Group 3 Research Paper

QUEZON DISTRICT
QUEZON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
“THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PAPER AND COW MANURE

FIBER AS AN ALTERNATIVE SEEDLING TRAY”
A Research
Presented to the Teachers of

Quezon National High School
Senior High School Department
Alunan, Quezon, Isabela
_______________
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Subject Requirement for

Practical Research 2
Delfin Bangcoleng Jr.

Justine Dollente
Jhonely Millan
Hazelyn Ranon Ibanez
Angela Olivar
Roselyn Mariano
Edward Cabaro
(April, 2022)
Quezon District
QNHS: Committed to Excellence
#BatangQuezonianIkawAngBida
Email: depedqnhs1992@gmail.com
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Chapter I
The Problem and Its Background
I. Introduction
Nowadays, plastics are one of the factors that causes problem in the
environment. Plastic may litter the cities, waterways, and oceans and can
contribute to health problems as well as the global problems including water
pollution. As a result, marine wildlife such as dolphins, whales, turtles, etc. may
ingest them and eventually they die due to intoxication. Plastic also is commonly
known for its non-biodegradable characteristic which means they cannot be
broken down by action of living organisms and it takes them thousands of years to
be decompose. And when it is directly hit by the UV rays from the sun, it releases
toxic substances which contributes in the global warming. In farming, single-use
plastic seedling trays are widely used due to its cheaper price in the market.
However, after people make goods out of it, they usually dumped it into their
yards while some ending up in landfills and added into mountain of wastes. On
the other hand, paper wastes also are undeniably a huge environmental problem.
And, usually people disposed it through burning and in some households, they
use it as an alternative fuel which is alarming as it can harm the environment.
The usages of plastic in nurseries for plant seedling are increasing day by
day, which is also a onetime usage plastic. The usage of these kinds of plastics
increases the accumulation of plastic waste and it affects the environment, (P.
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Praveen et, al., 2020) . Moreover, single-use plant tray is huge environmental
problem. The major impact of plastic on the environment is that it takes many
years to for them to decompose. In addition, toxic substances are released into the
soil when plastic perish under sunlight and, if plastic are burned, they release a
toxic substance into the air causing ambient air pollution, (Ujeh , 2022). Plastic
also have a significant effect in the soil. Indeed, scientists in China recently
examined the effect of polythene fragments on soil life. They found there was a
significant impact on the number of arthropods (spiders, beetles, mites, and other
insects) and roundworms- including springtails, mites and nematode. All of which
play a crucial role in breaking down organic matter within the soil, (Garden
Organic, 2022). Along with, vast amounts of plastic waste are being generated
internationally due to a revolution in the industrial sector and population growth.
Numerous piles of garbage in landfills have quickly become a significant problem
in most countries worldwide (Tekler et al., 2019). As a matter of fact, according to
the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), in 2016, almost 13
thousand tons of solid wastes were collected daily, of which 90.3% was collected
in an unsorted manner and 9.7% in a sorted way (National Institute of Statistics
and Censuses, Solid Residues Management, 2016). In addition to, problems with
paper waste are still an issue. Paper waste is a severe problem in many industries
and offices. Because of printing mistakes, junk mails, billings, and packaging, the
paper may comprise up to 70% of a company’s total waste. An average office
employee would be using about 10,000 sheets of paper in a year. In addition to

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paper used for printing, companies also consume other paper products, such as
cardboard, envelopes, and wrappers, to name a few, (Baleforce, 2021).
Furthermore, according to Securing the Future of Philippine Industries, the total
paper and board demand in the Philippines is projected to surpass 2 million tons
within five years, or an additional of 0.3 million tons per year at current
consumption levels. In fact, this time of pandemic wherein majority of learning
modalities are modular, it is expected for that numbers to increase, which means
more paper wastes will be produced.
With those adverse effects of both single-use plastic seedling tray and paper
waste, it serves as an eye-opener for individuals to experiment, study, and
discover solutions to specific problems, like evaluating the use of cow manure and
paper waste fiber as an alternative for seedling tray to reduce waste and avert its
harmful effects on the environment, animals, and even humans. Cow manure is
considered as waste materials by some people for they don’t know the potential
benefits of its organic matter. Manure contains a great deal of fiber. Some of the
fiber is from undigested animal feed and some is from straw, sawdust, or other
bedding that gets mixed in with the manure, (The Cattle Site, 2015). Also, the
researchers found out that fibers from waste papers were used in making
commodities such as bag, plate, and cups which is a recommended replacement
for plastics.
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With those benefits stated from these fiber-rich materials, it paves the way for
researchers to have an idea of helping the community and environment by
evaluating the effectiveness of cow manure and waste paper fibers as an
alternative for plastic seedling trays which will not only lessen the problem in
plastic wastes management, but will also help to promote an eco-friendly
products.
II. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Ingredient in the a.) Preparation of cow

production of manure and waste Level of
Organic Seedling paper fiber Effectiveness of
Tray: Cow manure and
b.) Making of seedling
a.) Cow manure tray out of input Waste Paper
Fiber fiber as an
c.) Collection of Data
based on the
alternative
b.) Paper Wastes
experimentation seedling tray
Fiber
c.) Water d.) Analysis and

interpretation of data
d.) Molder gathered
Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study
Figure 1 shows the conceptual model of the study on the Level of
Effectiveness of Cow manure and Waste Paper fiber as an alternative seedling
tray. The first frame presents the input of the study that includes cow manure
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fiber, paper wastes fiber, water, and molder. The second frame presents the
process of the study that involves assessment of the effectiveness of cow
manure and paper waste fiber as an alternative seedling tray trough
preparation of cow manure and waste paper fiber, making of seedling tray out
of input, collection of data based on the experimentation, and analysis and
interpretation of data gathered. The third frame presents the output of the study
which includes the assessed cow manure and paper waste fiber as an
alternative seedling tray. The arrows from the input to the process and the
output show the connection and transformation of the ingredients in the
production of organic seedling tray with the actions taken into results that are
considered as output.
III. Research Questions
This study aims to know the acceptability level of paper and cow manure fiber
as an alternative seedling tray, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. Which type of seedling tray (Biodegradable seedling tray made of cow
manure and waste paper fiber or commercial plastic seedling tray) is more
acceptable in terms of the following characteristics?
1.1. Durability
1.2. Odor
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1.3. Eco-friendliness
1.4 Water absorption
2. Does the organic seedling tray has a significant effect on the seed’s
germination process?
3. Is there a significant difference between the acceptability levels of paper
and cow manure fiber as an alternative seedling tray and the acceptability levels of
traditional alternative at 0.05 level of significance?
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the acceptability levels of Cow
Manure and Waste Paper Fiber as an alternative seedling tray and the acceptability
levels of Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray at .05 level of significance.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the acceptability levels of Cow
Manure and Waste Paper Fiber as an alternative seedling tray and the
acceptability levels of Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray at .05 level of
significance.
IV. Scope and Limitation of the Study
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This study mainly focuses on determining the Effectiveness of Paper and Cow
manure fiber as an alternative seedling tray. This research will be limited only to
the cow manure which one of the main ingredients in the production of seedling
tray. This study will be conducted at the researcher’s residence, Abut, Quezon,
Isabela during the second semester of the school year 2021-2022.The researchers
will be showing the materials and ingredients to be used during the experiment
and the step-by-step procedure on how to make an alternative seedling tray with
the paper and cow manure fiber.
The respondents of the study are 25 residents of Barangay Abut, Quezon,
Isabela who will be assessing the characteristics limited only to durability, eco-
friendliness, cost-efficient, odor, and general acceptability of both the paper and
cow manure fiber as an alternative seedling tray , rest assured that every
individual involved in the study will strictly follow the health protocols set by the
Inter-Agency Task force (IATF) such as social distancing, proper sanitation and
wearing of face mask and face shield to avoid the spread of COVID 19. This
research is experimental in nature.
V. Significance of the Study
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This research aims at a new method for producing organic seedling trays with
the use of paper and cow manure fiber. As such, this study provides an idea for the
functional utilization of cow manure and waste papers. The findings of this study
are deemed beneficial to the following groups and individuals:
Farmers
This study will help farmers, particularly to those who has a lot of domestic
cattle as they can utilize their manure into commodities.
Community
This study will increase recycling of cow manure and paper fiber in
producing seedling trays as opposed to manufacturing of a new nutrient resource
that also provides energy and benefits. Substituting manure for commercial
seedling trays reduces waste production energy costs.
Government or Department of Science and Technology
The results of this study will benefit them as they could use an alternative
way of producing seedling trays with paper and cow manure fiber. With these new
methods, the government will find less difficulty dealing with environmental
issues like air pollution due to wastes in land and water areas that may cause
health complications among animals and humans, and the increase of global
warming.
Other Researchers
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This study can serve as their basis and guide in conducting related or parallel
studies.
VI. Definition of Terms
To give those who might read this research a typical frame of reference, the
following terms/variables are hereby defined.
Durability. It refers to the ability of the organic seedling tray to withstand
damages when it drops to a flat land surface at the height of 2 meters.
Eco-friendliness. It refers to the characteristics of organic seedling tray as
replacement for the commercial seedling tray, which is not harmful to the environment.
Alternative. It refers to the option, choice, or replacement of the existing
Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray.
Organic Seedling Tray. It refers to the expected product of this study which is
made of the combination of cow manure and paper waste fiber.
Fiber. It is the essential component of both cow manure and waste paper which
will be extracted and use as an ingredient in making organic seedling tray.
Cow Manure. It is a waste material from cow which will be processed to make an
organic seedling tray.
Waste Paper. It is a material to be used in making organic seedling tray.
Odor. This refers to the scent, and smell of the product which the organic seedling
tray.
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Chapter II
Review of Related Studies and Literature
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This chapter discusses many connected literature and studies. This chapter
concentrated on additional research studies and articles that provide useful information in
increasing the understanding of this topic. Its goal was to conduct background research in
order to have a better knowledge of the usefulness of cow dung and paper waste fiber as an
alternative seedling tray.
Cow manure / dung
Cow manure, also known as cow dung is primarily composed of digested
grass, with small amounts of grain, fruits, and vegetables added depending on the
cattle's diet. It contains more than just cow droppings; it also contains traces of hay,
straw, bedding, grains, and other organic matter that was used to feed the animals, as
well as animal waste, (Cow Manure Composting – All You Need To Know -
HomeBiogas, 2022). It is a 3:1 mixture of feces and urine that mostly comprises of
lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses. Cow manure is not only known as an
agricultural waste, but also an organic fertilizer resource, (Zhang et al., 2020). It
contains 24 different minerals like nitrogen, potassium, along with trace amount of
sulfur, iron, magnesium, copper, cobalt and manganese, (Gupta et al., 2016). In
addition to, it is used as fertilizer due to the fact that it organically restores nutrient
balance to fields since it contains NPK (three percent nitrogen, two percent
phosphorus, and one percent potassium), which makes it an excellent choice for
nearly all types of plants and crops.
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Furthermore, according to Tilley (2021), cow manure potentially contains
harmful pathogens and high levels of ammonia. For this reason, composting or
keeping it aged is the recommended way to do before applying it as fertilizer. In
addition to removing toxic ammonia gas, pathogens (such as E. coli), and weed seeds,
composted cow manure will contribute copious amounts of organic matter to the soil.
By incorporating this compost into the soil, the soil's ability to retain moisture can be
enhanced. This enables the gardener to water the plants less regularly, as the plant's
roots can utilize the additional water and nutrients as needed. Also, it will promote
soil aeration. Comparing it to artificial fertilizers which has greater downsides,
including soil acidification, mineral imbalance, and soil damage. Thus, cow manure
may not only serve as an alternative to artificial fertilizers because it contains organic
content, but also as a soil conditioner as it also aids in the loosening of compacted
soils.
Annually, ten million cattle and calves are raised in the United Kingdom,
(Department for Environment, 2016). The annual inventory of cattle and calves in the
United States is 94 million, (NASS, 2019). Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska are the three
states that produce the most beef cattle. In 2017, Brazil produced 218 million cattle,
India 186 million, China 83 million, Argentina 53 million, and Australia 26 million,
(FAOSTAT nation, 2018). According to the 2016 census, the UK produced 31.3
million tonnes of undiluted slurry from dairy and beef cattle and 35.7 million tonnes
of solids from dairy and beef cattle dung, (K. A. Smith et al,. 2016).
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According to the findings of the research conducted by Huang, Yu, Gao, Yan,
Chang, Wang, Hu, and Zhang (2017), cattle produce enormous volumes of manures
that are rich in some nutrients, organics, heavy metals, and pathogens. These manures
come from the animals' waste. According to the findings of the study, China is one of
the countries that produces the most manure in the world. The survey also found that
cattle, pig, and poultry are the primary sources of animal waste in China, making
these three animals their top contributors to the creation of manure. In the research
that Huang and his colleagues conducted about animal dung, one of the aspects that
was looked at was the manure's chemical structure and properties. One of the findings
from this research was that the PH level of cattle manure is 7.86, and its C/N ratio is
10.7. According to what is indicated in their study, increasing the temperature of
cattle manure results in a faster breakdown of organic matter to proper C/N ratios,
which are adjusted by bulking agents.
Furthermore, according to Rajeswari, Poongothai, and Hemalatha (2018),
symbiotic bacteria that live inside an animal's stomach are responsible for cow dung's
inability to digest herbivorous materials. These bacteria are found in the animal's
digestive tract. It refers to the parts of plant matter that have not yet been digested
after traveling through the digestive tract of an animal. The process of fermentation,
absorption and filtration, acidification, and then absorption once more results in the
production of waste that is rich in minerals, fibrous components, and other types of
liquid digesta. Phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen are the
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constituent elements that make up its chemical make-up. In addition, it has
components such as salt, urea, mucus, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. The
digesting process causes some cells to die. In addition to this, it strengthens a plant's
defenses against parasites and illnesses, stimulates the growth of plants, and adds to
the minerals that are already present in the soil. Essentially, cow dung is composed of
80 percent water and undigested plant matter, which is rich in a variety of byproducts,
including bacteria, minerals, and other chemicals. The microflora of cow dung
includes numerous bacilli, lactobacilli, and cocci, in addition to other fungi and yeast
that have been identified and others that have not (Rajeswari, Poongothai &
Hemalatha 2016). In line with this, Prof. Alexander Bismarck, a researcher at the
University of Vienna, initially became interested in the topic after observing goats on
the island of Crete eating dry grass. He said that in order to make manure, animals
must first consume low-quality biomass that contains cellulose, chew the cellulose,
and then expose it in their stomachs to enzymes and acid. Depending on the type of
animal, dung can contain up to forty percent cellulose, which is readily available once
it has been broken down.
Paper Wastes
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Papers are convenient material available everywhere around. It is a flexible
material with several applications, such as in printing, packaging, decorating, writing,
cleaning, filter paper, wallpaper, book endpaper, conservation paper, laminated
worktops, toilet tissue, currency and security paper, as well as a number of industrial
and construction activities. It is made from a plant material called cellulose. Cellulose
can be found in all kinds of plants, but paper is usually made from trees or recycled
paper that was originally made from trees. From our school supplies to our household
goods, paper is still pervasive, and the majority of it is ending up in landfills, creating
an enormous quantity of paper trash. Paper Waste is a significant issue in numerous
organizations and industries. Paper may account for up to 70 percent of a company's
overall waste due to printing errors, unsolicited mail, invoices, and packaging, (Paper
Waste: Why Does It Matter?-BaleForce Recycling Equipment, 2021). In fact,
according to US EPA (2017), in 2018, the generation of paper and paperboard in
municipal solid waste reached 67.4 million tons, or 23.1 percent of the total MSW
generation. And, 17.2 million tons of MSW paper and paperboard were sent to
landfills, (Paper and Paperboard: Material-Specific Data | US EPA, 2017). Besides,
poor paper waste management and recycling can have the same economic and
environmental consequences as other waste items.
In the case of paper, it also entails the destruction of trees. One of the most
serious environmental issues people face today is deforestation. It is more than a
problem with paper wastes as it is a threat to our biodiversity. Moreover, carbon
dioxide is stored in trees. When this gas is released when trees are cut down, burned,
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or turned into pulp for making paper, it can contribute to the warming of the earth,
(What Is the Environmental Impact of Deforestation for Paper Production?, 2018).
Natural Fiber
Bhagabati (2020) defined natural fibers as biopolymers that are derived from
either plants or animals. Natural fibers are made up of three basic components: lignin,
cellulose, and hemicellulose, the percentages of which vary depending on the type of
natural fiber. According to R.M. Rowell (2014), there are six fundamental types of
natural fibres: bast fibers, leaf fibers, seed fibers, core fibers, grass and reed, and all
other forms such as wood and roots.
Moreover, cellulose or cellulosic fibers are fibers made from cellulose, a
carbohydrate that resembles starch. They are produced by dissolving natural
substances like cellulose or wood pulp, which are then regenerated via extrusion and
precipitation, (Cellulosic Fibres, n.d.). Many plants' cellulose components are
concentrated in the leaves and stalks. Several plant fibers, such as ramie, hemp, jute,
and cotton seed hairs, are composed of 60 percent to over 90 percent cellulose and can
be used as textile fiber, (Clayton, 2016).
Fiber Extraction
1.1. Mechanical Method
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Hand decortication, which involved pounding the leaves and scraping
away the pulp with a knife, was historically performed by rural dwellers.
Decortication by hand is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The use of a
mechanical decorticator makes contemporary decortication efficient. In the
mechanical embellishment method, leaves are crushed and beaten into fibers using a
rotating wheel with blunt knives. Hand-fed decorticators scrape the pulp from half of
a leaf, remove the leaf, and then enter the other half for scraping. The entire leaf can
be decorticated in a single insert in some machines. However, the cementing
chemicals (mostly waxes, hemicelluloses, lignin, and hydrocarbons) between fibers
cannot be removed by mechanical extraction methods.
1.2. Chemical Method
The extraction of fibers using chemical means requires the utilization of acids,
alkalis, and enzymes. In the process of extracting cellulosic fibers, the application of
acids hydrolyzes lignin and hemicellulose into pentose molecules with shorter chain
lengths. The use of acid in the treatment process leads to the creation of reactive
groups and causes fibers to fibrillate, which reveals a higher degree of crystallinity in
the fibrils. In the process of fiber extraction, alkali is also used, which dissolves the
lignocellulosic material that is present between fibers and separates the structural
linkages that exist between lignin and cellulose. This results in an increased surface
area as well as a degree of polymerization, which in turn reduces the fibers' breaking
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strength. During the enzymatic process of fiber extraction, the lignocellulosic
component of the fibers is degraded, which results in higher fiber swelling and a
reduced degree of polymerization. Enzymes are responsible for this degradation. The
extraction of fibers using enzymes results in fibers that are more flexible and softer.
2.3. Retting Process
The removal of fibers through retting is a natural microbiological process that
has been the subject of extensive research. The process of retting involves the
breakdown of non-fibrous materials, which functions as glue between the fibers in
woody plant parts and fibers, without causing any damage to the cellulose fibers
themselves. The individual fiber strands and the core of the woody material can be
easily separated using this method. Because retting is a biological process, it is
necessary for there to be sufficient moisture present in addition to a warm temperature
in order for microbial action to take place.
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Chapter III
Research Methodology
This chapter provides further details on the research methodology. This chapter
discusses the to-be-utilized research design, sampling procedure, research locale, study
samples, materials and equipment, data gathering procedures, and statistical analysis.
I. Research Design
In this study, the researchers will be using an experimental research design. This
design aims to gather and interpret numerical data. It can be used to find correlations
and averages, draw conclusions and forecasts, assess causal relationships, and
extrapolate outcomes to larger populations. This design will be adapted to test and
determine the acceptability of cow manure fiber and waste paper fiber as an
alternative ingredient in the making of biodegradable seedling tray and the significant
difference between the acceptability levels of biodegradable seedling tray made of

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cow manure fiber and waste paper and the acceptability levels of commercial seedling
tray.
The sampling technique which will be employed in the study is purposive random
sampling.
The researchers will randomly and purposively select the respondents of this
inquiry to make the study more convenient. The researchers will be using cow manure
fiber and waste paper fiber in the production of biodegradable seedling tray found in
Barangay Abut, Quezon, Isabela.
The preparation of the product will be done in the researcher’s residence, Abut,
Quezon, Isabela. The testing of the product and data gathering will be conducted
during the second semester of the school year 2021-2022 at the same venue where the
products will be prepared and made.
II. Materials and Equipment
The main material for making the experiment, the cow manure and waste paper, will
be provided by the researchers. This will be done by the researchers at Abut, Quezon,
Isabela. The equipment and procedures to be done are based from the handbook (Forests
Products Technoflow Series 15: Handmade Paper Making Fundamentals) that is bought
from the institution. The materials and equipment to be used are as follows:
Materials:
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1. Fiber Raw Materials
 A half sack (25 kilos) of cow manure and waste paper (e.g. newspaper,
excess paper cuttings)
2. Water
3. Chemicals
 Sodium Hydroxide – This partially eliminates lignin, which can be
utilized as a fertilizer or fuel, along with other contaminants, such as
proteins and dead cells.
Equipments:
1. Seed tray molder – to keep the seedling tray product in shape.
2. Basin
3. Weighing scale
4. Measuring Cups
5. Blender (optional)
6. Masher
III. Research Procedure
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To start the procedure, the researchers will have to collect 25 kilos sack of cow
manure and waste papers. The collected manure will be laid on the ground and dried
under the sun. The dried manure will then be collected and will proceed to different
processes of the actual making of the biodegradable seedling tray. The very first step in
the making of the biodegradable seedling tray is the cleaning and extraction of the fibers
through multiple washes of the cow manure. The researchers propose to divide the entire
experimentation process into two parts. Notably, Part I will cover the preparation of fiber
raw materials required for seedling tray manufacture, followed by Part II, which will
cover the step-by-step technique for producing a biodegradable seedling tray made of cow
manure fiber and paper waste fiber. This will be done at one of the researcher’s residence,
Brgy. Abut, Quezon, Isabela. The general procedure in making biodegradable seedling
tray are as follows:
Part 1: Extraction of fiber from fiber raw materials
For the COW MANURE:
1. The cow manure will be first dried under the sun.
2. After it reaches the required dryness, dried cow manure will then be pulverized.
3. Pulverized cow manure will be soaked with sodium hydroxide to partially
eliminate lignin and other contaminants.
4. After that, it will be washed repeatedly to obtain its cellulose.
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For WASTE PAPERS:
1. Cut/rip/shred the waste paper (e.g. magazine, notes, excess cutouts) into pieces.
2. Place the pieces of paper in a container and add water until completely covered.
Leave it for atleast 12 hours.
3. Once the paper is sufficiently soft, it is time to transform it into pulp. Gradually put
the soaked paper into a blender or by hand using a masher. When using a blender, add
more water on top of it. Blend or mash.
4. Repeat the same steps until all the paper pieces have been transformed to pulp.
Part 2. Production of Biodegradable Seedling Trays made of Cow manure fiber and
waste paper pulp.
1. Put the basin, any other necessary equipment, and the required materials in place.
2. Add the pulp and cow manure fiber in the basin with 10:10 ratio, 10 cups of paper
pulp for every 10 cups of cow manure fiber. Mix it thoroughly.
3. Put the mixed ingredients into a seedling tray molder with 2mm thickness.
4. Set aside and dry.
IV. Test and Analysis
In conducting this study, the researchers will strictly comply by all applicable ethical and
professional norms. The researchers will send a letter requesting authorization to collect data
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to the Barangay Captain of Abut, Quezon, Isabela. After receiving approval, the researchers'
checklist questionnaire will be used to collect data from 20 respondents in Barangay Abut,
Quezon, Isabela, based on their evaluations of characteristics including durability, eco-
friendliness, cost-efficient, and general acceptability of biodegradable seedling trays made of
cow manure fiber and waste paper fiber.
The twenty respondents will consist of five individuals from each of the four Purok in
Abut, Isabela, Quezon. These 20 respondents can be either male or female and have
gardening expertise using seedling trays. In the aforementioned barangay, the items
(commercial plastic seedling trays and biodegradable seedling trays composed of cow dung
fiber and waste paper pulp) would be applied.
In the application, the two seedling trays will be evaluated and tested independently.
First, the two seedling trays will be dropped from a height of 200 centimeters onto a flat
surface, and three trials will be conducted with one commercial plastic seedling tray and one
biodegradable seedling tray composed of cow dung fiber and waste paper pulp. Second,
environmental friendliness to determine the eco-friendlier goods. Third is cost-effectiveness,
which determines the most affordable product. In this part, the researchers will identify all
costs associated with the production of a biodegradable seedling tray composed of cow dung
fiber and waste paper pulp, which will be compared to the price of a commercially available
plastic seedling tray. For the water absorption test, the biodegradable seedling tray will be
dried then placed in a desiccator to cool. Immediately upon cooling it will be weighed. The
material is then emerged in water at agreed upon conditions, often 23°C for 24 hours. Lastly
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is the general acceptability which determines the overall features of the two items, such as
their durability, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness. After each test, respondents will evaluate
the quality of the two seedling trays.
The Likert 5 - scale will be used to measure the acceptability level of the two products
(Commercial commercial plastic seedling trays and biodegradable seedling trays composed
of cow dung fiber and waste paper pulp) which has a descriptive equivalent of (5) highly
acceptable, (4) acceptable, (3) slightly acceptable, (2) slightly unacceptable and (1)
unacceptable. The 20 respondents will evaluate the qualities of the commercial plastic
seedling trays and biodegradable seedling trays composed of cow dung fiber and waste paper
pulp (i.e., durability, environmentally friendly, cost-efficient, water-absorption, and general
acceptability) when these products will undergo different testing, rest assured that data would
be kept with confidentiality and every respondent or individual involved in the study will
strictly follow the health protocols set by the Inter-agency Task Force (IATF) such as social
distancing, wearing face mask and face shield and proper sanitation to avoid the spread of
COVID 19.
Finally, two seedling trays will be compared, one of which will be manufactured
commercially and the other with a mixture of cow dung fiber and waste paper pulp.
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V. Research Flowchart
Fiber Raw Material

Preparation
Cellulose Extraction
Washing/Screening
Disintegration
Pulp Molding Drying

Screening
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Washing
Dyeing
VI. Statistical Analysis
In order to analyze and interpret the data, the Frequency Count, Weighted Arithmetic
Mean, Arithmetic Mean, and T-test for independent samples will be utilized.
The frequency count will be used to tally the number of responses depending on the
weight established by researchers using the rating scale. Researchers will utilize the
mean to determine the acceptability of Cow Manure and Waste Paper Fiber in Seedling
Tray production. The Formula read:
x = Σx / N
Where X represents the arithmetic mean, Σx represents the sum of scores/ratings, and
N indicates the total number of cases.
In Weighted Arithmetic mean, the different weights set by the researchers are
multiplied by their respective frequencies or number of responses, then the products are
added and the sum of the products then divided by the overall number of frequencies or
responses. The formula was:
W= Σ fx
Σf
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Where W represents the weighted arithmetic mean, fx represents the sum of the
product of frequencies and provided weights, and f indicates the total number of
frequencies or responses.
In addition, the T-test for independent samples will be used to determine whether
there is a significant difference between the seedling tray made of cow manure fiber and
waste paper pulp and the commercial plastic seedling tray in terms of durability,
environmental friendliness, cost-efficiency, water absorption, and general acceptability.
The significance level of the findings will be determined with the use of Microsoft Excel
and a probability level of 5 percent.
In order to determine the level of acceptance, the researchers will utilize the scale
provided in the table below.
Arbitrary Scale
Scale Description
4.20-5.00 Highly Acceptable
3.40-4.19 Acceptable
2.60-3.39 Slightly Acceptable
1.80-2.59 Slightly Unacceptable
1.0-1.79 Unacceptable
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CHAPTER IV
Presentation, Interpretation and Analysis of Data
This chapter deals with the data analysis and interpretation of the data collected
through structured knowledge questionnaire. Analysis and interpretation of data obtained
from structured knowledge questionnaire regarding the assessment of the two seedling trays.
Then the findings were printed in different graphs and tables. Analysis defined as the
“categorizing” ordering manipulating & summarizing of data to obtain access to research
questions. The purpose of analysis is to reduce data to on intelligible & interpretable form, so
that the relation of research problem can be studied and tested. This chapter presents the
analysis and interpretation of the data collected to assess the effectiveness of cow manure and
paper waste fiber. The data was analyzed based on the following objectives.
Objectives of the Study
1. To assess the characteristics of both the commercial plastic seedling tray and the
biodegradable seedling tray in terms of:
1.1 durability
1.2 odor
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1.3 cost-efficiency
2. Which among the two seedling trays are more acceptable in terms of durability,
odor, and cost-efficiency?
Table 1. Durability
TYPE OF SEEDLING TRAY TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 Mean
Seedling Tray made of cow 1 1 1 1

manure fiber and waste paper fiber
Commercial plastic Seedling Tray 1 1 1 1
1: no break 2: with break
The two seedling trays was dropped from a height of 200 centimeters onto a flat
surface, and three trials was conducted with one commercial plastic seedling tray and one
biodegradable seedling tray composed of cow dung fiber and waste paper pulp. In trial 1, the
biodegradable seedling tray had passed the test with no break the same result with the next
trial 2&3. The commercial seedling tray, on the other hand, also passed the test with no
break. The table above reveals that in every trial, both type of seedling tray has no break. This
means that both of them are durable.
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Table 2. Odor
TYPE OF SEEDLING TRAY 1 2 3 4 5
Seedling Tray made of cow 0 0 20 0 0

manure fiber and waste paper fiber
Commercial plastic Seedling Tray 0 0 20 0 0
Respondent/s: 20
Legend:
1- Slightly unpleasant 2-Moderately unpleasant 3- Neutral 4-Very unpleasant 5-Extremely unpleasant
The researchers conducted a survey to evaluate the odor of the two seedling trays
(commercial plastic seedling tray and one biodegradable seedling tray composed of cow dung
fiber and waste paper pulp). Among all of the 10 respondents, it can be inferred from the
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table 2 that majority of them has voted “1” or “neutral”. The result only means that both of
the seedling trays have no foul odor.
Table 3. Cost Analysis
Raw Materials/ Ingredient Cost
1 cup Caustic Soda 23.125
6 cups Paper Waste Fiber 0
3 cups Cow Manure Fiber 0
Waste Plastic Cup 0
TOTAL 23.125
Total product yield: 12 pots (Php. 1.9 each)

Price of Plastic seedling tray: 1 pot = Php. 1.2 approx.
As shown on table 3, there are 4 raw materials namely: caustic soda, paper waste
fiber, cow manure fiber, and the waste plastic cup. Out of the four, caustic soda is the only
one that has cost of Php. 23.125 and the rest doesn’t have (0). Moreover, the above listed
ratio of ingredients can have a total product yield of 12 pots which can cost estimated of Php.
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1.9 each. On the other hand, the plastic seedling tray can approximately cost Php. 1.2 each
pot. It can be inferred from the result that Plastic Seedling Tray is more acceptable in terms of
cost-efficient.
2. Which among the two seedling trays are more acceptable in terms of durability, odor, and
cost-efficiency?
Types Durability Cost-efficient Odor Mean

Commercial plastic
Seedling Tray 1 2 1 1.3
Seedling Tray made of

cow manure fiber and 1 1 1 1
waste paper fiber
As shown on the Table 4, Seedling Tray made of cow manure fiber and waste paper
fiber has a mean of 1 while the Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray has the highest mean
making it more acceptable. In addition, from the test that the researchers have conducted, the
durability and odor of both the commercial plastic seedling tray and one biodegradable
seedling tray composed of cow dung fiber and waste paper pulp have no differences.
However, on cost-analysis there’s a very few difference of the estimated price of each type of
seedling considering all the cost of production. So, the researchers have statistically
concluded that the commercial plastic seedling tray is more acceptable in terms of cost-
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efficiency. In those cases, where there’s significantly different results in costing between the
two types, it should be noted that all plants were still of good to excellent marketable value.
These results suggest that when choosing a pot type, other factors will likely play a
bigger role than that of plant growth. One such factor could be that of algal growth.
Significant algal growth occurred on peat and wood fiber pots in particular, and this may
have a negative effect on consumer appeal at the time of marketing. Container strength is
another factor that will also play an important role in pot selection. For a producer, these pots
could cause significant problems in terms of handling, especially in mechanized settings.
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CHAPTER V
Summary, Conclusions And Recommendations
I. Summary
The purpose of this study was to test the acceptability level of paper and cow manure
fiber as an alternative seedling tray, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1.) To assess
the characteristics of both the commercial plastic seedling tray and the biodegradable
seedling tray in terms of: 1.1 durability; 1.2 odor; 1.3 cost-efficiency; and to test if there is a
significant difference between the acceptability levels of paper and cow manure fiber as an
alternative seedling tray and the acceptability levels of traditional alternative at 0.05 level of
significance.
The respondents of the study were 20 students from Quezon, National, High School.
They were subjectively and randomly selected by the researchers. The study made use of a 4-
item checklist. The Weighted Arithmetic Mean was used to determine the level of
acceptability level of paper and cow manure fiber as an alternative seedling tray.
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The following is the summary of the findings:
Initially, Seedling Tray made of cow manure fiber and waste paper fiber has a mean
of 1 while the Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray has the highest mean making it more
acceptable. In addition, from the test that the researchers have conducted, the durability and
odor of both the commercial plastic seedling tray and one biodegradable seedling tray
composed of cow dung fiber and waste paper pulp have no differences. However, on cost-
analysis there’s a very few difference of the estimated price of each type of seedling
considering all the cost of production. In those cases, where there’s significantly different
results in costing between the two types, it should be noted that all plants were still of good to
excellent marketable value.
II. Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
There is a significant difference between the mean scores of the Cow Manure
Seedling Tray and Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray. Furthermore, as suggested by the
overall weighted mean scores of the two groups after the study, the researchers have
statistically concluded that the commercial plastic seedling tray is more acceptable in terms
of cost-efficiency compared to the Cow Manure Seedling Tray.
III. Recommendations
In accordance with the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are
presented.
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1. Since the effectiveness of Cow Manure and Paper waste Fiber as an alternative for Plastic
Seedling Tray has been proven, it is recommended for farmers or any agriculturist to use Cow
Manure and Paper Waste Seedling Tray when preparing seedlings.
2. The implementation of Cow Manure and Paper waste Fiber as an alternative for Plastic
Seedling Tray should be encouraged by the Department of Agriculture in an effort to uplift
eco-friendliness in the field of agriculture.
3. A replication of this study is also recommended with a bigger sample to ascertain the same
results.
4. In conducting the study, you must wear Personal Protective Equipments specially when
handling the Sodium Hydroxide.
5. We recommend the idea of continuing this research to enhance more the goodness and to
improve more its effectiveness.
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A. Survey Questionnaire
Name (optional): __________________________
We, the researchers of Quezon National High School's Grade 11 STEM, would
appreciate it if you would take the time to respond to the questions listed below as part of our
research entitled "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PAPER AND COW MANURE FIBER AS
AN ALTERNATIVE SEEDLING TRAY." Every responder or participant involved in the
study must strictly adhere to the health measures established by the Inter-Agency Task Force
(IATF) to prevent the transmission of COVID 19, including social distance, hand washing,
proper sanitation, and the wearing of a face mask and face shield. We appreciate your
cooperation.
Direction: Please check the box corresponds to your preference/response on the quality
1. Acceptability of Seedling Tray made of cow manure fiber and waste paper fiber.
Rating Scale:
5 – highly acceptable 4 – acceptable 3 – slightly acceptable
2 – slightly unacceptable 1 – unacceptable
Qualities 5 4 3 2 1
Durability
Environmentally
friendly
Cost-efficient
Water
absorption
General
Acceptability
2. Acceptability of Commercial plastic Seedling Tray
Rating scale:
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5 – highly acceptable 4 – acceptable 3 – slightly acceptable
2 – slightly unacceptable 1 – unacceptable
Qualities 5 4 3 2 1
Durability
Environmentally
friendly
Cost-efficient
Water
Absorption
General
Acceptability
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The purpose of this study was to test the acceptability level of paper and cow manure
fiber as an alternative seedling tray, it seeks to answer the following questions: 1.) To assess
the characteristics of both the commercial plastic seedling tray and the biodegradable
seedling tray in terms of: 1.1 durability; 1.2 odor; 1.3 cost-efficiency; and to test if there is a
significant difference between the acceptability levels of paper and cow manure fiber as an
alternative seedling tray and the acceptability levels of traditional alternative at 0.05 level of
significance.
The respondents of the study were 20 students from Quezon, National, High School.
They were subjectively and randomly selected by the researchers. The study made use of a 4-
item checklist. The Weighted Arithmetic Mean was used to determine the level of
acceptability level of paper and cow manure fiber as an alternative seedling tray.
The following is the summary of the findings:
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Initially, Seedling Tray made of cow manure fiber and waste paper fiber has a mean
of 1 while the Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray has the highest mean making it more
acceptable. In addition, from the test that the researchers have conducted, the durability and
odor of both the commercial plastic seedling tray and one biodegradable seedling tray
composed of cow dung fiber and waste paper pulp have no differences. However, on cost-
analysis there’s a very few difference of the estimated price of each type of seedling
considering all the cost of production. In those cases, where there’s significantly different
results in costing between the two types, it should be noted that all plants were still of good to
excellent marketable value.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
There is a significant difference between the mean scores of the Cow Manure
Seedling Tray and Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray. Furthermore, as suggested by the
overall weighted mean scores of the two groups after the study, the researchers have
statistically concluded that the commercial plastic seedling tray is more acceptable in terms
of cost-efficiency compared to the Cow Manure Seedling Tray.
Recommendations
In accordance with the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are
presented.
Quezon District
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1. Since the effectiveness of Cow Manure and Paper waste Fiber as an alternative for Plastic
Seedling Tray has been proven, it is recommended for farmers or any agriculturist to use Cow
Manure and Paper Waste Seedling Tray when preparing seedlings.
2. The implementation of Cow Manure and Paper waste Fiber as an alternative for Plastic
Seedling Tray should be encouraged by the Department of Agriculture in an effort to uplift
eco-friendliness in the field of agriculture.
3. A replication of this study is also recommended with a bigger sample to ascertain the same
results.
4. In conducting the study, you must wear Personal Protective Equipments specially when
handling the Sodium Hydroxide.
5. We recommend the idea of continuing this research to enhance more the goodness and to
improve more its effectiveness.
References:
Bhagabati, P. (2020, April 17). Biopolymers and biocomposites-mediated sustainable high-
performance materials for automobile applications. Biopolymers and Biocomposites-
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Mediated Sustainable High-Performance Materials for Automobile Applications -

ScienceDirect; www.sciencedirect.com.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128167892000092
Cellulosic Fibres. (n.d.). Heddels. Retrieved May 22, 2022, from

https://www.heddels.com/dictionary/cellulosic-fibres/
Clayton, A. (2016, November 18). The Potential Role of Bioscience Industries in Small
Developing Economies. The Potential Role of Bioscience Industries in Small Developing
Economies - ScienceDirect; www.sciencedirect.com.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021040000366
Cow Manure Composting – All You Need To Know - HomeBiogas. (2022, January 25).
HomeBiogas; www.homebiogas.com. https://www.homebiogas.com/blog/cow-manure-
composting/#:~:text=Cow%20manure%2C%20also%20known%20as%20cow%20dung%2C
%20is,in%20nutrients%20and%20is%20suitable%20for%20plant%20growth.
Composting Cow Manure: Using Cow Manure Fertilizer In The Garden. (2021, June 14).
Gardening Know How. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/composting/manures/cow-
manure-compost.htm
DEFRA. Farming Statistics Provisional Crop Areas, Yields and Livestock Populations. At
June 2016—United Kingdom; F.R.A. Department for Environment: London, UK, 2016.
FAOSTAT. Live Animals—Cattle; FAOSTAT Nations: Rome, Italy, 2018.
Gupta, K. K., Aneja, K. R. & Rana, D. (2016, June 1). Current status of cow dung as a
bioresource for sustainable development - Bioresources and Bioprocessing. SpringerOpen;
bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com.
https://bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40643-016-0105-9
Ibanet.org. 2022. The negative environmental effects of plastic shopping bags. [online]
Available at:
<https://www.ibanet.org/article/76F8D2A9-1A1D-4A2F-8A6F-0A70149FD4D5> [Accessed
15 April 2022].
Paper and Paperboard: Material-Specific Data | US EPA. (2017, September 7). US EPA;
www.epa.gov. https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/
paper-and-paperboard-material-specific-data
Quezon District
Contact No.: 09176285655
QUEZON DISTRICT
Paper Waste: Why Does It Matter? - BaleForce Recycling Equipment. (2021, July 15).
BaleForce Recycling Equipment; baleforce.com. https://baleforce.com/paper-waste-why-
does-it-matter-and-how-to-manage-it/
Praveen, P., Santhosh, S., Raaghul, R. and Pramothkumar, A., 2020. Biodegradable Tomato
Plant Seedling Trays Made From Tapioca Waste. [ebook] p.2. Available at:
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
338739643_Biodegradable_Tomato_Plant_Seedling_Trays_Made_From_Tapioca_Waste>
[Accessed 19 April 2022].
Securing The Future of Philippine Industries. 2022. Paper. [online] Available at:
<https://industry.gov.ph/industry/paper/> [Accessed 16 April 2022].
Sudhanshu S. Behera, Ramesh C. Ray, Bioprospecting of cowdung microflora for sustainable

agricultural, biotechnological and environmental applications, Current Research in Microbial
Sciences, Volume 2, 2021,100018,ISSN 2666-5174,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100018.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666517420300201
Smith, K.A.; Williams, A.G. Production and management of cattle manure in the UK and
implications for land application practice. Soil Manag. 2016, 32, 73–82.
USDA. Cattle Inventory; U.S.D.O. National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS):

Washington, DC, USA, 2019.
What is the environmental impact of deforestation for paper production? (2018, November
28). Paper / on the Rocks; paperontherocks.com.
https://paperontherocks.com/2018/11/28/environmental-impact-of-deforestation/
Zhang, Xinyue & Wang, Chun & Chen, Ying. (2019). Properties of selected biodegradable
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QUEZON DISTRICT

QUEZON NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

“THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PAPER AND COW MANURE

Presented to the Teachers of

Of the Subject Requirement for

Delfin Bangcoleng Jr.

contribute to health problems as well as the global problems including water

known for its non-biodegradable characteristic which means they cannot be

toxic substances which contributes in the global warming. In farming, single-use

use it as an alternative fuel which is alarming as it can harm the environment.

internationally due to a revolution in the industrial sector and population growth.

Numerous piles of garbage in landfills have quickly become a significant problem

in most countries worldwide (Tekler et al., 2019). As a matter of fact, according to

the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (INEC), in 2016, almost 13

in an unsorted manner and 9.7% in a sorted way (National Institute of Statistics

paper may comprise up to 70% of a company’s total waste. An average office

employee would be using about 10,000 sheets of paper in a year. In addition to

cardboard, envelopes, and wrappers, to name a few, (Baleforce, 2021).

Furthermore, according to Securing the Future of Philippine Industries, the total

consumption levels. In fact, this time of pandemic wherein majority of learning

more paper wastes will be produced.

waste, it serves as an eye-opener for individuals to experiment, study, and

commodities such as bag, plate, and cups which is a recommended replacement

researchers to have an idea of helping the community and environment by

evaluating the effectiveness of cow manure and waste paper fibers as an

plastic wastes management, but will also help to promote an eco-friendly

II. Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Ingredient in the a.) Preparation of cow

c.) Water d.) Analysis and

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

Figure 1 shows the conceptual model of the study on the Level of

Effectiveness of Cow manure and Waste Paper fiber as an alternative seedling

process of the study that involves assessment of the effectiveness of cow

manure and paper waste fiber as an alternative seedling tray trough

of input, collection of data based on the experimentation, and analysis and

output show the connection and transformation of the ingredients in the

III. Research Questions

as an alternative seedling tray, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Which type of seedling tray (Biodegradable seedling tray made of cow

acceptable in terms of the following characteristics?

1.4 Water absorption

3. Is there a significant difference between the acceptability levels of paper

traditional alternative at 0.05 level of significance?

Ho: There is no significant difference between the acceptability levels of Cow

levels of Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray at .05 level of significance.

Ha: There is a significant difference between the acceptability levels of Cow

acceptability levels of Commercial Plastic Seedling Tray at .05 level of

IV. Scope and Limitation of the Study

the paper and cow manure fiber.

The respondents of the study are 25 residents of Barangay Abut, Quezon,

research is experimental in nature.

V. Significance of the Study

are deemed beneficial to the following groups and individuals:

cattle as they can utilize their manure into commodities.

producing seedling trays as opposed to manufacturing of a new nutrient resource

seedling trays reduces waste production energy costs.

Government or Department of Science and Technology

VI. Definition of Terms

following terms/variables are hereby defined.

Durability. It refers to the ability of the organic seedling tray to withstand

damages when it drops to a flat land surface at the height of 2 meters.

Eco-friendliness. It refers to the characteristics of organic seedling tray as

Alternative. It refers to the option, choice, or replacement of the existing