for the paint film. No

longer restrained in its expansions and contractions, the paint film distorts, and pulls the

canvas to which it is attached. Stress diagrams of canvas samples following stretching,

sizing, priming and aging show distinctly different patterns which support the above findings.

Accordingly, in order to maintain the canvas as an effective support for the paint film,

preventive conservation must preserve its stiffness, (Berger, G. and Russell, W.,1988) cited

by (JSTOR, 2023).

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Local Study

Cotton canvases appeared to be more commonly employed than linen or bast

fibers. In this study, 66% were identified as cotton and of these 78% were plain weave.

In this study, 28% of linen canvases were identified and 93% of these were plain weave.

The origin of the remaining cotton canvases is unknown, although many interviewees

recounted the use of cotton fabrics from local upholstery shops, often run by Chinese

merchants. Their origin is likely to be linked to the importation of Artist Colourmens

materials, given that linen is not grown or manufactured in Southeast Asia, (Tse, N. and

Slogget, R., 2008).

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter represents the methods used by the researchers in this study. It

contains the research design, subject of the study, data gathering instrument, data

gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study employs the Quantitative - developmental research design utilizing a

descriptive research technique. The purpose of developmental research design is to

establish the method by which the researchers will collect data for the study (Radcliffe J.

and Kowalczyk, 2022). Since the study aims to discover the usability of handmade paper

canvas to the grade 10 visual arts students of Lananpin National High School,

descriptive research is the most appropriate technique to use. Descriptive research

provides an accurate portrayal or account of characteristics of a particular individual,

situation or group; these studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing

what exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs or categorizing

information (Dulock, 1993).

Respondents of the Study

The subject of the study are the grade 10 visual arts students of Lananpin

National High School for the academic year 2022-2023. In grade 10 Special Program in

the Arts (SPA), There are 5 visual arts students. Purposive sampling is the most

appropriate sampling method, Purposive sampling refers to a group of non-probability

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sampling techniques in which units are selected because they have characteristics that

we need in our sample. In other words, units are selected “on purpose” in purposive

sampling.

Data Gathering Instrument

The study will utilize the use of a research - made survey questionnaire to assess

the level of usability of handmade paper canvass. The questionnaires will be validated

by different experts, and we will conduct a pilot testing before distributing the

questionnaires to the respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

This study will use survey questionnaires that ask about the usability of handmade paper

canvas to the grade 10 visual arts students of Lananpin National High School this S.Y.

2022 – 2023 (as the respondents of the study). The given survey questionnaires will be

filled with the respondent’s rating to the usability of handmade paper canvas. This will

determine the usability of handmade paper canvas to the grade 10 visual arts students

at Lananpin National High School. Researcher will hand out survey questionnaires on

printed sheets to collect the necessary data. The respondents will be informed that the

data gathered will be confidential that after data are collected, the researchers will

compute the mean and will rank from a scale from scale of 1.00 to 4.00, from lowest to

highest.

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Statistical Treatment of Data

To be able to arrive on an accurate conclusion regarding this study the

researchers would use proper statistical tools in analyzing the data to be gathered. The

profile of the respondents regarding their age, gender, general average, and average

time spent on working would be analyzed using frequency counts and percentages.

1. Percentage

f
Formula: P = x 100
x
Where;
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = Total numbers of respondents

2. Weighted Mean

Formula: WM = tw/n

Where;

WM = Weighted Mean

TW = Total Weight

N = Total number of respondents

Moreover, the weighted mean and average weighted mean was described using

the corresponding interpretation;

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 Table 1

Likert Scale

Shows the scale used to collect the descriptive equivalent of the usability in

statement of the problem 2.

Legend: 4 – Strongly Agree

3 – Agree

2 – Disagree

1 – Strongly Disagree

Statement 4 3 2 1

1.

2.

3.

4.

Table 2

Shows the scale used to interpret the obtained weighted mean in statement of

the problem 2.

Scale Descriptive Equivalent Interpretation

3.50 – 4.00 Strongly Agree Very Usable

2.50 – 3.49 Agree Usable

1.50 – 2.49 Disagree Slightly Usable

1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree Not Usable

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