f -. .

.
HARVESTING LIGHTNING ENERGY

rtdned tn partial fuUllment of the rcqairements for the degree

of

Bachelor of Technology
rn
Instrumentation Engineering

hy

Ilimakhi Das (Gau-C-L lll48)

Pankaj Roy (Gau-C-|" ll87)
Fulungsar Brahma (Gau-C-l l[L-213)

Under the guidance of

Sri SouravDeka
Asst. Prof, Etectrical Engineering

Oiilrd lffirb dfnnnobry

fffi::tcdchtl

ESTD. ; 20Ot
ilildl qr !il qrn
md n rf,tft{q{

ANTMENT OF' INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

'.

ffiq ffiErr€rrar @
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOTOGY KOKRA.THEN
Ccntrrlly Funded Institute under Ministry of HRD, Govt of India)
EODOLAI\ID TERRITORIAL AREAS DISTRICTS ::
KOKRAJHAR :: ASSAM :: 783370
Website: rvww.cit.ac.in
lvt{Y 2015
 DECLARATION

*rrARvEsrING LTGHTNTNG ENERGY',.

declare that work entitled is an
ic record of our own work camied out at central Institute of rechnology,
, for the award of degree of B. Tech. in Instrumentation Engineering. project
of our original work pursued under the guidanoe of srisouravDeka. The
e,mbodied in this report have not been submitted to any other Institute or
ity for any award. The information provided is correct to the best of our
and belief.

18ft klay, 20ls

(HIMAKHIDAS)
University Roll: Gau-C- llll48
University Registration No: 015160 of
the year 20ll-12

Q"8"1 R6
(PANKAJROY)
University Roll: Gau-C-l llBT
University Registration No: 01 4664 of
the year 2All-12

fryw
(FULUNGSAR BRAHMA)
University Roll: Gau -C- lllL-Zl3
University Registration No: 08 1 830
of the year 2012-13
 Olf,rr.ftrqftAr*
ffil:;Hrt

BlD.: lO0l
*Fa ir w rir
rr* n r*hin

ARTMENT OT' INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE Of TECHNOTOGY,KOKRAJHAR
May 2015

CERTTFICATE

b ccrtify ttrat Himakhi Das, Pankaj Roy md tr'ulungsar Brahma have

completed their project entitled *HARVESTING LIGI{TNING
which is a bonafide work carried out by themselves in partial fulfiknent of
of Technology in Instrumentation Engineering from Central Institute of
, Kolcrajhar.

$rr&
(Jeet Dutta)

HOD
Dept' of lnstrumentation Engineering
 TMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION EI\GIhIEERING
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY' KOKRAJIIAR
May 201"5

CERTIFICATE

that Himakhi Daso Pankaj Roy, and Futungsar Brahma have

their project entitled *HARVESTING LIGHTNING
is a bonafide work caried out by theinselves in partial fulfilment of
.Tochnology in Instumentation Engineering from Central Institute of

fr#rheihr.. The work was carried out under my supervision during the

Jan-June,2015.

A-/
t\.tN /
ffiY
(Sour/t-De-ka)
Assistant Professor

Dept. of Electrical Engineering

 W
EPARTMENT OF INSTRT]MENTATION ENGINEERING
L INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYOKOKRAJHAR
NIay 2015

CERTTFICATE BY THE BOARD OT EXAMIhIERS

,o certiry ftat the project work eirtitled *IIARVESTING LIGHTNING

submitted by Himakhi Des, Pankaj Roy, and B'ulungsar Brahma to the
oflnstrumentation Engineering of Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar
o€mined and evaluated.

wort has been prepared as pef the regulations of Central Institute of

md qualifies to be acce,pted in partial fulfilment of the require,rnent for the
B. Tech.

Proicct Co-ordinator
H,
Board of Examiners
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I
L.

i.. I
b want to express our deep sense of gratitude to our gurde Sri SowavDeka for
patience, encouragement and constant support. His guidance has helped us

ut the project work and in writing our project report at CIT, Kokrajhar.
bucked our enthusiasm even further and encouraged us to boldly step into
was a totally dark and unexplored area before us. I would like to thank the
lre staffmember for motivation guidance and support.

our guide, we would also like to convey our $atitude to Mr.

uffadhar, Ivlr.DipenDeka, Mr.Jeet Dutta and Mr.Rajesh Konda Reddy
encouragement and insightful guidance, support and motivation

also like to thank all the staff of the Deparfrnent of Instrumentation

C.I.T. Kokrajhar for their help in various ways for the completion of

indebted to a number of friends and well-wishers who have extended their

ion and help in the preparation of this project. Last but never the least; it
plete without saying that we are deeply indebted to our parents for
and their patience.

l8l0sl20l5
r'etr#
l- ./
Ffimakhi Das
Roll: Gau-C-lll148

A"Q,l R,6
Pankaj Roy \r
Roll: Gau-C-lll87

fryfuwtvn>
Fulungsar Brahma
Roll: Gau-C-ll[-213

vl
 ABSTRACT

With the increase of World population, proportionally energy requirement is also

increasing. But the deposits of fuels which are used in conventional power generating
stations are going to become empty. A question arises before the government and power
producers of different countries around the world, how lonEhe energy companies will
be able to provide required power to the large mass of consumers by conventional
power generating technologies? Obviously a new reliable source of energy is to be
found out, which can provide sufficient amount of energy to meet the customers
demand. As a result of research, some renewable energy sources have been developed
today. Although their production is not sufficient and yet conventional energy sources
can't be completely replaced by them but their development has brought a new hope to
the concemed groups. The purpose of this project is to collect the energy generated in
lightning and in later stage which will be used in domestic purpose. If the lightning
energy is harnessed successfully, the exploitation of many other non-renewable energy
sources will decline, which will lead our world towards the sustainable development. In
this project work an effort was made to generate an artificial electric discharge using a
mini Tesla coil and the energy from the discharge was stored in a suitable storage
device. Our study is at very initial level and in the first stage we had tried to build a mini
Tesla coil which can produce a low power discharge and finally this energy was tried to
collect using a capacitor.

v1l
 CONTENTS

TMIACTES
WLEDGMENT

OFCONTENT
IOF FIGI.]RES

OFTABLES

Energy...
ing Liehtening ... ...2

ve of the projwt... .... ....4

ofthe report... .........4

revlew

of Literature ... ... ... ... .5

ial Electrical Discharge

icdischarge .......10

vlll
tlTheoryofateslacoil ... ......i.. .......12
Primarycoil...
3.4,1 ......12
3.4.2 Primary Capacitor.. ............13
i 3.4.3 Secondary Coil... ,...........13
3.4.4 Spark Gap... .........13
3.4.5Toroid .........13
Physics of Tosla coil... ..........14
,Tesla coil for this project ..... .. 16

itaTapper circuit and operation...... ............17

usedinourprojgct....,,..,....,.,.r........r......r.r..r.,.,...........18

r4
and Discussion

ReSUIIS....t...r............ o.r... eo.......... ... .......e. .....rt....r ...22

4.2.1 tutificial lightning generation ......22

"
4.2.2 Nature of voltage at the discharge terminal... ... ..... ...23

i 4.2.3 Charging of a capacitor... ... ... ... ...24

ion and Future work

lx
LIST OF FIGTIRES page

Fig 1.1 World energy consumption rate 3

ig 3.1 Tesla coil circuit diagram 11

fig 3 .2 Image of Tesla coil 15

3.3 Mosqurto zapper circuit l7

3.4lmage of primary coil l8

3.5 Image of Spark gap l9

3.6lmage of secondary coil 20

3.7 Image of toroid 20

3.9 overall circuit diagram 2I

4. 1 Image of a lightning arc 23

4.2Image of conduction between the spark gap 23

4.3 Behaviour of a voltage with respect to time while

discharge 24

4.4 Charging and a discharging pattern of a capacitor 25

T OF TABLE
1. I Specification of a capacitor used 2s
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

ODUCTION
ical discharge between the clouds and the earth surface is called the lightning
'Aprproximately 25% of lightning is between cloud and ground. And other 75Yo of
is between the different clouds. Although lightning is always accompanied by the
thunder, distant lighfiring may be seen but may be too far away for the thunder to be

Earth, the lightning frequency is approximately 40-50 times a second or nearly 1.4

uhes per year and the average duration is 30 microseconds. The static charge in air

i'trneaks down in this way at around 10,000 volt per centimetre (10 kV/cm) depending

air from the surface of the earth rises to the sky and forms a cloud. As the amount
rises above, the temperature of it decreases and takes the form of an ice. When
to rise, the cloud gets bigger and bigger. In the tops of the clouds, temperature is

ing and the water vapour turns into ice. Now, the cloud becomes a thundercloud.

small bits of ice bump into each other as they move around. All these collisions cause

of elechical charge. Eventually, the whole cloud fills up with electrical charges.
ipositively charged particles form at the top of the cloud. Heavier, negatively charged
sink to the bottom of the cloud. When the positive and negative charges grow large
il giant spark - lightning - occurs between the two charges within the cloud. Most

Itrrppens inside a cloud, but sometimes it happens between the cloud and the ground
p of positive charge builds up on the ground beneath the cloud, attracted to the
charge in the boffom of the cloud.

s positive charge concentrates around anything that sticks up - trees, lightning

even people! The positive charge from the ground connects with the negative
the clouds and a spark of lightning strikes.

RONADISCHARGE
ing is cause due to the extreme charge that is stored in a cloud due to the collisions

the'water molecules in it. When the polarity is very high, it tries to escape or tends to
 ze itself. So, due to its tendency to neutralize the lightening occurs in the clouds itself,

een the clouds or between the clouds and the ground. As we know that the insulation
is very high, but because of the high polarity between the clouds makes the air between
and the ground conductive. And so the lightening occurs, and so the phenomenon

led the Corona discharge.

a

violet radiation
(hissing, or cracking as caused by explosive gas expansions)

and various other acids

sometimes seen as white powder deposits

chemicals, depending on the insulator material

ical erosion of surfaces by ion bombardment

(although generally very little, and primarily in the insulator)

deposits, thereby creatin g a path for severe arcing.

is a phenomenon that has the capability for degrading insulators, and causing systems
ifail. Corona, also known as partial discharge, is a type of localized emission resulting from
ient gaseous ionization in an insulation system when the voltage stress, i.e., voltage
enf exceeds a critical value. corona can occur in applications as low as 300v.
Il]

HARVESTING LIGHTNING ENERGY

energy consumption is increasing day by day. And it has been a great challenge for
ing the demand for energy. As in a day to day media we came to see the statistics of the
ption and also the declining of the non-renewable energy sources. There are many
for the declination of energy sources, such as population growth, advanced
logy, willing for a luxurious life etc. Energy consumption in the G20 increased by
than 5Yo in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009. In 2009, world energy consumption
for the first time in 30 years, by -l.lo/o----equivalent to
megatons (130,000,000 of
long tons; 140,000,000 short tons) of oil-as a result of the
ial and economic crisis, which reduced world GDP by 0 .6% iin
n 2009. t 1 I l

I
 World energy consumpti<ln
rr- 2A^
,Gl
'o:)
\
clil
Coal
10 Natural Gas
Hydro
Nuclear
Other
Renewable

1970 1980 1990 2000 2o1Q

Year
Figure 1.1 World energy consumption rate

by going through all the energy consumption consequences, one another source of
le energy i.e. the lightning has come into context.

.any given momen! there are about 1,200 thunderstorms occurring all over the Earth, and
estimated that each second, there are about 100 lightning flashes somewhere over our

A typical lightning bolt contains about lSmillion volts of electricity and instantly
up the air around it to over 60,000 degrees, with some reaching more than100, 000

[ees. That's why the total energy ofa strong thunderstorm can exceed the energy released

g an atomic explosion."flzl

researchers around the globe are going through this experiment, and to some extent it
been succeeded. If this energy source can be harvested, many challenges may overcome

ing the energy consumption. If we are able to store this charge of lightning which is
15 million volts, the whole world will able to use the energy for many years, which will

in the current degradation of the non-renewable energy source. Since the late 1980s,
i have been several attempts to investigate the possibility of harvesting energy from

ing. While a single bolt of lightning carries a relatively large amount of energy
ximately 5 billion joules or about the energy stored in 145 litres of petrol), this energy
:l
hncentrated m a small location and is passed during an extremely short period of time
liliseconds); therefore, extremely high electrical power is involved. It has been proposed
the energy contained in lightning be used to generate hydrogen from water, orto harness
 the enerry from rapid heating of water due to lightning, or to use inductors spaced far enough

away so that a safe fraction of the energy might be captured

1.4 ORIECTIVE OF'THE PROJECT

The increasing demand of power consumption among the large masses of people compel the

€nergy consultants to look for a new reliable source of potential which can save the non-
renewable source of energy present in this world. Optimum utilization of energy all over the

world is a distant future yet to be accomplished. Although there are plenty of hypothetical
successful theories that works quite well on paper but path of transforming them into reality
and implementing them in domestic life is yet challenging. The objective of this project is to
tap the potential from a lightning discharge which can be used for domestic purposes to meet

ttre demand of public for day to day use. This project gives a hypothetical and a practical
view to the upcoming revolutionary transition in production, transmission, distribution and
utilisation of electrical energy. As per the difficulties (absence of high voltage labs and
components) of using the original lightning which is of millions of kilovolts, in this project
work we tried to build an artificial lighfiring discharge and then tying it to capture the charge
produced so that it can be used for household purposes. The ultimate goal of this project is to
challenge the demand for enerry that is rapidly increasing day by day.

I.5 OVERVIEW OF THE REPORT

This project report on harvesting lighfrring energy is presented as follows:

CHAPTER L consists of introduction with a brief description about the world energy
consumption, harvesting of lightring energy, objective of the project work and thesis
organization.

To understand about the lightning discharge and how to build a lab scale arrangement for the

experimen! several literatures were studied. Therefore in CHAPTER 2 a review of

,literatures has been given.

CHAPTER 3 describes about the artificial electrical discharge and the tesla coil used in
ithis project work.

And experimental results are described in CHAPTER 4.

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Since the late 1980s, there have been several attempts to investigate the possibillty of
harvesting lightning energy. Sinoe a single bolt of lightning caries a relatively large amount
of energy, the difficulties arose while harvesting it. There have been significant research
work in lightning harvesting and we have found many papers and journals giving insight
value to access the usability domain of lightning energy. tn this chapter some selected
literatures about the use lightning energy is discussed

2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In a research paper named "Design and Development of A Small Scale System for

Harvesting the Lighfiring Stroke Using the Impulse Voltage Generator at HV Lab" published
by M. F. M. Basar discussed about the method for harvesting the new source of renewable
energy from lightning stroke in a small scale system. The main problem in harvesting the
lightning energy is to capture and store the energy within a very short time. In their research
work they developed a single stroke impulse voltage generator which can be compared with a

mock lightning source. In the later stage this impulse voltage was used to charge a capacitor

16l.

In the summ er of 2007 , an alternative energy company called Alternate Energy Holdings, Inc.

(AEHD tested a method for capturing the energy in lightning bolts. The design for the system
had been purchased from an lllinois inventor named Steve LeRoy, who had reportedly been
able to power a 60-watt light bulb for 20 minutes using the energy captured from a small

flash of artificial lightning. The method involved a tower, a means of shunting off a large
portion of the incoming energy, and a capacitor to store the rest. According to Martin A.
Uman, co-director of the Lightning Research Laboratory at the University of Florida and a

leading authority on lightning, a single lightning strike, while fast and bright, contains very

little energy, and dozens of lightning towers like those used in the system tested by AEHI
would be needed to operate five 100-watt light bulbs for the course of a year.
S. Malavika and S. Vishal Student of Thiagarajar College of Engineering published a paper
on how to harness electrical energy from lightning. They used the lightning rod as a source of
energy. As explained earlier lightning rod serves as a path of least resistance for the lightning
to the ground. This energy is tapped and given to isolator circuits. Again this HVAC is
stepped down into smaller voltages using hundreds of step down transfo(ners. This again is
manipulated to the sufficient extent and fed to thousands of turbines. Now a turbine generates

upto ten to fifteen times the supply voltage. Thus thousands of turbines can generate a power
which is almost equal to the initial power of the lightning. Thus the power of a lightning can
be effectively hamessed and utilized for powering up even the entire city.

Y. Tan et.al. of Tsinghuu University published a paper "A three-phase 100 kV, 200 kVA
repetitive charging system". This system were designed and constructed and consists of four
main parts: L-C converter with constant current, high voltage rectification unit (included high
voltage transformer and three-phase bridge rectifier), PLC and IGBT. The charging technique

of the L-C converter with constant current was adopted. Its work fundament is based on the
resonance phenomenon in the circuit to be composed of inductance and capacitance. The
charging current is only proportional to the input voltage of charging unit and has no concern
with load, so that there is no limiting current resistance or inductance in the charging circuit.
A PLC was used as the central part in the control unit. When the voltage of charging
capacitor reaches the preset value, a control signal is transmitted to IGBT. Then IGBT closed,

the charge stops. In reverse, the capacitor is charged. This charging system has been used not

only in the rep-rate microsecond pulse accelerator, but also in the short life test of the rep-rate
switch at l00kv. [l5]

Heqing Zhong et.al. in their research work titled "Current Characteristic of High Voltage
Capacitor Charging Power Supply Using a Series Resonant Topology" described about a
pulse power supply application required short and intense bursts of energy that may be
derived by rapidly discharging an energy storage capacitor. Series resonant topology is used

in capacitor charging power supply because of its approximate cOnstant current characteristic
from zero volts to maximum voltage. The system includes 120 separate power supply units.
In this pulse power system, the voltage error of all capacitors must be less than lYo when the
discharging switches arc triggered. So we must control each power supply with the same
charging current. The accurate current characteristic of each charging power supply is very
important in this system. In this paper presents the current characteristic of ideal series
resonant capacitor charging power supply. The charging current of ideal power supply with
open-loop control is approximate constant. To obtain the accurate parasitic parameters is very
difficult and unpractical. But we can use the concept of equivalent contributed capacitor in
place of complex parasitic capacitors of the transformer and diodes in the practical system
which can be easily obtained. Operation, analysis, design of a 2lkW pulse power supply
system is presented in this paper [2].

M.B. Farriz, J.M. Herman, A. Jidin and A.M Zulkumain student of Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Ayer Keroh, Malacca World Heritage City, Malaysia and
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor, Malaysia published a paper on "A
New Source of Renewable Energy from Lightning Stroke: A Small Scale System". In this
paper they have come through two challenges which were solved literally. First was the way

to tap the lightning energy, then the ability to attain the lightring impulse voltage in a short
period of time, and finally the method to retain the energy in the storage devices. It is known
that, to obtain the real lightning energy is very difficult as well as very dangerous. According
to the previous studies, tesla coil is a high voltage coil that produces ionic emissions in the
form of elecffical discharges in many times. Due to that, this project employs the lightning
impulse voltage generator to produce a mock lightning in order to build up a small scale

system that can harvest the lightning energy. For the storage ofthe energy the capacitor used
is Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitors (KNU19l0). [8]

M.B. Farriz, A. Din, A.A Rahman, M.S. Yahaya, J.M. Herman student of Electrical
Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Malaysia published a paper on
A Simple Design of a "Mini Tesla Coil With DC Voltage [npuf'. According to this paper,
they have made a miniature tesla coil which is the perfect replica of the large a bulky tesla
coil. This miniature coil has a dc input voltage whereas the typical tesla works in an AC
input. The miniature Tesla coil that has been proposed in this paper is recommended to be use
for advance studies particularly on wireless energy evolution. This project developed a Tesla
Coil that is small and light compared to the typical Tesla Coil. Besides that, this project tries
to generate high frequency current with medium voltage, approximately 2,500V at the

secondary side using a supply 24V direct current, DC as an irtput to the primary circuit. This
project requires a computer simulation works a preliminary effort in order to verify the
operational system design and to identify the circuit's component for the hardware
development. In addition, the contribution of high voltage capacitor, primary and secondary

coil, spark gap and low dc voltage input also is required to generate a high oscillating voltage

at the output of secondary circuit. [9] This project, Pspice software is used for the Simulation
 work. The computer simulation works was carried out in order to investigate the operation of
the proposed circuit. In addition, the simulation result is required to verif the capability of
the proposed circuit before proceeding to the components procurement and hardware
developments.

Robert Morgan, Joel Ennis, Randy Hartsock from General Atomics Electronic Systems has
published a book named "Remotely Controlled High Voltage Capabitor Charging". This
paper describes the design and operation of a remotely controlled high voltage capacitor
charging system, its advantages over existing designs, and how its use can improve and
facilitate R&D efforts for pulsed power systems. The goal of the CCS Commander project is
to make those features available to all GA-ESI CCS power supply users, permitting
customers to save time and money on development costs, enhance usability, safety and add

several useful features. LabVIEW is a programming and control application in this project.
The CCS Commander I/O is made compatible with all existing CCS Power Supplies that
have a remote connector. The hardware of this project consists of a Interlock Monitor, High
Voltage ON/OFF, Voltage Monitor, Peak Voltage Monitor, Current Monitor, End of Charge.
Inherent safety is made when the charge for the capacitor exceeds its limit. [10] This paper
gives the knowledge of a remote control capability of many power supplies and a graphical
user interface, also the CCS Commander enables new capabilities in capacitor charging
power supplies, allowing them to be precisely and simultaneously controlled, provide more
system information and enhances safety in ways not possible with a manually operated
system.

A project engineer of ARDEC, named Han L Moore published a book 'oTesla coil research".
This book has been published after a special research on tesla coil in 1992. This is an
investigation report of a high voltage, high average power, compact resonance transformer
device. It addresses the issue of apparatus scalability, and it documents the critical analysis
and experimental verification of a new mode of operation for high power Tesla technology.
In this regime of operation, electrical energy is trapped in a slow wave helical resonator,
Voltage rnagnification occul's during the helix's transition, from lumped element to
distributed resonator, by means of the transient build-up of standing waves. The resulting
voltage interference pattern has a minimum at the low impedance base and a maximum one
quafter wavelength away. at the top of the helix, which is a high irnpedance point.
[3]
 Markus Henriksson, Jean-Francois Daigle, Francis Th6berge, Marc Chdteauneuf, and Jacques
Dubois published a paper named "Laser guiding of Tesla coil high voltage discharges". This
paper investigated the guiding and triggering
of discharges from a Tesla coil type 2g0 kHz
AC high voltage source using filaments created by a femtosecond Terawatt laser pulse.
Without the laser the discharges were maximum 30 cm long. With the laser straight, guided
discharges up to ll0 cm length were detected. The discharge length was limited by the
voltage amplitude of the Tesla coil. This working on the tesla coil highlighted the efficient
output of a tesla coil by using the other point of view. The terawaff power that came out from

the set up tesla oil without a laser gives a undefined, unguided, random and a small arc but
as
the beam was focused by a 5 m focal length lens (laser beam diameter of 2.5 cm FWHM)
to
control the position of the filaments, 80 cm long guided discharge from the toroid is being
observed. [5]

M. F. Basar, M. Y. Lada and N. Hasim of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM),

Malaysia worked on lightning enerry harvesting with the help of an L,ab scale system. In this
paper they used single impulse voltage 1.2/501ts as a mock lightning. For storage,
KNUIgl0
Metallized Pollpropylene Film Capacitors and CBB20 Axial-type Metallized polypropylene
Film Capacitor were used and the high speed switching circui! which protects the component
of the circuit because of its high voltage. [7] The purpose of the simulation is to obtain the
testing circuit configuration that needs to be used in the experimental work. Moreover, the
results of the computer simulation will veriff the effort to harvest the lightning impulse
voltage.

2.3 CONCLUSION

In the above context we have gone through many research works and out of many different
available options we have chosen to opt for a technique best suited for our resource
availability. They are discussed in details in the upcoming chapers as follows.
 CHAPTER3

ARTIFICIAL ELECTRICAT DISCHARGE

3.1 INTRODUCTION
As we all know about the uncertainty of occurrence of the lightning and also the excessive
power of a natural lightning may be fatat to the experimenters. So to overcome this
drawback, artificial lightning is being produced. The high voltage laboratory and safety
equipment are the most necessary requirement to perform high voltage tests. Lightning is just

an electrical discharge, so it can be produced artificially. In this project work we used a mini
tesla coil to produce an impulse voltage which can be considered as a mock lightning.

3.2 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE

Electric charge is the physical property of matter. There are two types of electric charges:
positive and negative. Positively charged substances are repelled from other positively
charged substances, but attracted to negatively charged substances; negatively charged
substances are repelled from negative and attracted to positive. An object is negatively
charged if it has an excess of electrons, and is otherwise positively charged or uncharged.
An electrical discharge results from the creation of a conducting path between two points of
different electrical potential in the medium in which the points are immersed. If the supply of
electrical charge is continuous, the discharge is permanent, but otherwise it is temporary, and
seryes to equalize the potentials. Usually, the medium is a gas, often the aftnosphere, and the

potential difference is a large one, from a few hundred volts to millions of volts. If the two
points are separated by a vacuum, there can be no discharge. The transfer of matter between
the two points is necessary, since only matter can carry electric charge. This matter is usually

electrons, each carrying a charge of 4.803 x 10-10 esu. Electrons are very light, 9.109 x 10-28

g, and so can be moved with little effort. However, ions can also carry charge, although they
are more than 1836 times heavier, and sometimes are important carriers. Where both
electrons and ions are available, however, the electrons carry the majority of the current. Ions
can be positively or negatively charged, usually positively, and carry small multiples of the
electronic charge.

10
Elecfical dischargeshave been studied since the middle of the l9th century, whenvacuum
pumps and sources of current electricity became available. These laboratory discharges in
partially-evacuated tubes are very familiar, but there are also electrical discharges in nature,
lightning being the primary example. There are also the aurora borealis and Australi4 St.
Elmo's Fire, sparks from walking on a rug in dry weather and rubbing cats, crackling sounds
when clothes fresh from the dryer are separated, and similar phenomena, many resulting from

the high potentials of static electricity. Technology offers a wealth of examples, such as arc

welding, the corona discharge on high-tension lines, fluorescent lamps, including their
automatic stafiers, neon advertising signs, neon and argon glow lamps, mercury and sodium
lamps, mercury-arc lamps for illumination and UV, carbon arc lights, vacuum tubes,
including gas-filled rectifiers. A corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought on by the
ionization of a fluid surrounding a conductor that is electrically energized. The discharge will
occur when the strength (potential gradient) of the electric field around the conductor is high

enough to form a conductive region. If air is insulating matter, and the polarity across air is

very high, the electric discharge occurs making air as a conducting medium. This occurs only
in case of a high polarity. And this forrns an electrical arc, which is similar to the lightning
arc but is of less power. The electric discharge in the form of the can be seen with the naked
eye, when the polarity becomes excessively high.

TESLA COIL

circuit diagram

A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transfonner circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around
1891. lt is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency altemating-current

11
 electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting
of two,
or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits.

Tesla used these coils to

conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting,
phosphorescence, X-ray generation, high frequency alternating current
phenomena,
electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires.

A tesla coil of a primary tank circuit, a series LC (inductance-capacitance) circuit

consists
composedofahigh-voltagecapacitor,sparkgap and primary coil, and the secondary
LC
circuit, a series-resonant circuit consisting of the secondary coil plus a terminal capacitance
or "top load". The secondary LC circuit is composed of an air-core transformer. The primary
LC circuit is tuned so it resonates at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit.
The
primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned
resonant air-core
transformer.

In our Tesla coils we used simple toroid made of aluminium foil to control
the high electrical
field near the top of the second ary and to direct sparks outward and away from the primary
and second ary windings.

3.4 THEORY OF TESLA COIL

This Tesla coil configuration consists of a secondary coil in close inductive relation
with a
primary' and one end of which is connected to a ground-plate (the earth).
The primary coil
may be excited by any desired source of AC current. The important requirement
is that the
primary and secondary sides must be tuned to the same resonant frequency
to allow efficient
transfer of energy between the primary and secondary resonant circuits.

The secondary coil is wound on a drum of insulating material, with its turns
close tosether.

3.4.1 Primary coil

The primary coil is used with the primary capacitor to creatp the primary LC
tank circuit. The
prim ary coil also couples to the second ary coil to transfer power from
the primary to
second ary circuit.

The wire should be copper wire, which we can obtain from an electrical
supply store or by
cannibalizing the outlet cord from a discarded appliance. The object we wrap the
wire around
 csn be either cylindrical, such as a cardboard or plastic
tube, or conical, such as an old
lampshade.

The length of the cord determines the induchnce

of the primary coil. The primary coil should
have a low inductance, so we used comparativery few
turns in making it. [4]

3.4.3 Primaly capecitor

The primary capacitor is used with the primary coil

to create the primary LC circuit. Different
primary spark gaps will require different sized primary
capacitors.

g.4.4Secondary coil

Tlre secondary coil is used with the top load to create

the secondary tc iircuit.
The secondary coil should generally have 800 to 1200'turns. some
secondary coils can have
almost 2000 turns. copper wire is used to wind the
coil. There's always a little space between
turns, so the equation assumes the coil turns arc g7%perfect.

The capacitance of the second ary coil will be used

to calculatd the secondary LC circuit
resonatefrequencycoildimensionaregivenininches.

3.4.5 Spark gap

The sparlc gap is used as a switch to momentarily

connect the primary capacitor to the
primary coil' when the gap is shorted the cap is
allowed to discharge into the coil. Many
spark gap design can be used. Spark gaps come in
trvo basic designs: static and rotary.

3.4.6 Toroid

The toroid is used with the secondary coil to create

the secondarjr LC circuit. The toroid acts
as a capacitor in the secondary circuit.

The shape of the toroid will help determine where the

arc will break out where the field
strength is greatest.

The size of toroid and the amount of power applied

will dictate the size and number of arc
frat coil wilt produce. If the toroid is small relatively as compared to input supply, fien it will
ploduce shorter arcs. As the size of toroid is increased
then arc length will increase.

13
 3.5 PIIYSICS OF TESLA COIL
The physios behind tesla coil is simple. we must just keep in mind that electric cunpnt is
the
flow of electrons, while the difference in electric potentials (voltage)
between two points is
exist.

The power of the Tesla coil lies in a process called electromagnetic induction, i.e., a changing
magnetic field creates an electric potential that compels
current to flow. Conversely, flowing
elecfic current generates a magnetib field. when electricity flows
through a wound up coil of
wire, it generates a magnetic field that fills the area around
the coil in a particular pattern,
shown with lines below:

Similarly, if a magnetic field flows through the center of a coiled

wire, a voltage is generated
in the wire, which causes an electrical current to flow.

A changing magnetic field within a coil of 50 turns will generate

ten times the voltage of a
coil ofjust five turns. (However, less current can actually flow
through the higher potential,
to conserve energy.)

This is exactly how a common alternating current (AC) elechical

transf,ormer, found in every
home' works. The constantly fluctuating electric current
flowing in from the power grid is
wound through a series of turns around an iron ring to generate
a magnetic field. Iron is
magnetically permeable, so the magnetic field is almost
entirely contained in the iron. The
ring guides the magnetic field (in green below) around
and through the center of the opposite
coil ofwire.

The ratio of coils on one side to the other determines

the change in voltage. To go from 120
v household wall voltage to, say, 20 v for use in a laptop
ooJ.. adapter, the output side of
the coil will have 6 times fewer turns to cut the voltage
to one sixth its original level.

Tesla coils do the same thing, but with a much more

dramatic change in voltage. First, they
employ a pre-made high voltage iron core transformer to go
from 120 v wall current to
roughly 10,000 V. The wire with 10,000 volts is wrapped
into one very large (primary) coil
with only a handful of turns. The secondary coil contains
thousands of turns ofthin wire. This
steps up the voltage to between 100,000 and one million
volts. This potential is so strong that
the iron core of a normal transformer cannot contain it.
Instead, there is only air between the
coils, which can be seen in a Tesla coil below:

T4
 Figure 3.2 Image of Tesla coil

The large (primary) coil with few turns is on the bottom. The secondary coil with thousands

of turns is wound on a cylindrical core standing up vertically, separated from the lower coil
by air.

The Tesla coil requires one lnore thing- a capacitor to store charge and fire it all in one huge
spark. The circuit of the coil contains a capacitor and a small hole called a spark gap. When
the coil is turned on, electicity flows through the circuit and fills the capacitor with electrons,
like a battery. This charge creates its own electric potential in the circuit, which tries to bridge
across the spark gap. This can only happen when a very large amount of charge has built up
in the capacitor.

Eventually so much charge has accumulated that it breaks down the electrical neutrality of
in the middle of the spark gap. The circuit closes for a fleeting second and a huge
the air
amount of current blasts out of the capacitor and through the coils. This produoes a very

strong magnetic field in the primary coil.

The secondary wire coil uses electromagnetic induction to convert this magnetic field to an

electric potential so high that it can easily break apart the air molecules at its ends and push
their electrons in wild arcs, producing enormous purple sparks. The dome on the top of the
device acts to make the secondary coil of wires receive energy more fully from the first coil.
Wth some careful mathernatical calculations, the amount of electrical energy transferred can

be maximized.

15
 Flying blue streamers of electrons flow off the coil
and through the hot air searching for a
conductive landing place. They heat the air and
break it into a plasma of glowing ion
filaments before dissipating into the air or surging
into a nearby conductor [14].

3.6 TESLA COIL FOR THIS PROJECT

For our project work we have constructed a mini

tesla coil using Mosquito zappercircuit. The
circuit gives the output of 600 volt, The output of
the circuit is connected with the primary
winding along with the spark gap between one of
the capacitor terminals and one end of the
primary winding. The secondary winding is wound
by primary winding with air gap
maintained in each turn' The primary and secondary
winding acts as an air-cored transformer,
where the transfer of energy from primary to
secondary is due to electromagnetic induction.
The secondary transformer has its one of the
terminal grounded
and other end connected with
toroid of low capacitance, made of aluminum foil,
The toroid produces an arc when anv
conductor is brought near the toroid.

16
3.7 MOSQUITO T,AYPER CIRCUIT

Figure 3.3 Mosquito zapper circuit

The circuit is made up of three stages i.e. the

power supply stage, the oscillator and the

voltage booster stage.

powsr supply circuit' The rectified

The power supply stage is a simple transformer less
voltage frorn the power supply circuit is used to
trickle charge an inbuilt rechargeable battery

as long as the indoor electric mosquito za;ppfj'

is not in use' When the battery gets fully
required function' The switched oN voltage
charged, it just needs to be switched oN for the
from the battery is applied to the next oscillator stage comprising a transistor T1/
accompanied transformer steps-up the
fiansfonnerTrl coupled oscillator configuration. The
and functions like a smaller version of an
oscillating frequency at its secondary winding
transformer is further boosted up through a
inverter. The stepped-up AC at the output of the
The boosted voltage ranging several
diode/capacitor (D3, D4, C5, C6) ladder network'
thousand volts gets stored inside an output
AC capacitor C? across the ouFut HOT ends
becomes ready to "shoot'" The moment a
which are finally terminated to the bat meshes and
rneshes, the stored high voltage in the
mosquito or any bug comes in contact with the
of the entangled bug creating a big spark and
capacitor discharges violently throug! the body
electrocuting it instantly tl3l'

T7

|
3.8 COMPONENTS USND IN OUR PROJECT
In our project the following main components were used to make a mini tesla coil:

Mosquito zapper circuit

Primary coil

Spark gap

Primary capacitance
Secondary winding

Toroid

3.8.1 Mosquito zapper circuit

We lrave supplied 9 volt dc to the Mosquito z.apper circuit which produces output voltage of
400 v ac.

3.8.2 Primary coil

Next we have connected the output terminals of the zapper circuit to the low inductance
primary coil. The primary coil is a copper wire which has 5 turns wounded around the
secondary winding.

Figure 3,4 Image of prim ary coil

18
 3.8.3 Spark gap

Here we have taken fwo metal pieces (nuts) as a spark gap between one terminal of primary

capacitor and one end of primary winding. The spark gap is used as a switch to rnomentarily

connect the primary capacitor to the primary coil. When the gap is shorted the capacitor is
allowed to discharge into the coil. Spark dissipated in the spark gap is energy which is lost
from the primary tank circuit.

Figure 3.5 Image of spark gap

3.8.4 Primary capacitor

Primary capacitance we have taken is a high voltage capacitor of 400v and 2 microfarad. It is
connected parallel with the primary coil to create the primary LC circuit. When the capacitor
is fully charged, it discharges high current to the primary winding through spark gap. So a
parallel resonant circuit occurs and the capacitor discharges its energy into the primary
winding in the form of a damped high frequency oscillation.

3.8.5 Secondary capacitor

In the Secondary winding we have taken coated magnet wire which is wounded about 500
turns around a PVC pipe of 4 cm diameter. The high oscillating current in primary winding is

induced in the secondary winding. The self-capacitance of the secondary winding and the

1.9
capacitance formed between the Toroid and ground result in another parallel resonant circuit.
The resonant frequency of primary circuit and secondary circuit must be same so that the
secondary is excited by the oscillating magnetic field of the primary.

Figure 3.6Image of secondary coil

3.8.6 Toroid

When the secondary voltage becomes high enough, the Toroid is unable to preve,nt breakout, and
sparks are fonned as the surrounding air breaks down.

Figure 3.7 Image of toroid

 "ff-hfil
t t
t t r..1. a........
'r..... 'rtt""rar!..lara.rfr..tar.aarra

:.::::::'b.J:::|l[-'::::.::::l:::::::;:'::|::::::'|H:::::::::::::;:i|:::::::::::::i::::

Figure 3.9 overall oircuit diag?m

The above figure of the overall circuit diagram is the proceedings how the oapacitor is
chrged. Eventually if the charge stored in the cryacitor is delivered to the bdery, my
elec'trical syste,m cm be able to utilize the power. The capacitm is charged in this project by
artificial lightning arc and ften the LED glows for miqoseconds. This is because of the high
dischuge rdc of the capacitor urhioh can be ov€rcome by charging a banery using the
charged capacito'r.

2L
 CHAPTER 4

RESUTTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In our proiect wotft we used a mini Tesla

coil to g€neratc a low power elechic discharge,
It
was built successtullv in the lab and
it can p*a".I*;";;#;ffi;;uar to 3
cm. The behaviour of the charge emitrcd
#sffi;*o!;ffi;
frrom dhe toroid
explained in the context berow: Trt"
,** a;r*";;al
fnom the was
captured in a capacitor using an anester. "h"rg,
In this i**" *. ar"o.*a;";;; rcsurrs
ofthis project.

4.2 E'<PERIMENTAL RESULTS

From the continuous operation of the

circuit with parameters found most suitable
for our
project objective, we have coflected
a series of obsr:rvations which *"
o;rr;;;;;;. ;
the following sections. t

4.2.r Artificial tightning generation

The mini tesla coil developed in our project

which gives an electric arc of maximum
3cm.
The mini tesla coil was working successfully.
The main input to the circuit is about
;;;;;
appolmate output volt of the anr is about
1100 volt. The image of the
T--:,i"
arc and the conduction between the
lighhing
spark gap is shovm berow. The spark gap
createconductionwhenavortagebetweenito.oa,300;- er
of
v- -x
r,n,n ,*

22
 r

Figure 4.1 Image of a lightning arc

Figure 4.zImage of conduc'tion between the spark gap

4.2.2 Nature of the voltage at discharge terminal

After the thorough study of the charge emitting from

the toroid we have observed that it is a
high impulse voltage which increases abrupfly while
the artifrcial lightning arc occurs and
then diminishes in few microsecond. An impulse voltage
is a unidirectional voltage that
rapidly rises to a peak value and then drops to zero more
or less rapidly, also known as pulse
voltage.

23
 A hypothetical view of lightning arcs replicating the
series of impulse voltages is shown in
the fig 3'3' The nature of the arc is neither
AC nor DC, it is a kind of fluctuating impulse
voltage which increases rapidly and tends to
zero after the lightning diminishes. Furth".,,,o,.
,
we couldn't use oscilloscope for such high
voltage waveform generated by the miniature
'coil tesla
to observe the impulse voltage waveform because
all the oscilloscopes available in our
laboratory were of low voltage range. This
prevented us from utilising the knowledge
of
waveform type and other related parameters.
Thus we have decided to continue our progress
with present available information excluding that
of waveform type. Based on possible
theoretical analysis a graph has been plotted
below to indicate or explain the characteristics
of
lightning and charging behaviour of miniature
tesra coil.

F'eaftvqe 14.5{'1i

pB* irchp 1400V

l,-i bgltlt+ng am frrd,Qtwrwtg ar

r.*Esef+r'"dg

Figure 4'3 Behaviour of a voltage with respect

to time while electrical discharse

4.2.3 Charging of a capacitor

In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery.

Although they work in completely different
ways' capacitors and batteries both store electrical
energy. Inside the battery, chemical
reactions produce electrons on one terminal
and absorb electrons on the other terminal.
A

24
capacitor is much simpler than a battery, as it can't produce new electrons, it only stores

them. The capacitor is made of two close conductors (usually plates) that are separated by a
dielectric material. The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to power source.
One plate accumulates positive charge and the other plate accumulates negative charge. By
these two parallel plates the charge can be stored instantly and also gets discharge in a few
microseconds. In this project we have used total three numbers of capacitor primary
capacitor, secondary capacitor and a capacitor as a storing element.

Capacitor used in this project for storing purpose

Details Specifications
Range ( I -6) pfcl

Voltage 400VAC and 440 VAC

Rated Frequency (s0-60) Hz
Tolerance +5yo
Temperafure Category -40oC to +85oC

Table l.l Specification of a capacitor used

As the arc produced by the miniature tesla coil is a high impulse voltage, we have used a
capacitor for the storage of charge. The feature of this capacitor is that the charging time and
the discharging time is within a microsecond. The following graphs show the charging and
discharging pattern of a capacitor

Vc
E

cfrelrgle dl*clrarHFs cf,rar'gtF

A)$!1ts!:is!5ii''iJil,i$tt\ilt{lwiM!r l$-N,iss]&i
{j-$.i$.rN\srN\'ss+.\ss\$\\\.'sd,.rE'.t$t{N'' ti{.

t * E,r'R

I * *EifF[

Figure 4.4 charging and discharging pattern of a capacitor

25
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 CONCLUSION

In the competitive world per capita consumption of electricity has become a development
index of a country. As our country India shares l7%o of the total world population,
ranked as
the second highest populous country in the globe but still the government has
failed to control
the population and it is growing rapidly in last few decades. Consequently the
demand for the
use of electrical energy is also increasing and as a result the conventional power generating

companies of our country are facing enornous challenge to supply good quality power
to the
entire mass of people without discontinuity.

In this project work we had made a little effort to study about harvesting of lightning
energy.
As lightning strokes are rare and very unpredictable; dependent on seasonal phenomenon
and
also very critical to work with real lightening energy. Thus as per our convenience
in study
we built a small Tesla coil producing low power electric discharge which is different
in many
ways from the natural lightning. We have achieved success in producing a mock
lighftring of
about 3 cm arc from the discharge terminal of the secondary coil. The emitted
charge has
been studied theoretically as the range of oscilloscope is limited compared
to high voltage
input. However charge emitted is successfully stored, in a small scale, in capacitor
connected
parallel to each other. Finally this small scale based stored charge has
been successfully
utilized to glow a low voltage LED.

Hoping that our project will find a role to play in the field of harvesting lightning energy for
the domestic purposes in human life, we hereby conclude our major project.

26
5.2 FUTURE WORK

The project work was initiated from the very initial level which gives it unlimited chances of
modification. Because the working principle is in very basic form, so its raw nature can be
applied in multiple application objectives. Our first step was to build a small scale system
which can produce a mock lighhing and it was completed successfully in the laboratory.
Arresting of an original lightning of millions of volts, storing, transmission and distribution
of this energy will aid to cope up growing demand for power. Going by the google fact "that
capturing of a single bolt of lightning can be consumed for many years by the whole world if
preserved safely". As in our project we have captured the lightning in a capacitor which
charges and discharges in microseconds. If the emitted power stored in capacitor can deliver
its charge successfully to a battery, the project of the supply of power by capturing the
lighfiing energy will be far more possible. Moreover a super capacitor can be developed
which can supply energy to a load for prolong hours.

27
 REFEREI\CES

[l] Evan Mayerhoff, "Corona and its Effects", 2007,pg2-3

l2lHeqingzhong, zhjxin Xu, Xudongzou, yunping Zou, Lisha y*g, zeyun

Chao, "Current Characteristic of High voltage Capacitor charging power Supply
Using a Series Resonant Topology", August 2003,pg 373-374

[3] James corum and James Daum Battelle, "Tesla coil research',, May l992,pg
t-2

[4] Kevin wilson, "Tesla coil design, construction, and operation guide,', 2009-
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t5l Markus Henriksson, Jean-Francois Daigle, Francis Th6berge, Marc

chdteauneuf,and Jacques Dubois 'il-aser guiding of Tesla coil high voltage
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[6] M. F. M. Basar, M.H. Jamaluddin, H. zainuddrn, A. Jidin, M.s.M. Aras,

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[7] MohdFarnzBasar, Musa yusop Lada and NorhaslindaHasim, ..Lightning

Energy: A Lab Scale System",August 2}n,pg9l-93

[8] M.B. Fariz, J.M. Herman, A. Jidin and A.M Zulkurnain, ..A New source of
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[9] M. B. Farriz, A. Din, A.A. Rahman, M.s. yahaya, J.M. Herman, '.A Simple
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[10] Robert Morgan, Joel Ennis, Randy Hartsock, .. Remotely controlled High /r
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Xi
 [l 1] statistical Review of world Energy, workbook (xlsx), London, z0l3pg79-
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tlzl S. rvlalavika" s.vishal, *llarnessingelectrical energy from lightrirg ",

September 20 I 3,Pg 23-25

[3] swagatam, edit€d by Iamar stonecypher, "Indoor Mosquito Bats", ]vlarch

201 l, Pg 85-87

[14] Tom tlartfiel4 "How Tesla coil worts", Januar5r 29,2014

Usl Y. TarU M. I{an, L. Chen Tsinghuu Univenity, "A Three-phase 100 kV, 200
kVA Automatic Repetitive Chargng System", July 2013,P9342

xll
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