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A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE AND CARBON FIBRE

CONCRETE EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPARATURE
Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
With specialization in
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Mr. K.JOGA RAO
Reg .No. 16A51D8704
Under the supervision of
G. D. RAMANAIDU, M.E
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ADITYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(An Autonomous Institution, Approved by AICTE, Recognized under 2(f) & 12(B) by UGC,
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
K.KOTTURU, TEKKALI - 532201, SRIKAKULAM Dist., ANDHRA PRADESH.
2016 – 2018
K. KOTTURU, TEKKALI-532201, SRIKAKULAM Dist., ANDHRA PRADESH
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled ―A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE

STRENGH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE AND CARBON FIBER CONCRETE
EXPOSED TO HIGH TEMPARATURE‖ is being submitted by Mr. K. JOGA RAO, Reg. No.
16A51D8704 in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of Master of
Technology in Structural Engineering to the Department of Civil Engineering, Aditya Institute of
Technology and Management, Tekkali is a record of bonafide work carried out by her under my
guidance and supervision during the academic year 2017 - 18.
The results submitted in this thesis have been verified and are found to be satisfactory. The results
embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other university for the award of the any
other degree/diploma.
Signature of Project Supervisor Signature of Head of the Department
G. D. Rama Naidu, M.E, S. Ramlal (Ph.D.),
Assistant Professor, Professor & HOD
Dept. of Civil Engineering. Dept. of Civil Engineering.

K. KOTTURU, TEKKALI-532201, SRIKAKULAM Dist., ANDHRA PRADESH
CERTIFICATE
The thesis entitled ―A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE AND CARBON FIBER CONCRETE EXPOSED TO
HIGH TEMPARATURE” has been examined and evaluated by the examiners.
External Examiner Internal Examiner

DEPARTMENT iOF iCIVIL iENGINEERING
Vision:
To icome ito ibe ia ipioneer iin ipresenting iexcessive ifirst-class ischooling iand ilookup iin ithe iregion iof iCivil
iengineering.
Mission:
M1: iEnrich isociety iand iadvance icivil iengineering iby imeans iof igetting iready igraduates iwith ithe
iknowledge, iability, iand iskill ito igrow ito ibe iinnovators iand ileaders iwho iare icapable ito icontribute ifor ithe
iaspirations iof ithe iu i. is i. iand isociety.
M2: iBenefit ihumanity ithrough iresearch, icreativity, ihassle isolving, iand iapplication idevelopment.
M3: iShare iexpertise iand iknow-how ito igain ithe icountry, ithe iregion, iand ipast iwhilst iinspiring ihuman
ibeings ito ihave iinteraction iin icomputing ifields.
Program iEducational iObjectives i(PEOs)
PEO1: iTo irent ias ia iworking itowards icivil iengineer iin iconstruction, idesign, itesting iand iallied ifields.
PEO2: iEngage iin iself-directed igetting ito iknow ilookup ior ito iundertake ihigher iresearch iin ithe irapidly
ialtering icivil iengineering ienvironment.
PEO3: iCreate inew istrategies i/ iprocesses ito imeet ithe iwishes iof ithe isociety iwith itheir icivil iengineering
iknowledge.
PEO4: iCreate ithemselves ias imoral iand iaccountable igurus iwith iappropriate iconversation icapabilities iand
iexhibit imanagement iskills.
Program iSpecific iOutcomes i(PSOs)

After iprofitable icompletion iof ithe iProgram, ithe igraduates iwill ibe iable ito
PSO1: iModel, idesign iand iboost iCivil iengineering ifunctions iby imaking iuse iof itools iand itechniques.
PSO2: iApply iknowledge iin imore ithan ia ifew idomains ito iscatter ithe iwants iof isociety ithru iresearch.
Program iOutcomes i(POs)
PO1: iAble ito idisplay iand ifollow itechnical iknow-how iof iengineering iin iformat iand ianalysis iof ia inumber
iof istructures.
PO2: iAble ito ilayout iand ibehavior iexperiments, ivia iapplying iboth ianalytical iand iinnovative iwondering
iand iinterpret istatistics ito iproduce isignificant iconclusions iand irecommendations
PO3: iAble ito isolve istructural iengineering iproblems, ievaluate ia iwide ivary iof iconceivable isolutions ifor
ithose itroubles iand iarrive iat ifeasible, imost iefficient isolutions ito imeet ipreferred iwant iinside irealistic
iconstraints isuch ias ieconomic, ienvironmental, isocial, isafety iand isustainability.
PO4: iAble ito iwork ipersonally ior ias ia imember iwith iaccountability ito ifeature ion imultidisciplinary iteam.
PO5: iAble ito iidentify, iformulate iand iresolve istructural iengineering itroubles ivia iapply iand iadapt imethods
ithe iuse iof iIT itools ifor imodeling iand ievaluation iof istructural iengineering iproblems.
PO6: iAble ito iunderstand iexpert iand imental iintegrity, iexpert icode iof iconduct, iethics iof ilookup iand
ischolarship, iconsideration iof ithe iinfluence iof iresearch iresults iin istructural iengineering iprofessional
ipractices.
PO7: iAble ito ideliver ithoughts iconfidently iand ieffectively, isuch ias, ibeing iin ia iposition ito icomprehend
iand iwrite ihigh-quality ireports iand iformat idocumentation ivia iadhering ito iexcellent istandards, imake ihigh
iquality ipresentations, iand iprovide iand iget ihold iof iclear iinstructions.
PO8: iAble ito ipossess iunderstanding iand igrasp iof igroup idynamics, iunderstand ipossibilities iand
icontribute ipositively ito icollaborative-multidisciplinary iscientific iresearch, ishow ia ipotential ifor iself-
iadministration iteamwork, iand idecision imaking..
PO9: iAble ito iunderstand ithe ineed ifor, iand ihave ithe iinstruction iand ipotential ito ihave iinteraction iin ilife-
long igaining iknowledge iof iindependently, iwith ia ihigh istage iof ienthusiasm iand idedication ito ienhance
iknow-how iand icompetence icontinuously.
PO10: iHaving iexpertise iabout icutting-edge iissues.

PO11: iStudent iwill ibe icapable ito iuse ithe itechniques, iabilities iand ipresent iday iengineering itools iessential
ifor iengineering ipractices.
PO12: iAble ito idisplay iunderstanding iof iengineering iand iadministration iideas ito icontrol itasks
isuccessfully iin ithermal iengineering ias ia imember
PO13: iAble ito ihave iresponsiveness iin ithe idirection iof iimprovement iof iR&D ithings ito ido iand imake
ia icontribution ito iindustry/academia.
.
DECLARATION
I ihereby ideclare ithat ithe iwork ireported iin ithe ipresent ithesis ientitled i―A iCOMPARITIVE
iSTUDY iON iCONVENTIONAL iCONCRETE iAND iCARBON iFIBER iCONCRETE
iEXPOSED iTO iHIGH iTEMPARATURE‖ iis ia iwork idone iby ime iin ithe iDepartment iof iCivil
iEngineering, iAITAM, iTekkali, iJNTUK, iKakinada. iThe ireports iare ibased ion ithe ithesis idone
ientirely iby ime iand inot icopied ifrom iany iother isource.
K.JOGA iRAO i
Reg. iNo. i16A51D8704
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The isatisfaction iand ieuphoria ithat iaccompany ithe isuccessful icompletion iof iany itask iwould ibe
i incomplete iwithout ithe imention iof ipeople iwho imade iit ipossible, iwhose iconstant iguidance iand
i encouragement icrowned ithe iefforts iwith isuccess. iIt iis ia ipleasant iaspect ithat iI ihave inow ithe
i opportunity ito iexpress imy igratitude ifor iall iof ithem. i
The ifirst iperson iI iwould ilike ito ithank iis imy iProject isupervisor iG i.D. iRama iNaidu, iM.E.
i Department iof iCivil iEngineering, ihad igiven icontinuous icritical isuggestions iand iextension iof
i proper iworking iatmosphere, iabiding iinterest ihas ifinally ievolved iinto ithis iresearch iwork. i
I ithank iS.Ramlal i(Ph.D.), iProfessor& iHead iof ithe iDepartment iof iCivil iEngineering, iAditya
i Institute iof iTechnology iand iManagement, iTekkali, ifor ihis iconstant iadvice iand iencouragement
i in ithe icompletion iof ithis iwork. i
It iis iindeed iwith ia igreat isense iof ipleasure iand iimmense isense iof igratitude ithat iI iacknowledge
i the ihelp iand iI iam ihighly iindebted ito iour iDirector iProf. iV. iV. iNageswara iRao iand iour
i Principal iDr. iK.B. iMadhuSahufor ithe ifacilities iprovided ito iaccomplish ithis iwork. i
I iowe ispecial ithanks ito iDepartment icommittee iSri iG.Gowrishankara iRao, i
V. iDivya iSri, iSri iG. iD. iRama iNaidu, iG.Prasanna iKumar, iB.GovindaRajulu, iCh. iChandra
i mouli, iP. iRam iPrasad ifor ithe isuccessful icompletion iof ithis ithesis. i
I iam ialso igrateful ito iall istaff imembers, iDepartment iof iCivil iEngineering, iAditya iInstitute iof
i Technology iand iManagement, iTekkali ifor itheir ivaluable isuggestions iand iencouragement. i
Finally, iyet iimportantly, iwe iwould ilike ito iexpress iour iheartfelt ithanks ito iour ibeloved iparents ifor
i their iblessings iand iour ifriends/classmates ifor itheir ihelp iand iwishes ifor ithe isuccessful
i completion iof ithis iproject. i
K.JOGA iRAO i
Reg. iNo. i16A51D8704
LIST iOF iFIGURES:

Fig i5.1.1.1 iCompaction ifactor itesting iapparatus
Fig i4.5.2.1 iTypes iof islumps
Fig i4.6.1(a). i1 iUniversal itesting imachine
Fig i3.1.3.1 iPycno imeter

Fig i3.1.3.2 iVicat‗s iapparatus
LIST iOF iTABLES

Table i3.1.1.1 iclassification iof iaggregates
Table i3.1.2(c) isieve ianalysis iof ifine iaggregate
Table i3.1.3.1 iheat iof ihydration iof ibogue icompounds
Table i3.1.3.2physical icharactristics iof icement
Table i3.1.3.3 ichemical icharactristics iof icement
Table i4.4.1.1(1) ispecific igravity iof ifine iaggregate
Table i4.4.1.1.2 ispecific igravity iof icoarse iaggregate
Table i4.4.2.1.4properties iof ifine iaggregate
Table i4.1.2.1.6 iproperties iof icoarse iaggregate
Table i4.6 imix iproportions iand imix iratio ifor iM25
Table i4.8 icompacting ifactor itest iresults
Table i4.9 islump itest iresults i
Table i4.9.1fiber ivolume iand iweight iof icarbon ifiber
Table i5.1 icompressive istrength iof iconventional iconcrete
Table i5.2 icompressive istrength iof icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete
Table i5.3 icomparision iof icompressive istrength iof iconventional iconcrete iunder itemperature i
Table i5.4 iComparison iof ivariation icompressive istrength iwith itemperature ifor iconventional
i concrete iand icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete
LIST iOF iCHARTS

Chart i5.1.1 icompressive istrength iof iconventional iconcrete
Chart i5.2.1 icompressive istrength iof icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete
Chart i5.3 icompressive istrength iof i0.3% icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete
Chart i5.6 icomparison iof icompressive istrength iat ihigh itemperature
Chart i5.7Comparison iof ivariation icompressive istrength iwith itemperature ifor iconventional iconcrete
i and icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete.
ABSRACT
An iinvestigation ihas ibeen icarried iout ito ievaluated ithe iimpact iof ievaluated itemperature ion ithe icompressive
i electricity iof igrade iconcrete iM25, ithe iobjective iof ithe ianalyze iabout iwas ionce ito idecide iand ievaluate ithe
i difference iin icompressive ielectricity icontaining ino ifiber iand iconcrete iwith ifiber ias iwell ias iinfluence iof
i temperature ion icompressive istrength iof iconcrete.72 iconcrete icubes iof i150mm imeasurement ihad ibeen icast.
i The icarbon ifibers iused iin ithe istudy iare i6mm ilong ichopped icarbon ifibers& idosage iof i0.3%, i0.6%, iand
i 0.9% iwith ithe iaid iof iway iof ithe iweight iof iconcrete. iConcrete ielements iexposed ito ifire, iundergo ibodily
i modifications ior ispalling iwhich ileads ito iexpose imetallic ireinforcement i.This imotives idistress iin iconcrete
i shape i.The inormal ioverall iperformance iof ithe iconcrete ican ibe iexpanded iwith ithe iaddition iof icarbon ifiber.
It ican ibe idiscovered ithat icarbon ifiber ireinforcement ifamous iextra icompressive ipower ithan ithe itraditional
i concrete iuncovered ito iexcessive itemperature.
Key iwords: iCarbon ifiber, icompressive istrength, ifiber ibolstered iconcrete ifibers ivolume idosage, iaccelerated
i temperature.
Study of a comparative study on compressive strength of conventional concrete and carbon fiber concrete
exposed to high temperature
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Concrete iis ia iadaptable iconstructing icloth iused iin ithe iconstructing iof ibuildings iand
i structures. iIt iis imoreover ipinnacle ifireplace iresistance idistinction iwith iother iestablishing
i materials, iexposed ito iexcessive itemperature iat isome ipoint iof ithe ifurnace ione iof ithe imost
i negative ienvironmental ieffect ifor istrengthened iconcrete istructures, iin icase iof iexhibition ito
i high itemperature ifor ia ilonger ilength iof itime, iconcrete iundergo iimmoderate ichemical iand
i bodily ichanges iwhich ileads ito iweakening iof iconcrete. iA iconcrete ishape iis isubjected ito
i immoderate itemperature, iit iwill ideteriorate iin imany iof ione-of-a-kind iapproaches isuch ias
i colour, icompressive istrength, ielasticity, iand iconcrete idensity iand ifloor iseem ito ibe iare
i effected iby iusing icapacity iof ihigh itemperature. iThe iengineer isetting iup imust igraph ifor iform
i can iface iup ito ihigh itemperature iand imoreover iin iwell-known ifor ifurnace iexposures, iin ithe
i path iof iexposure ito iexcessive itemperature isuch ias ifire, ithe imechanical iproperties iof ithe
i concrete isuch ias istrength, ielastic imodulus iand ivolumetric ibalance iare inoticeably ireduced.
i To ibe iin ia irole ito iforecast ithe iresponse iof ishape iafter ipublicity ito iimmoderate itemperature,
i it iis irequired ithat ithe ielectricity iresidences iof iconcrete isubjected ito iexcessive itemperature
i be iof icourse iunderstood. iHigh itemperature ican icreate ithe idevelopment iof icracks. iThese ilike
i any icracks ipropagation imay ialso iadditionally ieventually icreate iloss iof istructural iintegrity
i and ishorting iof iissuer ilife. iHowever, ithe ispalling iof iconcrete iwould iexhibition isteel
i reinforcement iin ia ibolstered iconcrete imember iin ithe icourse iof ihearth ihazard, iwhich imay
i prefer ito iin iaddition iinjury ithe istructure. iThe idisadvantage iof ithe iutilization iof iconcrete
i encompass iterrible itensile istrength, ilow istress iof ifracture iand iformwork irequirement, ithe
i principal idownside iis ithat iconcrete iextend imicro-cracks iat isome ifactor iof icuring. iIt iis
i speedy idistribution iof ithese imicro-cracks iunderneath iapplied istress ithat iis ireasonable ifor
i the ilow itensile istrength iof ithe imaterial, ias ia iresult ifibers iare iintroduced ito iconcrete ito
i manipulate ithese idisadvantages.
Fibers iare icommonly iused iin iconcrete ito imanipulate iplasting ishrinkage iand idrying
i shrinkage icracking. iThey iadditionally ilimit ithe ipermeability iof iconcrete iand ihence ilessen
i the ibleeding iof iwater. iThe iaddition iof ifibers iwas ionce iplaced ito ibeautify ithe ibehaviour iof
i concrete iat imultiplied itemperature, iit ialso idecorate ithe ipre iand ipublish icracking ibehaviour.
Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

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i Carbon ifibers ialso ifurnish ian icost-effective iadvantage ias ithey iare iwithout idifficulty ion ihand
i as ia iwaste iproduct ifrom iaerospace ibusiness ienterprise iand ioffers i2to5 isituations igreater
i pressure ithan ithe iexceptional ifibers, icarbon ifibers ipossess imany idoable iadvantages iover
i different ifibers isuch ias ia iincreased istrength, ilarger imodulus iand ielevated idurability. iCarbon
i fibers imake ibetter ithe ifurnace iresistance, iimpact, icompression, ispoil iup itensile i&
i flexural istrength.
Carbon ifibers iare iused iin iaerospace, icivil iengineering, imilitary iand inoticeably ipricey iwhen
i distinction ito irelated ifibers.
1.1 CARBONFIBRE iBASICS
Carbon ifibre iis ia ilengthy iskinny istrand iof iCarbon iatoms ithat iare irelated iat ithe isame itime iin ia
i honeycomb icrystal ilattice ireferred ito ias iGraphene. iSome iof ithe iGraphene ilayers iare ifolded
i round ievery ispecial iin iorbitory iorientations ibut imost iare iadjust iparallel ito ithe ilengthy iaxis
i of ithe istrand. iThis imakes ithe ifibre ispecially istrong ialong ithe iaxis iof ithe istrand. i(Highest
i APF) iThe istrands iare igenerally iwound iinto ia iyarn ithen iwoven iinto ia ifabric. i(By ialtering ithe
i weave idiagram ithe ifabric ican ibe igreater iin ione ipath ior ibe ipretty istrong iin iall idirections).
i The ifabric iis ithen imixed iwith iepoxy iand imolded ito iconfiguration ithe idesired ishape.
1.2 iProperties iof iCarbon iFibre
1) iCarbon iFibre ihas iHigh iStrength ito iWeight iRatio i(also iregarded ias ispecific istrength)
Strength iof ia icloth iis ithe istress iper iunit ivicinity iat ideterioration, idivided ithrough ipotential iof
i its idensity. iAny icloth ithat iis isturdy iand islight ihas ia ibeneficial iStrength/weight iratio.
i Materials isuch ias iAluminium, ititanium, imagnesium, iCarbon iand iglass ifibre, iexcessive
i energy imetal ialloys iall ihave igood ielectricity ito iweight iratios. iIt iis ino ilonger isurprising ithat
i Balsa iwood icomes iin iwith ia iexcessive ielectricity ito iweight iratio.
2)Carbon iFibre iis ivery irigid
Rigidity ior istiffness iof ia imaterial iis iguarded iby iusing iway iof iits iYoung iModulus iand
i measures ihow ia ientire ilot ia icloth iDeflects ibeneath istress. iCarbon ifibre ibolstered iplastic iis
i over ifour iinstances itougher ithan iGlass istrengthened iplastic, inearly i20 iinstances iextra ithan
i pine, i2.5 isituations igreater ithan ialuminium.

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3) iCarbon ifibre iis iCorrosion iResistant iand iChemically iStable.
Although iCarbon ifibre ithemselves ido ino ilonger idegenerate, iEpoxy iis isensitive ito idaylight
i and ineeds ito ibe idefend. iOther imatrices i(whatever ithe iCarbon ifibre iis iimbedded iin) imay ialso
i be icompassionate.
4) iCarbon ifibre iis iElectrically iConductive
This ifunction ican ibe isuccesful iand ibe ia inuisance. iIn iBoat ibuilding. iIt ihas ito ibe itaken iinto
i account ireally ias iAluminium iConductivity icomes iinto iplay. iCarbon ifibre iconductivity ican
i facilitate iGalvanic iCorrosion iin ifittings. iCareful iInstallation ican idecrease ithis iproblem.
5) iFatigue iResistance iis iproper
Resistance ito iFatigue iin iCarbon iFibre iCombination iis igood. iHowever iwhen iCarbon ifibre
i fails iit inormally ifails icatastrophically ibesides ia ilot ito ideclare iits icoming iclose ito iclose ito
i break. iDamage iin itensile ifatigue iis iseen ias idepletion iin ihardness iwith ilarge inumbers iof
i stress icycles, i(unless ithe itemperature iis ihigh). iThe iorientation iof ithe ifibres iand ithe imultiple
i fibre ilayer iorientation, ihave ia igorgeous ideal iof ihave ian iimpact ion ion ihow ia icombination
i will iwithstand ifatigue i(as iit ihas ion istiffness). iThe itype iof iforces iapplied iadditionally istop
i result iin ispecial itypes iof ifailures. iTension, iCompression ior iSheer iforces iall iend iresult iin
i markedly idifferent ifailure iresults.
6) iCarbon iFibre ihas isuited iTensile iStrength
Tensile ienergy ior iclosing ipower iis ithe imost istress ithat ia icloth ican iwithstand iat ithe isame
i time ias ibeing istretched ior ipulled ibefore inecking, ior ifailing. iNecking iis iwhen ithe ipattern
i cross-section ibegin ito irather icontract. iIf iyou itake ia istrip iof iplastic ibag, iit iwill istretch iand iat
i one ithing iwill istart igetting inarrow. iThis iis inecking. iIt iis iguarded iin iForce iper iUnit iarea. iA
i delicate ifabric isuch ias iCarbon ifibre idoes ino ilonger iconstantly ifail iat ithe iequal istress idegree
i due ito ithe ifact iof iinterior iflaws. iThey ifail iat ismall istrains.
7) iFire iResistance/Non iFlammable
Depending iupon ithe imanufacturing isystem iand ithe iprecursor imaterial, iCarbon ifibre ican ibe
i sincerely igentle iand ican ibe imade iinto ior ihigher iregularly iunited iinto idefending igarb ifor
i fireplace ifighting. iNickel icoated ifibre iis ian iexample. iBecause iCarbon ifibre iis imoreover

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i chemically ivery iinert, iit ican ibe iused ithe iplace ithere iis ifurnace imerge iwith icorrosive iagents.
i 8) iThermal iConductivity iof iCarbon iFibre
Thermal iconductivity iis ithe iquantity iof iwarmness itransmitted ithru ia iunit ithickness, iin ia ipath
i normal ito ia isurface iof iunit iarea, idue ito ithe ifact iof ia iunit itemperature igradient, ibelow
i consistent iconstrains. iIn iother iphrases iit‘s ia icompute iof ihow ibesides iissues iwarmth iflows
i by iway iof ia imaterial. iThere iare ia iextent iof ibuildings iof icomputes ispecifically ibased ion
i metric ior iimperial iunits. i1W/ i(m.K) i= i1 iW/ i(m.oC) i= i0.85984 ikcal/(hr.m.oC) i= i0.5779
i Btu/(ft.hr.oF) iit iis ino ilonger iviable ito ipinpoint isincerely ithe ithermal iconductivity. iSpecial
i sorts iof iCarbon iFibre ihave ibeen iparticularly idesigned ifor ihigh ior ilow ithermal iconductivity.
i There iare iadditionally iefforts ito ielevate ithis ifeature.
9) iLow iCoefficient iof iThermal iExpansion
This iis ia icompute iof ihow ian ilousy ilot ia icloth ienlarges iand icontracts iwhen ithe itemperature
i goes iup ior idown. iUnits iare iin iInch i/ iinch idiploma iCarbon ifibre ican ihave ia igood isized ivary
i of iCTE's, i-1 ito i8+, irelying ion ithe icourse icomputed, ithe icloth iweave, ithe iprecursor imaterial,
i Pan iprimarily ibased i(high istrength, ihigher iCTE) ior iPitch iprimarily ibased itotally i(high
i modulus/stiffness, idecrease iCTE). iLow iCoefficient iof iThermal iboom imakes iCarbon ifibre
i fundamental ifor ifunctions iwhere ismall imoves ican ibe inegetive. iTelescope iand iother ioptical
i equipment iis ione isuch iapplication.
10) iNon iPoisonous, iBiologically iInert, iX-Ray iPermeable
These irequirements imake iCarbon ifibre iuseful iin iMedical iapplications. iProsthesis iuse,
i implants iand itendon irepair, ix- iray iadd-ons isurgical iinstruments, iare iall iin idevelopment.
i Although ino ilonger ipoisonous, ithe iCarbon ifibres ican ibe ientirely idemanding iand iprolonged
i time iperiod iunprotected ipublicity iwishes ito ibe irestricted. iThe imatrix ione iof itwo iepoxy ior
i polyester, ican ion ithe iother ihand ibe itoxic iand iapplicable icare idesires ito ibe iexercised.
11) iCarbon iFibres iare ibrittle
The ilayers iin ithe ifibres iare iinaugurated iwith ithe iaid iof iway iof isturdy icovalent ibonds. iThe
i sheet-like iaggregations iwithout iproblems iallow ithe ireproduction iof icracks. iWhen ithe ifibres
i flip ithey ifail iat ivery ilow istrain.
12) iCarbon iFibre iis iRelatively iExpensive

4
Although iit ipresents isuper imakes iuse iof iof iStrength, istrictness iand iWeight ireduction, icost iis
i a iobstacle. iUnless ithe iweight iuse iis irelatively iimportant, isuch ias iin iaeronautics ifunctions ior
i racing, iit ioften iis inow inow ino ilonger iwell inicely iworth ithe iextra icost. iThe ilow imaintenance
i requirement iof iCarbon ifibre iis ia iin ia isimilar ifashion iuse. iIt iis ihard ito iquantify icool iand
i fashionable. iCarbon ifibre ihas ian iair iof isecrecy iand ipopularity iwhich imakes icustomers
i inclined ito ipay iextra ifor ithe icachet iof ihaving iit. iYou iwould ipossibly iprefer iless iof iit icontrast
i to ifibreglass iand ithis imight ibe ia isaving.
1.3 iAdvantages iof iStrengthening iWith iCarbon iFibre
1) iFibres iare ielectrolitically inon-corrosive
2) iThey ipreserve iexcessive istrength iunderneath ishort itime iperiod iloading i- ibelow iprolonged
i time iduration iloading iand i- ibeneath ireplicate iloading i3) iOwing ito ilow ispecific iweight i(i.e.,
i 17-18 iKN/m3 idepending ion ithe ifibre ito imatrix iratio) ifibres: i- ihave ilow itransportation icosts
i two iare ihandy ito ilook iat ieven iin iinadequate iareas itwo ihave ino iwant ifor iscaffolding ito iaid
i the istrengthening istrips ior ifabric iin ithe iroute iof ihardening iof ithe iadhesive il ithey ihave ino
i constraint iin ilength
4) iDue ito itheir ithickness i(1 ito i1.4 imm) ifibres: iGrant ito ino iincredible ilosses iin istructural
i height i- iStrips ican ibe icrossed i- iApplications iare ihandy ito icover, ias ia iconsequence
i captivating iaesthetic inecessities.
5) iEconomical isolution i(considering ithe ientire ivalue iof istrengthening).
1.4 iDisadvantages iof iCarbon iFibre
1) iCarbon ifibres ithemselves iare ibeautifully icostly.
2) iMechanical isecurity iis ito ibe iadd iif ivandalism iis ino ilonger iexcluded iService itemperature
i in ithe ineighborhood iof istrengthening iis ino ilonger iallowed ito iover iattain iround i50 i°C iowing
i to ithe iembedding imatrix iof ifibres.
1.5 iEFFECTS iOF iELEVATED iTEMPERATURE iON iORDINARY iPORTLAND

i CEMENT iCONCRETE iMATERIALS
Portland icements iare imanufactured iby iway iof imixing ifinely ibreak iup icalcareous imaterials
i (i.e., ilime icontaining) iand iargillaceous ielements i(i.e., iclay). iThe ifour icomposites ithat imake

5
i up imore ithan i90% iof ithe idry iweight iof ithe icement iare itricalcium isilicate i(3CaO•SiO2),
i dicalcium i silicate i (2CaO•SiO2), i tricalcium i aluminate i (3CaO•A1203), i and
i tetracalciumaluminoferrite i(4CaO•A1203•Fe203). iWhen iwater iis iappend ito iPortland
i cement, ian iexothermic iresponse iexists, iand inew icomposites iare ifamiliar i(i.e., ihydrated
i cement ipaste): itobermorite igel i[(Ca5Si6016(OH)2•4H20)], icalcium ihydroxide,
calcium i aluminoferrite i hydrate, i tetracalcium i aluminate i hydrate, i and i calcium

i monosulfoaliminate. iMature icement ipaste iis igenerally icollected iof i70–80% ilayered
i calcium-silicate-hydrate i(C-S-H) igel, i20% iCa(OH)2, iand iother ichemical icompounds.The
i C-S-H igel istructure iis imade iup iof ithree isorts iof icorporations ithat ioffers ito ibonds iat isome
i point iof isurfaces ior iin ithe iinterlayer iof ipartly icrystallized itobermorite imaterial: icalcium
i ions, isiloxanes, iand iwater imolecules. iBonding iof ithe iwater iinternal ithe ilayers i(gel iwater)
i with iother ifirms iby imeans iof ihydrogen ibonds iaffirm ithe istrength, istiffness, iand icreep iassets
i of ithe icement ipaste. iTobermorite igel iis ithe imain isupply ito ithe icement ipaste istructural
i belongings. iUnder ielevated-temperature iexposure, ithe iPortland icement ipaste iincidents
i bodily iand ichemical ichanges ithat isupply ito idevelopment iof ishrinkage, itransient icreep, iand
i changes iin istrength. iKey icloth icharactestics iof ihydrated iPortland icement ipaste ihave ian
i impact ion ithe ihomes iof iconcrete iat iextended itemperature iare iits imoisture ikingdom i(i.e.,
i sealed ior iunsealed), ichemical istructure i(i.e., iloss iof ichemically isure iwater ifrom ithe iC-S-H
i in ithe iunsealed icondition, iCaO/SiO2 iratio iof ithe ihydrate iin ithe isealed istate, iand ivolume iof
i Ca(OH)2 icrystals iin isealed ior iunsealed istates), iand iphysical iform i(i.e., iwhole ipore iextent
i consisting iof icracks, ifrequent ipore isize, iand iamorphous/crystalline ishape iof isolid).
Concrete iis ia iheterogeneous ipolyphase ifabric iwith inotably iinert iaggregates ithat iis istored iat
i the isame itime ithrough iability iof ithe ihydrated iPortland icement ipaste. iWhen iconcretes iare
i uncovered ito ihigh itemperatures, iadjustments iin imechanical ibelongings iand isturdiness iexist.
i Nonlinearities iin icloth ibelongings, iversion iof imechanical iand ibodily iassets iwith
i temperature, itensile icracking, iand icreep iconsequences iimpact ithe ibuildup iof ithermal iforces,
i the iload-carrying icapacity, iand ithe ideformation iability i(i.e., iductility) iof ithe istructural
i members. iThe iproperty ivariations iend iresult iregularly idue ito ithe ifact iof iadjustments iin ithe
i moisture icountry iof ithe iconcrete icomponents iand ithe igrowing ideterioration iof ithe icement
i paste-aggregate ibond, iwhich iis ibasically iimperative ithe iregion ithermal iexpansion ivalues ifor
i the icement ipaste iand icombination idiffer iimportantly. iThe ibond ineighborhood iis iinfluenced
i by iskill iof ithe isurface iroughness iof ithe imixture iand iits ichemical/physical iinteractions.

6
i Chemical iinterplay irelates ito ithe ichemical ireactions ibetween ithe imixture iand icement ipaste
i that ican ibe iboth ibeneficial ior idetrimental. iPhysical iinterplay irelates ito idimensional
i similarity ibetween imixture isubstances iand icement ipaste. iResponse iof iconcrete iat
i immoderate itemperature ifinancial iinstitution ion ion ipublicity istates i(i.e., itemperature-
moisture-load-time iregime). iCuring iinfluences ithe idiploma iof ihydration, iat ithe isame itime ias
i the itemperature iand iload ihistory iprevious ito ipublicity ito iexpanded itemperature imay ifavor
i to ihave ia iintegral ieffect ion ithe ibehaviour iof ithe iPortland icement ipaste iand iconsequently ithe
i concrete. iConcrete iat iexpanded itemperature iis isensitive ito ithe itemperature ilevel, iheating
i rate, ithermal icycling, iand itemperature isize i(as ilengthy ias ichemical iand iphysical
i transformations iexist).
1.6 iGeneral iBehaviour
Concrete iMaterials
If iconcrete imade iwith iPortland icement ior iblast ifurnace islag icement iis iuncovered ito iheat, ia
i range iof itransformations iand ireactions iexist, ieven iif ithere iis ionly ia ilifelike iincrease iin
i temperature. iAs iaggregate iresources iusually iexists i65 ito i75% iof ithe iconcrete ivolume, ithe
i behaviour iof iconcrete iat iextended itemperature iis istrongly iaffected ivia ithe imixture itype.
i Commonly iused icombination icomponents iare ithermally ibalanced iup ito i300°C–350°C.
i Aggregate ihomes iof ivalue ito ibehaviour iof iconcrete iat iexpanded itemperature iconsist iof
i bodily itraits i(e.g., ithermal iconductivity iand ithermal iexpansion), ichemical icharacteristics
i (e.g., ichemical istability iat itemperature), iand ithermal istability/integrity. iAggregate isupplies
i can iadditionally isuffer icrystal itransformations ileading ito inecessary iwill iexpand iin iextent
i [e.g., icrystalline itransformation iof iα-quartz i(trigonal) ito iβ-quartz i(hexagonal) ibetween i500
i and i650°C iwith ian iaccompanying ibring iup iin iextent iof i~5.7%]. iSome isiliceous ior
i calcareous iaggregates iwith isome iwater iof icompositions ishow ioff isensible idehydration iwith
i growing itemperature ithat iis icarried iout iwith ithe iaid iof imeans iof ishrinkage i(i.e., iopal iat
i 373°C ievince ishrinkage iof i~13% ivia ivolume).Most inon isiliceous iaggregates iare ibalanced
i up ito iabout i600°C. iAt igreater itemperatures, icalcareous iaggregates i(calcite i– iCaCO3),
i magnesite i(MgCO3), iand idolomite i(MgCO3/CaCO3) idissociate iinto ian ioxide iand iCO2
i (CaO i+ iCO2). iCalcium icarbonate idissociates ithoroughly iat i1 iatm istress iat i898°C iwith
i partial idissociation iexisting iat itemperatures ias ilow ias i700°C. iAbove i1200°C iand iup ito
i 1300°C isome iaggregates, isuch ias iigneous irocks i(e.g., ibasalt), ishowcase idegassing iand
i enlargement. iRefractory iaggregates ican ibe iused ito iproduce ifundamental iimprovements iin

7
i the iwarmness iresistance iof iPortland icement iconcretes. iIt ihas ibeen iprominent ithat ithe
i thermal ibalance iof iaggregates iraises iin iorder iof igravel, ilimestone, ibasalt, iand ilightweight.
Apart ifrom ithe icrystalline itransformations icurrent iin imost icases iin ithe imixture iresources ifor
i the iduration iof iheating, ia ivast ivariety iof idegradation ireactions iexist, istartingly iin ithe icement
i paste, ithat icease iend iresult iin ia igrowing ibreakdown iin ithe istructure iof ithe iconcrete. iAn
i increase iin
temperature iproduces icritical ichanges iin ithe ichemical icharter iand imicrostructure iof ithe
i hardened iPortland icement ipaste. iAt ilow itemperatures ithese iresponses ithrough iand igiant
i take ithe iform iof idehydration iand iwater iexpulsion iresponses. iChanges iin ithe ichemical
i charter iand imicrostructure iof ithe ihardened iPortland icement ipaste iexist iprogressively iand
i continually iover ia itemperature irange ifrom iroom itemperature ito i1000°C. iAt iroom
i temperature, ibetween i30 iand i60% iof ithe iextent iof isaturated icement ipaste iand ibetween i2
i and i10% iof ithe ivolume iof isaturated istructural iconcrete iare idistract iby imeans iof iway iof
i evaporable iwater. iAs ithe itemperature ito iwhich ithe icement ipaste iis isubjected iraises,
i evaporable iwater iis idriven ioff itill iat ia itemperature iof iabout i105°C iall ievaporable iwater iwill
i be ilost, igiven ia isufficient ipublicity iperiod. iAt itemperatures iabove i105°C, ithe istrongly
i absorbed iand ichemically imerged iwater i(i.e., iwater iof ihydration) iare igently ilost ifrom ithe
i cement ipaste ihydrates, iwith ithe idehydration iusually iwhole iat i850°C. iDehydration iof ithe
i calcium ihydroxide iis iusually izero iup ito iabout i400°C, iraises imost iswiftly iround i535°C, iand
i turns iinto iabsolute iat iabout i600°C. iThe iaffect iof itemperature ion ithe ilast icompressive
i electricity iand imodulus iof ielasticity iof ia iPortland icement ipaste i(Type iI iPortland icement;
i water/cement i= i0.33)
Upon ifirst iheating, imassive iwater ievaporation iexists ifrom ithe ilarge ipores ishut ito ithe
i concrete isurface. iThen, ifrom i100°C ionward, ithe ievaporation iproduce iat ia ifaster ifee iwith
i water ibeing iexile ifrom iconcrete iclose ito ithe isurface ias ia iend iresult iof iabove-atmospheric
i vapour istrain i(i.e., isteam iflow). iAt i120°C ithe irejection iof iwater ibodily icertain iin ithe ismaller
i pores, ior ichemically imerged, iinitiates iand icontinues iup ito iabout i500°C ithe iplace ithe
i technique iis inecessarly icomplete. iFrom i30°C ito i300°C, iin iconjunction iwith ievaporation,
i dehydration iof ithe ihardened icement ipaste iexists i(first istage) iwith ithe imost irate iof
i dehydration icurrent iat iabout i180°C i[Tobermorite igel iis isecure iup ito ia itemperature iof i150°C
i (Ref. i12)]. iIn ithe itemperature irange ifrom i450°C ito i550°C ithere iis idecomposition iof ithe

8
i Portland icement. i[i.e.,Ca(OH)2 i→ iCaO i+ iH2O) i. iAt i570°C itheα i→ iβ iinversion iof iquartz
i takes iplace iwith ithe itransformation ibeing iendothermic iand ireversible. iA iin ia isimilar iway
i challenge iof idecomposition iof ithe ihardened icement ipaste itakes ivicinity ibetween i600°C iand
i 700°C iwith ithe idecomposition iof ithe icalcium-silicate- ihydrate iphases iand iformation iof iβ-
C2S. iBetween i600°C iand i900°C ithe ilimestone ibegins ito iendure iDE icarbonation i(i.e.,
i CaCO3 i→ iCaO i+ iCO2). iThe icharge iof idecomposition iand ithe itemperature iat iwhich iit
i exists iare inow ino ilonger ionly istructured ion itemperature iand ipressure, ion ithe iother ihand ialso
i via iability iof ithe icontent imaterial iof iSiO2 ipresent iday iin ithe ilimestone. iAbove i1200°C iand
i up ito i1300°C, isome isubstances iof ithe iconcrete ibegin ito imelt. iAbove i1300°C ito i1400°C
i concrete itakes iplace iin ithe ishape iof ia imelt. iApparently iliquefaction iof ithe iconcrete istart
i with imelting iof ithe ihardened icement ipaste iobserved iby iusing imelting iof ithe iaggregates.
i The imelting ielements iof iaggregates idiffer iconsiderably. iAt i1060°C ibasalt iis iat ithe iminimize
i restriction iof iall ikinds iof irock, iwith iquartzite ino ilonger imelting iunder i1700°C
Steel iReinforcing iMaterials
Bonded ireinforcement i(i.e., ideformed ibars) iis ipresuming ito ireign ithe iextent iand iwidth iof
i cracks iat ioperating itemperatures, istand iup ito itensile istresses iand iquantify icompressive
i stresses ifor ielastic idesign, iand isupply istructural ireinforcement ithe iplace iprefer iby iway iof
i means iof ipreclude icircumstance igraph iprocedures. iBonded ireinforcement iin inuclear
i electricity iplant istructures iis imany itimes iused iin iconjunction iwith ipre iconfused isteel. iThe
i pre ipressured imetal iproduces ithe istructural irigidity iand ithe icrucial iphase iof ithe istrength
i whilst ithe ibonded ireinforcement idistributes icracks, iraises iclosing ienergy iand ireinforces
i those iareas ino ilonger ifantastic istrengthened iwith ithe iaid iof ithe ipre ipressured isteel, iand
i produces igreater isafety ifor istunning istipulations iof iloading.
Structural ielements ifabricated ifrom ireinforced iconcrete, idue ito ithe itruth iof itheir icommon
i size, ihave ia iexcessive ithermal iinertia ithat iresults iin icomparatively igradual icharges iof
i temperature ibring iup ivia ithe icross isection. iAs ia iresult, ithe isteel ireinforcement itemperatures
i are isaved imagnificent ilow ito iavoid iessential isoftening. iIn iaddition, idue ito ithe imonolithic
i nature iof iconstruction, ithe iexistence iof ialternate iload ipaths, iand icompartmentation iof ifires
i (i.e., iconventional icivil iengineering iconstruction), ibolstered iconcrete iconstructions
i normally ifeature inicely ibelow ielevated-temperature istipulations ithat ishould iresult ifrom ia
i fire. iHowever, ibelow isure ieventualities i(e.g., irapid iwarmness ibuild-up), ispalling iof ithe

9
i concrete iought ito iexist ito iexpose ithe isteel ireinforcement ito ithe iinfluences iof iimproved
i temperature. iSuch istipulations iat ia inuclear ielectricity iplant iwould iexist ionly iin ithe ino
i longer ilikely itournament iof ian iaccident. iFor icompleteness, iconstrained idata iis iproduced
i below ion iinfluences iof iaccelerated itemperature ion imetal ireinforcing ibars.
During iheating iof isteels, icrystalline itransformations iexist irelying ion ithe itemperature i(e.g.,
i perlite iat i721°C iand iCurie ielement iat i768°C). iStrength iproperties iand imechanical
characteristics iof isteels ispecifically ibased itotally ion iendless ifactors: iquantity iand ikind iof
i alloying iconstituents, iwarmness itherapy iin ithe icourse iof imanufacture, iand iretreatment iin
i bloodless icircumstance i(e.g., icold idrawing).
Mechanical iand iPhysical iProperties: iMaterial ifeatures iare icautiously iassociated ito ithe
i unique icheck itechnique iemployed. iThe icharacteristics iof iconcrete iat iimproved itemperature
i can ibe idescribed ifrom ia inumber iof iviewpoints i(e.g., iranging ifrom itransient isuch ias
i representing ihearth istates ito isteady-state isuch ias ia ishape irunning iat iexpanded itemperature).
i To iinterpret iresults, iappreciation iof ithe itake ia ilook iat istate(s) iemployed iis irequired. i3main
i take ia iseem iat iparameters iare iworried iin ithe ienchancment iof idata: iheating, isoftware iof iload,
i and imanage iof istrain. i17 iThese iparameters ican ibe iconstant iat iconstant ivalues ior ibe ivarious
i all ivia ichecking iout ito iproduce itransient iconditions. iSix iregimes ihave ibeen iidentified ifor
i identifying itraits iof iconcrete.
1. iStress-strain irelationships i(stress-rate icontrolled): irecords iproduce istress-strain

i relationships ithat ican ibe iused ito icreate itensile istrength, imodulus iof ielasticity, iand iultimate
i pressure iat icollapse.
2.Stress-strain irelationships i(strain-rate icontrolled): irecords imoreover iproduce istress-strain

i relationships ito icreate icharacteristics istated iabove ias iwell ias imechanical idissipation ienergy.
i three iCreep: isteady-condition icreep iassessments iin iwhich ithe ispecimens iare iheated ito ia
i describe itemperature iand ithen iloaded ito iproduce ia irelationship ibetween istress iand itime iat
i superb itemperatures.
4.Relaxation: ispecimen iheated ito ia idescribed itemperature, iloaded, ipressure iheld iconstant,
i load imonitored ias ifeature iof itime.

10
5. iTotal ideformation: irecords iproduce ia irelationship ibetween ientire istress iand itime iand
i qualify ifailure itemperature ivalues iand itransient icreep ivalues ifor ispecific istress itiers ito ibe
i described.
6. iTotal iforces: ifiles iproduce ia irelationship ibetween istress iand itime ifor inotable iinitial istress
i or istress istages iand ican ibe ireveal ias ia irelationship ibetween irestraint iforces iand itemperature
i make ipositive ias ia igive iup istop iend iresult iof iheating. iEach iof ithese imethods ior iregimes
i decides ia ispecific ifeature iof imaterial ibehaviour. iRegimes i1through i4 iare irelated ito isteady-
condition iassessments iand iregimes i5 iand i6 itransient itests. iFor ithe icurrent iinvestigation, ithe
i steady-condition iregimes iare iof imost iinterest ibecause ithe itransient iregimes iare ifirst ioff
i related ito ifire.
For iexample, iunstressed iassessments ican ireproduce iprerequisites iof iconcrete ibeneath ino
i preliminary istress iand iuncovered ito ihigh itemperature, iharassed iassessments ireproduce
i concrete iin icolumns ior icompressive izones iof iflexural icontributors isubjected ito iheat, iand
i unstressed iresidual iyields irecords ion ielectricity iof iunstressed iconcrete ithat ihas ibeen
i uncovered ito ia ithermal iouting.
2.2.1 iMechanical iProperties: iIt ihas ibeen iorthodox ithat ithe imechanical itraits iof iconcrete ican
i be iadversely iinfluenced iby iusing ielevated- itemperature iexposure. i18–22 iQuantitative
i interpretation iof ion ihand iarchives iis idifficult, ihowever, idue ito ithe ifact i(a) isamples ihad ibeen
i each itested ihot ior icold, i(b) imoisture imigration iused ito ibe iboth ifree ior iconfined, i(c) iconcrete
i used ito ibe iboth iloaded ior iunloaded iwhile iheated, i(d) icombine icompositions iand iproportions
i varied, i(e) itake ia ilook iat ispecimen imeasurement iand ishape ihave ibeen inow inow inot
i compatible, i(f) ispecimens ihave ibeen iexamined iat ione-of-a-kind iranges iof ihydration, iand
i (g) iheat-soak ilength idiffering ifrom itake ia iseem ito ibe iat ito itest. iTo ifurnish ia iproperly
i matched igroundwork ifor icontrast iof idata, iit iis iapproved ithat imany ielements ibe itaken iinto
i consider: i23(a) iconcrete ienergy iclass; i(b) itake ia ilook iat ispecimen isize; i(c) ithermal
i compatibility iof iaggregate iand icement ipaste imatrix; i(d) icement iand iconcrete iconstitution;
i (e) istage iof itemperature; i(f) idegree iof ihydration;(g) imoisture icontent; i(h) imoisture
i gradients, iprice iof idrying ior iwetting; i(i) itemperature igradient, iprice iof iheating ior icooling;
i (j) iperiod iof itemperature iexposure; i(k) iloading iat isome istage iin itemperature iexposure; i(l)
i temperature-activated i12 itransformations iin imicrostructure iand ichemical icharter iof icement;
i (m) icircumstance iof ispecimen istetted— iwarm ior icold; i(n) istrength ichecking iout iprocedure;

11
i and i(15) ireference ienergy iselected—wet i,moist, ior idry. iA icontrast iof istrategies iused iby iway
i of icapacity iof itop inotch iinvestigators ifor ielevated-temperature ichecking iout iof iconcrete
i specify ithat, inormally, ithe iexams ican ibe icategorised iin iaccordance ito icold ior ihot itesting. iIn
i cold itesting, ispecimens iare islowly iheated ito ia icentered itemperature, iapproved ito ithermally
i stabilize iat ithat itemperature ifor ia irequired ilength iof itime, ilicensed ito islowly icool ito
i ambient, iand ithen iexamined ito iresolute iresidual imechanical icharacteristics. iIn iwarm
i testing,
specimens iare islowly iheated ito ia ifine itemperature, iauthorized ito ithermally istabilize iat ithe
i temperature ifor ia irequired iduration iof itime, iand ithen iexamined iat itemperature ito idetermine
i mechanical icharacteristics.
During itesting, ispecimens iare imaintained iin iboth ian iopen ienvironment ithe iregion iwater
i vapour ican iescape i(unsealed) ior ia iclosed ienvironment iwhere ithe imoisture iis ihold i(sealed).
i The iclosed isurroundings irepresents istates ifor imass iconcrete ithe iplace imoisture idoes inow ino
i longer ihave igeared iup iget iadmission ito ito ithe iatmosphere, iand ithe iopen ienvironment
i represents istates ithe iarea ithe iissue iis ieach ivented ior ihas ifree iatmospheric icommunication.
i During iheating iand icooling, ithe ispecimens iwould ipossibly ialso ibe ieither iloaded ior
i unloaded. iMechanical iqualities iin iwhich ithe ispecimens ihave ibeen ipermit ito ireturn ito iroom
i temperature ipreceding ito itrying iout iare ireferred ito ias iresidual icharacteristics. iThe iusual
i overall iperformance iof iconcrete ican ibe imeasured ithrough ithe iuse iof ithe iexchange iof iits
i stiffness, istrength, ior isome ispecific iproperty ithat iwould ihave ian iimpact ion iits imain
i characteristic iin iservice. iBecause iconcrete ihas ia ihighly ilow itensile istrength, iit iis imany
i times irelied iupon ito itake icompressive iforces, iwith itensile iforces itaken ithrough imetal
i reinforcement. iAs ia iconsequence, ia iproper ideal iof ithe ilookup iprepare ion iconcrete iat
i multiplied itemperature ihas ifocused ion icompressive ipower ias ithe iimperative iproperty iin
i inspecting iits idecline. iHowever, iit ihas ibeen ireferred ito ithat ithe icompressive ienergy imight
i also inow inot ibe ias iright ian iindicator iof idecline iat imultiplied itemperature ias itensile ior
i flexural ielectrical ienergy ibelow ibrief iloading.
1.7 iCAUSES iOF iTEMPERATURE iEFFECTS iON iCONCRETE:
Now idays iof iimprovement ithe iengineer itwo ilayout ithe iform iwith iall ihuge ifeatures.
i Basically ifor imulti-storey istructure ithe igraph iof ithe ishape iought ito ibe idesigned ifor iall

12
i classes ilike iseismic iforce, iwind iforce, ifurnace iresistance ietc. iThe ipurpose iof ithe
i temperature iconsequence ion ishape iis iflawed iformat iof ithe istructure.
Under inormal iconditions, imost iconcrete ibuildings iare isubjected ito ia idiffer iof itemperature
i no iincreased iextreme ithan ithat iabuse ithru iambient ienvironmental istates. iHowever, ithere iare
i big isituations iwhere ithese iconstructions ican ialso ibe iuncovered ito ivery ihigher itemperatures.
i Concretes ithermal iqualities iare igreater icomplex ithan ifor imost isubstances idue ito ithe ifact ino
i longer isolely iis ithe iconcrete ia icomplicated icloth iwhose imaterials ihave idistinctive
i characteristics, ibut iits icharacteristics iadditionally ibased ion imoisture iand iporosity. iExposure
i of iconcrete ito iaccelerated itemperature iinfluences iits imechanical iand ibodily iproperties.
1.8 iREMEDIAL iOF iTEMPERATURE iEFFECT iON iCONCRETE:
In ithe iconstruction iindustry imost icommon iremedial iis icompute isome iadmixture ior ipartial
i replacement iof icement iand ifine iaggregate iin iconcrete.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY i
1. iAlwyn-verghese, iD.Jasperselva iSamuel, iAnand.n, iprince-arulraj iG.
Their iinvestigation idone ito ievaluate ithe iinfluence iof ithe ielevated itemperature ion ithe
i properties iof idifferent ifiber ireinforced iconcrete. i
In itheir istudy ithey ifound ithe imodulus iof ielasticity idecreased iwhen ithe iduration iof iheating iincreased.
Concrete iwith icarbon ifiber, ibasalt ifibre iexhibited ithe ihigh imodulus iof ielasticity.
They ialso ifound ithe ipolypropylene ifiber imelts iat itemperature i& icreate ipore iholes.
2. iNavya iHA, iDr.nayana in ipatil
Their iinvestigation icarried iout ito ifind ithe istrength iand idurability icharacteristics iof icarbon-
fiber ireinforced iconcrete.

13
They ifound ithat iwhen iincrease ithe icarbon ifiber idosage idecrease ithe iworkability.
Compressive istrength iof ithe iconventional iconcrete iwas ifound ito iIncreased.
They ialso iobserved ithat ithere iis ian iincrease iin istrength i(compressive, iflexural, isplit itensile)
i for icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete iup ito i1% iof ifibers iby iweight iof iconcrete iand idecreased
i for i1.25% iaddition iof icarbon ifibers.
They ialso ifound ithe icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete iis imore iresist ito iacid iand isulphate
i attacks iwhen icompared ito iconventional iconcrete.
3. iAlwyn-verghese, iAnand.n iand iprince iarulraj iG
Their iinvestigation ion ithe istress-strain ibehaviour iand imodulus iof ielasticity iof ifiber
i reinforced iconcrete iat ielevated itemperature.
From itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithat ithe iultimate istrength iof ithe ifiber ireinforced
i concrete ireduced iwith iincrease iin itemperature. iThe ireduction iwas ifound ito i―vary‖
i according ito ithe itype iof ithe ifiber iadded ito ithe ifiber ireinforced iconcrete.
They ialso ifound ithat ifor i90minutes iof iheat iexposures iultimate icompressive istrain iin icontrol
i concrete iand iall ifiber ireinforced iconcrete ispecimen iexceeds ithe imaximum iallowable istrain
i limit. iHigh imelting ipoint ifibers i(carbon i& ibasalt) ihad ilow istrain iat iultimate istress iin
i 90mints iof iheat iexposure.
In ithe icase iof icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete iat iunheated iconditions ithe imodulus iof
i elasticity iincreased i41% i&in icase iof iheated icondition iit ishows ian iincrement iof i130% ithan
i the icontrol iconcrete.
4.T.Ch.Madhavi iand iRam ikumar iP. iK.
Their iinvestigation icarried iout ito iknow ithe itemperature ieffect ion iconcrete iduring iexposure
i of iheat, ifire.
i They iinvestigate ithe ieffect iof ielevated itemperatures iof i100, i200, i300°C ion itrial imix
i specimen iat ivarious itime iintervels.
5. iAsif iHusain, ijabbar iAhmad, iAbdul iMujeeb, iRehan iAhmed.
In itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithe iloss iof iconcrete istrength iunder isever itemperature
i conditions.

14
They ialso isuggested ithat ithe ifactor iof isafety ishould ibe iaccordingly imodified iin ispecial
i structures ilike inuclear ireactors.
6. iHAGER
i This iinvestigation ipresents ithe ibehaviour iof iconcrete iat ia ihigh itemperature.
i This iinvestigation ishows ithe ichanges iin imechanical iproperties iof iconcrete icaused iby
i heating i& ialso ishows ithe ichanges ioccurred iin istress-strain irelationship, icompressive
i strength, imodulus iof ielasticity iof iconcrete iat iincreased itemperature.
This iinvestigation ipresents ithat ithe iwater iplays iimportant irole iin ia itransient ithermal istrain
i development i& ispalling iphenomenon.
It ialso ishows ithe iabove i400°c itemperature, imismatch iof ithermal ideformation ioccurs
i between iaggregate, icement ipastes.
7. iT.S.Viswanathan, iK.Srnivasan, iV.Sairam, iM.Giriraj.
In itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithe iconcrete iloses iits icompressive istrength iwhen iit iis
i exposed ito itemperature imore ithan i200°c.
They ialso ifound ithe iconcrete iloses iits istrength iby iabout i27% iof iits iinitial icompressive
i strength iat i800°c
They ialso ifound ithe iconcrete iloses iits itesile istrength idue ito ihigh itemperature.
8. iS.Osuji, iU.Ukeme.
In itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithe icompressive istrength iof iconcrete idecreases ias
i temperature iincreases idue ito ihigh idehydration iof ithe icalcium ihydroxide iin ithe icement iand
i generating imore iwater ivapour.
They ialso ifound ithat ithe iweight iof iconcrete ireduced idue ito iloss iof imoisture.
9. iR.Vasumithra, iDr.P.Srinivasa iRao
In itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithat ithe icompressive istrength iand itensile istrength ireduced
i nearly i14%, i9% iat i200°c iand i400°c.

15
i They ialso ifound ithat ithe iweight iloss iof icube ispecimens inearly i4%, iand i8% iat i200°c iand
i 400°c.
i From itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithat, iwhen itemperature iexposed ito i600°c iall ithe
i specimens iget itotally ipowdered. i
In itheir iinvestigation ithey iuse ithe iultrasonic ipulse ivelocity imeasurement ifor iestimate ithe
i temperature irelated idamage iin iconcrete. i
10. iAshok iR. iMundhada, iDr.ArunD.Pofale
In itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithat iat i350°c itemperature ithe iconcrete iremains iunaffected
i in iappearance i& istrength. iAt i500°c itemperature, ithe iconcrete isuffers islightly i
They ialso ifound ithat ithe itemperature iexposure itime iincreases, iresults iis igreater idamage iin
i concrete.
11. iAnvaj, iG. iSenthilkumar, iS. iManivel.
In itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithat, iwith ithe iincrease iin ithe ifiber icontent, iworkability iis
i found ito ibe idecreased.
They ialso ifound ithe iself- icompacting iconcrete ifound ito ibe imore icompressive istrength, isplit
i tensile istrength iand iflexural istrength ithan iconventional iself-compacting iconcrete.
They ialso ifound ithat ithe iinitial ideflection iof ithe ioptimum imix ihybrid ifiber ireinforced iself-
compacting iconcrete iis ifound ito ibe imore iin ithe ibeginning iand iit igradually idecreases
i compared itp ithe iconventional ireinforced iself-compacting iconcrete iwith iincrease iin iload.
They ialso ifound ithat ithe ihybrid ifiber ireinforced iself-compacting iconcrete iis ifound ito
i withstand imore iload iwith ilesser ideflection ithan iconventional iconcrete ibeam.
12. iS. iM. iDeore, iJ.S.Bodke, iR.V. iAware, iC.V.Ahire, iP.M.Kamble, iProf.A.R.Pendhari.
In itheir iinvestigation ithey ifound ithat ithe imaximum iflexural istrength iobtain iat i30%
i replacement iof isand iby iwaste ifoundry isand iwith i0.75% icarbon ifiber iin iconcrete.

16
They ialso ifound ithat ibetter imechanical iproperties iobtained iby iusing i30% iwaste ifoundry
i sand iwith i0.75% icarbon ifiber.
They ialso ifound ithat ithe icrack iformation iis ivery ismall iin ifiber ispecimen icompared ito ithe
i non ifiber ispecimens.
They ialso ifound ithe iincrease ithe icarbon ifiber iamount idecreases ithe ibonding iin iconcrete.
CHAPTER i-3
METHODOLOGY
Production iof iconcrete irequires iuse iof ia inumber imaterials, ihere iwe iare idiscussing
i about ithe ia iwide ivariety iof isubstances ithat iare iused iin ithe imanufacturing iof iconcrete ifor ithis
i experimental ilocate iout iabout ipurpose ialongside iwith itheir iproperties.
3.1 iMaterials iUsed
1. Aggregates
a. Coarse iaggregate
b. Fine iaggregate
Cement
Carbon ifiber
water
3.1.1 iAggregates
Aggregates iare ithe isizeable iparts iin iconcrete. iThey isupply iphysique ito ithe iconcrete,
i minimize ishrinkage iand iaffect ieconomy. iThey iare iacquire ifrom isedimentary, iigneous iand
i metamorphic irocks. iThe iaggregates iexists i70 ito ieighty ipercentage iof iwhole iextent iof
i concrete. iIt iis iconsequently isignificant ito iobtain iapplicable iexceptional iof icombination ifor
i any iconcrete imix. iThey ishould ibe iclean, istrong, idurable iand igraded iin isize ito iacquire ithe

17
i utmost ifinancial isystem ifrom ithe ipaste. iEarlier iaggregates ihad ibeen iviewed ichemically
i inert icloth ibut inow iit ihas ibeen irecognised ithat isome iaggregates iare ichemically iactive iand
i also ithat icertain itypes iexhibit ichemical ibond iat ithe iinterface iof iaggregates iand ithe ipaste.
i Aggregates iof idifferent isizes iare iused ito iattain igreater ibulk idensity inamely, icoarse
i aggregates iand ifine iaggregates.
Classification
S.N Classification ion ithe ibasis iof Types

1. Geological iOrigin a. i iNatural iaggregates
b. i iArtificial iaggregates
2. Size a. Coarse iaggregate
b. All-in-aggregate
c. Graded iaggregate
d. Fine iaggregate
3. Shape a. Round iaggregate

b. Irregular iaggregate
c. Angular iaggregate
d. Flaky iaggregate
3.1.2 i(a) iCoarse iaggregate
These iare icrushed, iuncrushed ior ipartly icrushed igravel ior istone imost iof iwhich iis
i maintain ion i4.75mm isieve. iThey i ibe ihard, isturdy idense, ilong ilasting iand ifree ifrom
i adherent icoatings iand iadditionally ifree ifrom iinjurious iamount iof idisintegrated ipieces,
i alkali, iorganic icount iand iother ideleterious isubstances. iFlaky iand ielongated
i aggregates ineed ito ibe ikeep iaway ifrom itwo ias ia ilong iway ias ipossible.
3.1.2 i(b) iFine iaggregate
Fine icombination ior isand iis ian iaccumulation iof igrains iof iminerals ibe icounted iattain
i from ithe idisintegration iof irocks. iIt iis iwonderful ifrom igravel ientirely ivia ithe iusage iof

18
i the imeasurement iof igrain iof iparticles, ihowever iit iis igorgeous ifrom iclay iwhich iconsists
i of inatural imaterials. iSands ithat ihave ibeen isorted iout iand idivided ifrom ithe inatural
i count iby imeans iof ithe imotion iof iwater ipresent iday iare iuniform iin idimension iof igrains.
i Generally ienterprise isand iidentification icollect ifrom iriver ibeds ior ifrom ithe isand
i dunes iat ifirst ifashioned iby iway iof ithe imotion iof iwinds. iSand i(>0.07mm) iis iused ias
i gorgeous iaggregate iin imortar iand iconcrete. iIt iis ia igranular ishape iof isilica. iSand iused
i for imix idesign iis iregarded ias ipopular isand i(IS: i650). iThe
i fashionable isand ineed ito ibe iacquired ifrom iEnnore, iTamilnadu. iIt ishould ibe iquartz,
i light igrey ior iwhitish ivariant iand i ibe ifree ifrom isilt.
i 3.1.2 i(c) iSieve ianalysis iof iFine iaggregate:
S.No IS iSieve % iPassing
1. 4.75 imm 99.5
2. 2.36 imm 96.8
3. 1.7 imm 93.08
4. 1.18 imm 91.7
5. 600 imicrons 82.3
6. 75 imicrons 1.3
Table i3.1.2 i(1)
3.1.3 iCement
Cement iis ia imaterial, itypically iin ipowder iform, ithat ican ibe imade iinto ia ipaste iby iway
i of iinclusion iof iwater iand, iwhen imoulded, iwill iset iinto ia istrong imass. iNumerous inatural
i composites iare iused ifor iadhering isubstances iof isubstances iare ireferred ito ias icement,
i however ithese iare ilabeled ias iadhesives, iand ithe itime iperiod icement iby imyself istands ifor
i improvement imaterial. iThe imost iconsiderably iused isort iof icement iis iPortland icement. itwo
i Portland icement iis ia ibluish-grey ipowder igather iwith ithe iaid iof iway iof ifinely igrading ithe

19
i clinker imade iwith ithe iuseful iresource iof istrongly iheating ian iintimate imixture iof icalcareous
i and iargillaceous iminerals. iThe ichief icomposite iis ilime istone. i iBlast ifurnace islag imay
i additionally imoreover imoreover ibe iused iin isome icement iand ithe icement iis iknown ias
i Ordinary iPortland icement. iOrdinary iPortland icement i(OPC) i- iforty ithree igrade iwas iused
i for ithe ianalysis. iIt iused ito ibe iexamined ifor iits iphysical iqualities iin iaccordance iwith iIndian
i frequent ispecification.
Chemical iCompounds iof iCement
Lime i63%
Silica i22%
Alumina i06%
Iron ioxide i03%
Gypsum i01 ito i04%
1. iWhen ithe icement iis iblended iwith iwater, ihydration iand ihydrolysis ireactions iof iBogue
i composites iof icement ibegin, iensuing iin iformation iof igel iand icrystalline iproducts.
2. iThese imerchandise ihave ithe ifunctionality ito iembody iinert icomponents iliks isand, ibricks,
i and ioverwhelmed istones, ietc.―Setting iis ithe istiffening iof iunique iplastic imass idue ito ithe
i technological iknow-how iof itobermonite igel‖. iIt ican ibe idivided iinto2 itiers ia) iInitial iSet
i b)Final iSet
Initial iSet iis iwhen ipaste ibeing ito istiffen
Final iSet iis iwhen ithe ipaste iestablishing ito iharden iand iin ia iposition ito isustain isome iloads―
i Hardening iis ithe ienchancment iof ipower idue ito itechnology iof icrystals‖
HEAT iOF iHYDRATION iOF iCEMENT

1. iWhen icement iis iblended iwith iwater, ihydration, ihydrolysis iand igelation iresponse ibegins
i and isome iheat iis idischarge.
2. iOn ian icommon iof i500 ikJ/Kg iof iwarmness iis ideveloped ifor ithe iperiod iof ientire ihydration
i of icement.
Bogue iCompounds Heatof ihydration i(kJ/kg)
C3 A 880
C3 S 500

20
C4AF 420
C2 S 250
Heat iof ihydration iof iBogue icomposites
Raw iMaterials iof iPortland icement

• iRaw iMaterials:
1- iCalcareous irocks i(CaCO ithree i> i75% isuch ias ilimestone, imarl, ichalk),
2- iArgillaceous irocks i(CaCO ithree i< i40% isuch ias iclay iand ishale),
3- iArgillocalcareous irocks i(40-75% iCaCO i3 isuch ias iclayey ilimestone, iclayey imarl).
• iMaterials ifrom iany itwo iof ithese iagencies ican ialso ialso ibe iused ifor iPortland icement
i manufacture iproduce ithat ithey iwant ito icontain, iIn isuited ishape iand ipercentages iof ilime,
i silica iand ialumina.
Chemical iCompounds iof iPortland iCements:
The iuncooked imaterials iused iin ithe iproduction iof iPortland iCement iconsist iin igeneral iof
i lime, isilica, ialumina iand iiron ioxide.
The ioxides iaccount ifor iover i90% iof ithe icement. iThe ioxide icompounds iof i(ordinary)
Portland icement ican ialso iadditionally ibe iexpressed ias ifollows: iMain iChemical iComposites
i of iPortland icement
• iOxides ihave iinteraction iwith ievery ispecific iand iform iextra icomplicated icomposites. iThe
i measurement iof ithe iamount iof ithese iprincipal iComposites ivia iusual ichemical imethods iis
i now inow inot ipossible.

21
• iPortland icements iare iaccumulated iof i4 iforemost ichemical icomposites ishown iwith itheir
i names, ichemical iformulas, iand
Abbreviations: iTricalcium isilicate i= i3CaO•SiO i2 i= iC i3 iS
Dicalcium isilicate i= i2CaO•SiO i2 i= iC i2 iS
Tricalcium ialuminate i= i3CaO. iAl i2 iO ithree i= iC i3A
Tetracalciumaluminoferrite i= i4CaO.Al i2 iO ithree i.Fe i2 iO i3= iC ifour iAF
TESTING iOF iCEMENT

Density:
The idensity iis ithe iquintessential ibodily ifactors iof ithe imaterial. iDensity iis idefined ithrough
i mass iof ia iunit ivolume iof ia ifabric isubstance, iexpressed ias ikilograms iper icubic imetre.
Where iρ iis idensity iin ikg.m-3 i(g.cm-3)m imass iof ithe imaterial ipattern iin ikg i(g)Vh ivolume iof
i the ispecimen iin im3(cm3)
The imass ican ibe idecided ithrough iscale i(usually ianalytic ibalance), ito idetermine iout iextent iof
i free iMaterial iis ilarger itough. iFor icalculation iof icement idensity ithe ipycnometric itechnique iis
i used.
P i= im/vh
Calculation iof iDensity iby iPycnometric iMethod:

Pycnometric imethod iis iindirect imethod; ithe imeasuring iof ivolume iis isubstituted ivia iway iof
i many iweighing iof ifabric iin ipycnometer. iPycnometer iis iglass i(or imetal) ibottle iwith ia itight
i turning iinto istopper ihaving ia ismall igap iin iits icentre. iThe ihole iin ithe istopper ipermits iexcess
i liquid ito iget iaway iand ithe ivolume iof ithe iliquid iin ithe ipycnometer iis inormally ithe isame.
Density ithrough icapacity iof ipycnometry iis idetermined ifrom ifundamental iformula:
P i= im i×pk/m+ im4-m3
Where im iis imass iof ithe isample iof ithe itested imaterial i(m i= im2 i– im1)
M1 imass iof idry iempty ipycnometer iin iaddition ito istopper
M2 imass iof idry ipycnometer iwith isample iand istopper
M3 imass iof iclosed ipycnometer iwith ipattern iand imeasuring iliquid
M4 imass iof ithe iclosed ipycnometer iwith iquantifying iliquid iρk idensity iof iquantifying iliquid
i at iexamined itemperature iNote: iQuantifying iliquid ishould inow inot ibe iwater iin icase iof
i measuring icement idensity! iGenerally iis iused iAlcohol.
Testing iprocedure:

22
Weight imass iof ithe iempty ipycnometer iwith istopper i- im1

Fill ithe ipycnometer iwith iquantifying iliquid. iReplace istopper icarefully, iallowing isurplus
i liquid ito ibreak iout ithrough ithe igap iin ithe istopper. iMake icertain ithere iare ino ibubbles. iDry
i backyard iand iweight i–m4 iFill ithe idry, iempty ipycnometer iabout i1/3 ifull iof ithe isample.
i Closed iit iand iweight ia inew i– im2 i
Add iquantifying iliquid ito ithe isample. iFill ipycnometer iabout i2/3 ifull. iMix iup iwith icaution
i and iboil ithe ipyknometer ifor i2 ihours. iAfter icooling irefill iwith ithe iliquid, iclosed ithe
i pycnometer iand iweight i- im3
.
Fig i3.1.3.1
Fineness:
Sieving imethod
Air ipermeability itechnique i(Blaine)
Sieving iMethod:
This itechnique iserves ionly ito ireveals ithe ipresence iof icoarse icement iparticles. iThis imethod
i is iin ireality isuitable ito ichecking iand icontrolling imanufacturing iprocess.
The ifineness iof icement iis iestimate ithrough imeans iof isieving iit ion imodern isieves. iThe ishare
i of icement iof iwhich ithe igrain isizes iare imassive ithan ithe ireferred ito imesh imeasurement iis ias
i a iresult iresolute.

23
Air iPermeability iMethod i(Blaine iMethod):

The ifineness iof icement iis iestimated ias iunique isurface. iSpecific isurface iis iexpressed ias ithe
i total iflooring ivicinity iin isquare imetres iof iall ithe icement iparticles iin ione ikilogram iof
i cement. iThe ihigher ithe iunique isurface iis, ithe ifiner icement iwill ibe.
Principle iof iair ipermeability imethod iis iin inoticeing ithe itime itaken ifor ia iconsistent iquantity
i of iair ito iglide ivia icompacted icement ibed iof idescribed idimension iand iporosity. iUnder
i standardised istates ithe iunique ifloor iof icement iis iproportional ito iwhere it iis ithe itime ifor
i given iquantity iof iair ito ifloat ithru ithe icompacted icement ibed. iThe iquantity iand imeasurement
i range iof ipersonality ipores iin ithe idescribed ibed iare idecided ithru ithe icement iparticle
i measurement idistribution iwhich iadditionally idetermined ithe itime ifor ithe idescribed iair iflow.
i The iapproach iis icomparative ias ian ialternative ithan iabsolute iand itherefore ia ireference
i pattern iof irecognised iunique isurface iis irequired ifor icalibration iof ithe iapparatus.
m i1 i= i0,500 i× iρ i× iV i[g]
A imattress iof icement iis iorganized iin ispecial ipermeability iphone iand ihave igenuine iporosity
i e i= i0,500 iweight ia iamount iof icement. iThe iweight iof ithe icement iis idecided ifrom
Where iρ iis ithe idensity iof ithe icement i[g.cm-3]
V iextent iof ithe icement imattress i[cm3]
Specific isurface iS iis iexpressed ias
two iS i= ik/p i× i√ ie3 i/ i(1-e) i× i√ it/√ i0,1ƞ
Where iK iis ithe iequipment iconstant
E iporosity iof ithe imattress iT ithe imeasured itime i[s]
ρ idensity iof icement i[g.cm-3]
η ithe iviscosity iof iair iat ithe icheck itemperature
The itools iconsistent iis ideterminate iwith ithe iuseful iresource iof iquantify ipermeability iof
i reference icement iof irecounted itwo iunique isurface. iThe iapproach irepeats ithree itimes ifor
i three isamples iof icement ibed. iFor ieach isample iis idetermined iregular iK ifrom iformula:
two i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i i i i itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo i i itwo itwo itwo
i two i itwo i itwo i i itwo iK i= iS0×ρ0×(1-e) i÷ i√ ie3×√ i0,1ƞ i/√ it
Where iS0 iis ithe ispecific iground iof ithe ireference icement i[cm2.g-1]
ρ0 idensity iof ithe ireference icement i[g.cm-3]
t0 icalculated itime i[s]
η0 iair iviscosity iat ithe itake ia ilook iat itemperature i[Pa.s]

24
With ithe iquantify iporosity iof ie i= i0,500

two itwo itwo i i i itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i i itwo itwo itwo itwo
i two itwo itwo itwo itwo iK i= i1414 i× iS0 i× iρ0×√ i0,1ƞ i/√ it
Place ithe iperforated idisc ion ithe iledge iat ithe ibottom iof ithe ismartphone iand ilocation ion iit ia
i new ifilter ipaper idisc. iPlace ithe iweighed iquantity iof icement, im1, iin ithe icell. iPlace ia i2nd inew
i filter ipaper idisc ion ithe ilevelled icement. iInsert ithe iplunger iand ipress iit igently ialternatively
i stiffly iuntil ithe idecrease iface iof ithe icapis iin icontact iwith ithe icell. iSlowly iwithdraw ithe
i plunger, irotate iit iby iway iof ininety i° iand ipress ias isoon ias iagain. iThe imattress iis inow
i compacted iand iprepared ifor ithe ipermeability itest. iTest iis iexecute ion ithe iBlaine igear i(see
i Fig.:30).
It iis itruly imanometer iin ithe iU-tube iform. iOne iarm iof ithe imanometer iis icontributed iat ithe
i pinnacle iwith iconical isocket ito ishape ian iairtight ihealthy iwith ithe iconical isurface iof ithe icell.
i The iequal iarm ihas i4 ietched itraces iM1 ito iM4 iand iT-joint, iwhich icarried iout ito ian iairtight
i stopcock iprevious iwhich iis idelivered iaspiration irubber ibulb. iManometer iis istuffed ito ithe
i stage iof ithe ilowest ietched iline iwith inon-volatile, inon-hygroscopic iliquid iof ilow iviscosity
i and idensity i(such ias idibutylphthalate ior imild imineral ioil). iPlace ithe iconical iflooring iof ithe
i cellphone iinto ithe isocket iat ithe ipinnacle iof ithe imanometer.
Open ithe istopcock iand iwith iagnostic iaspiration ielevate ithe idegree iof ithe imanometer iliquid
i to ithat iof ithe ieasiest ietched iline. iClose ithe istopcock iand ithe imanometer iliquid iwill ibegins ito
i flow. iStart ithe itimer ias ithe iliquid ireaches ithe i2d ietched iline iand icease iit iwhen ithe iliquid
i gain ithe i1/3 ietched iline. iRecord ithe itime, it, iand ithe itemperature, iT.
The itechnique irepeats ithree iinstances
Determination iof iSetting iTime:

The isetting itime iis icalculated ivia igazing ithe ipenetration iof ineedle iinto icement ipaste iof
i preferred iconsistence iuntil iit ifeatures ia ispecial ivalue.

25
The ilaboratory ishall ibe ihold iat ia itemperature iof i20 i± i2 i°C iand ia irelative ihumidity iof inot iless
i than i sixty i five i %. i
Fig i3.1.3.2
Standard iConsistence iTest:
Cement ipaste iof ielegant iconsistence ihas ia ispecific iresistance ito ipenetration iwith ithe
i useful iresource iof ia itrendy iplunger.
The iwater irequired ifor isuch ia ipaste iis icalculated iwith ithe iaid iof itrial ipenetrations iof
i pastes iwith idistnict iwater icontents. iContent iof iwater iis iexpressed ias iproportion iby imass iof
i the icement.
Vicat iapparatus iwith ithe iplunger iis iused ifor ithe itest. iThe iplunger ishall ibe iof inon-
corrodible isteel iin ithe ishape iof ia iperfect icylinder iof i50 i± i1mm iterrific isize iand iof i10,00 i±
i 0,05 imm
Diameter. iThe ientire imass iof imoving icomponents ishall ibe i300 i± i1 ig. iPart iof ithe
i Vicat iequipment iis ithe imold ifrom ichallenging irubber i(of itruncated iconical iform) ion ithe
i glass ibase-plate.
Procedure:

26
Calibrate ithe iVicat igear iwith ithe iaid iof ithe iuse iof icapability iof igloomy ithe iplunger ito
i relaxation ion ithe ibase-plate ito ibe iused iand iadjusting ithe ipointer ito istudy izero ion ithe iscale.
i Raise ithe iplunger ito ithe istand-by iplace.
Weight i500 ig iof icement i(to ithe inearest i1g). iWeight ia iextent iof iwater i(distilled ior
i deionized), ie.g. ia ihundred itwenty i5 ig, iin ithe imixer ibowl ior iquantify ithe iwater ifrom ithe
i graduated icylinder iinto ithe imixer ibowl. iAdd ithe icement icarefully ito ithe iwater iin iorder ito
i preserve iaway ifrom iloss iof iwater ior icement. iThe itime iof iaddition ishall ibe ino ilonger ian
i awful ilot iless ithan i5 is inor imore ithan i10 is. iNote ithe itime iof icompletion iof ithe iaddition ias
i zero itime, ifrom iwhich ilater icalculations iof itime ishall ibe imade. iBegin ithe imixer istraight
i away iand irun iat ilow ispeed. iStop ithe ilaptop iafter i90 is ifor i15 is ifor ithe iperiod iof iwhich
i withdraw iwith ia isplendid iscraper iany ipaste iadhering ito ithe ibowl ioutdoor ithe imixing isector
i and igetback iit ito ithe imix. iRestart ithe ilaptop iand irun iat ilow ipace ifor iin iaddition i90 is. iThe
i total imixer istrolling itime ishall ibe ithree imin.1,0 iη i iswap ithe ipaste iright inow ito ithe imould
i and ifill iit ito iexcess. iRemove ithe iexcess igently iand imake ia iclean ihigher isurface istraight
i away iafter ilevelling ithe ipaste, iswitch ithe imould iand ibase-plate ito ithe iVicat igear iand
i neighborhood iit icentrally iunder ithe iplunger. iLower ithe iplunger ilightly itill iit iis iin icontact
i with ithe ipaste.
Pause iin ithat iarea ifor ibetween i1s iand i2s. iThan irelease ithe ishifting isection
i unexpectedly iand iallow ithe iplunger ito ipenetrate ivertically iinto ithe icentre iarea iof ithe ipaste.
i The irelease iof ithe iplunger ishall iexist ifour imin iafter izero itime. iRead ithe iscale iwhen
i penetration ihas iceased ior i30 is iafter ithe ilaunch iof ithe iplunger, iwhichever iis ithe iprior. iRecord
i the iscale ireading, iwhich ispecify ithe idistance ibetween ithe ibottom iface iof ithe iplunger iand ithe
i base iplate. iClean ithe iplunger irapidly iafter ieach ipenetration. iRepeat ithe itake ia ilook iat iwith
i pastes icontaining iunique iwater icontents itill ione iis ilocated ito iinduce ia idistance ibetween
i plunger iand ibase-plate iof i6 i± i1 imm. iRecord ithe iwater icontent imaterial iof ithat ipaste ito ithe
i nearest i0,5% ias ithe iwater ifor itrendy iconsistence
Setting iTime iTest

Cement ipaste iof ifamous iconsistence iis iused ifor ithis itest.
Vicat iequipment iis iused, ion ithe iother ihand ithe iplunger iis ireplaced iby ipotential iof ithe
i steel ineedle iin ithe ishape iof ia iideal icylinder iof iexcessive iquality imeasurement i50 i± i1 imm
i and idiameter i1,13 i± i0,05 imm. iThe iwhole imass iof itransferring ipart iis i300±1 ig.

27
Procedure: iCalibration iof iVicat iequipment iwith ithe ineedle iis ithe iequal ias ifor ithe
i apparatus iwith ithe iplunger. imould, ifilled ivia ipaste iof iwidespread iconsistence iand ibase iplate
i transfer ito ithe iVicat iapparatus.
method iof ipenetration iis ithe iidentical ias iby imeans iof iusing iplunger. iRepeat ithe
i penetration itake ia ilook iat ion ithe iequal ispecimen iat ireadily ispaced iplace, ino ilonger imuch
i less ithan i10 imm ifrom ithe irim iof ithe imildew ior ifrom ieach iother, iat iwithout iproblems ispaced
i intervals iof itime, ie.g. iat i10 imin iintervals.
Clean ithe iVicat ineedle iafter ievery ipenetration ipreliminary isetting itime iis itime
i calculated ifrom izero iat iwhich idistance ibetween ithe ineedle iand ithe ibase-plate iis ifour i± i1
i mm. iRecord iit ito ithe inearest i5 imin. iultimate iputting itime iis itime icalculated ifrom izero iat
i which ithe ineedle ifirst ipenetrates ionly i0,5 imm iinto ithe ispecimen
Chemical iCharacteristics iof ian iOPC i43-grade icement
Lime Alumina Insoluble Magnesia Sulphuric Loss i of

i saturation i Iron iRatio i Residue i (%) i Anhydride i Ignition
i factor i(%) i (%) i (%) i (%)
2.5% i Max
0.8 imin 0.66 2 6 i when iC3A iis i5 4
1.02 imax i or iless
3% iMax iwhen
i C3A iis igreater
i than i5
Table i3.1.3 i(1)

28
Phys
ical
Type iof Fineness Soundness i by Soundness iby Initial i isetting Final i setting
i Cha
i cement (m2/kg) i Lechatelier i Autoclave i time(min) i time(min)
racte
i Min (mm) (mm)
ristic
s i of
i an
PPC
i OPC
(IS i1489-
i 43-
1991) 225 10 0.8 30 600
Gra
de
i cem
ent
Table i3.1.3 i(2)

29
WATER: iWater isuit ifor iingesting iis inormally iconsidered iin ishape ifor imaking iconcrete. iWater iwant
i to ibe ifree ifrom iacids, ioils, ialkalis, iveggies ior iother iherbal iimpurities. iSoft iwaters iadditionally
i developed iweaker iconcrete. iWater ihas itwo ifunctions iin ia iconcrete imix. iFirstly, iit ireacts ichemically
i with ithe icement ito ishape ia icement ipaste iin iwhich ithe iinert iaggregates iare iheld iin isuspension itill ithe
i cement ipaste ihas itoughened. iSecondly, iit iserves ias ia ilubricant iin ithe imixture iof iexcellent iaggregates
i and icement..
4. Experimental Investigation
i i
4.1 iTests ion iMaterials

4.4.1 iSpecific iGravity
Specific igravity iis ithe iratio iof ithe idensity iof ia isubstance ito ithe idensity i(mass iof ithe iequal
i unit ivolume) iof ia ireference isubstance. iThe ireference isubstance iis ialmost itypically iwater iat
i its idensest, i(4°C).
4.4.1.2 iDetermination iunique igravity iof isolids iwith ithe iuseful iresource iof iPycnometer
4.4.1.2.1 iTheory
The iPycnometer itechnique ican ibe iused ifor icalcculation iof ithe iprecise igravity iof isecure
i particles iof ieach isatisfactory igrained iand icoarse igrained iaggregates. iThe iunique igravity iis
i calculated ias ifollowings:
Aggregate itests:

30
In iorder ito idetermine ithe isuitability iof ithe icombination ifor imake iuse iof iin ipavement
i construction, ifollowing iassessments iare icarried iout:
• iCrushing itest
• iAbrasion itest
• iImpact itest
• iSoundness itest
• iSpecific igravity iand iwater iabsorption itest.
Crushing itest: iIn iwhich ipavement imaterial ican ifail iis iwith ithe iaid iof iability iof icrushing
i underneath icompressive istress. iA itake ia iseem ito ibe iat iis iused ito icalculate ithe icrushing
i electrical ienergy iof iaggregates. iThe icombination icrushing ifee iproduces ia irelative imeasure
i of iresistance ito icrushing iunder islowly iutilized icrushing iload. iThe itake ia iseem iat iconsists iof
i subjecting ithe ispecimen iof iaggregate iin ipopular imold
to ia icompression icheck ibelow ifamous iload istates. iDry iaggregates ipassing ithru i12.5 imm
i sieves iand iretained i10 imm isieves iare istuffed iin ia icylindrical imeasure iof i11.5 imm idiameter
i and i18 icm iheight iin ithree ilayers. iEach ilayer iis itampered i25 icases iwith iat ifamous itamping
i rod. iThe itake ia iseem iat isample iis iweighed iand iplaced iin ithe itake ia iseem ito ibe iat icylinder iin
i three ilayers ievery ilayer ibeing itampered iagain. iThe ispecimen iis isubjected ito ia icompressive
i load iof i40 itonnes islowly iutilized iat ithe icost iof ifour itonnes iper iminute. iThen ioverwhelmed
i aggregates iare ithen isieved ithru i2.36 imm isieve iand iweight iof ipassing imaterial i(W2) iis
i expressed ias ishare iof ithe iweight iof ithe itotal isample i(W1) iwhich iis ithe imixture icrushing
i value.
Aggregate icrushing iprice i=W1/W2× i100
A irate ia iwhole ilot imuch iless ithan i10 isignifies ian ienormously isturdy icombination iwhilst
i above i35 iwould icommonly ibe iconsidered ias iweak iaggregate.
Abrasion itest:

31
Abrasion itest iis iinteract ito itake ia iseem iat ithe ihardness iproperty iof iaggregates. iLos iAngeles
i abrasion itake ia ilook iat iis ia icarried iout ione ifor icarrying iout ithe ihardness iproperty iand ihas
i been istandardized iin iIndia i(IS:2386 ipart-IV). iThe iprecept iof iLos iAngeles iabrasion itake ia
i seem ito ibe iat iis ito istumble ion ithe ipercentage iput ion idue ito irelative irubbing imotion ibetween
i the iaggregate iand imetallic iballs iuses ias iabrasive icharge.
Los iAngeles ilaptop iconsists iof iround idrum iof iinternal idiameter iseven-hundred imm iand
i length i520 imm ihooked iup ion ihorizontal iaxis ienabling iit ito ibe irotated. iAn iabrasive icost
i consisting iof istable iiron ispherical iballs iof iforty ieight imm idiameters iand iweight i340-445 ig
i is ipositioned iin ithe icylinder ialongside iwith ithe iaggregates. iThe iquantity iof ithe iabrasive
i spheres ivaries iaccording ito ithe igrading iof ithe isample. iThe iextent iof iaggregates ito ibe iused
i principally ibased iupon ithe igradation iand itypically istages ifrom i5-10 ikg. iThe icylinder iis ithen
i locked iand iturned iaround iat ithe ivelocity iof i30-33 irpm ifor ia iwhole iof i500 i-1000 irevolutions
i based iupon ithe igradation iof iaggregates.
After idescribed irevolutions, ithe imaterial iis isieved ithrough i1.7 imm isieve iand isurpassed
i fraction iis iexpressed ias iproportion icomplete iweight iof ithe isample. iThis icost iis ireferred ito ias
i Los iAngeles iabrasion ivalue. iA imost icharge iof iforty ipercent iis iallowed ifor iWBM ibase iroute
i in iIndian istatess. iFor ibituminous iconcrete, ia imost irate iof i35 iis idescribed. iImpact itest:
The imixture ihave ian iimpact ion itake ia iseem iat iis iengaged ito ievaluate ithe iresistance ito iaffect
i of iaggregates. iAggregates ipassing i12.5 imm isieve iand iretained ion i10 imm isieve iis icrammed
i in ia icylindrical imetal icup iof iinterior idia i10.2 imm iand idepth i5 icm iwhich iis ilinked ito ia
i metallic ibase iof ihave ian ieffect ion imaking ian iattempt iout imachine. iThe imaterial iis icrammed
i in ithree ilayers iwhere ieach iand ievery ilayer iis itamped ifor i25 irange iof iblows. iMetal ihammer
i of iweight i13.5 ito i14 iKg iis igeared iup ito idrop iwith ia ifree ifall iof i38.0 icm iby imeans iof ivertical
i guides iand ithe itake ia ilook iat ispecimen iis isubjected ito i15 ivariety iof iblows. iThe
i overwhelmed iaggregate iis iallowed ito ipass ivia i2.36 imm iIS isieve. iAnd ithe ihave ian ieffect ion
i charge iis icalculated ias ishare iof iaggregates ipassing isieve i(W2) ito ithe icomplete iweight iof ithe
i sample i(W1).
Aggregate ihave ian ieffect ion ifee i=W1/W2× i100
Aggregates ito ibe iused ifor icarrying icourse, ithe iinfluence iprice ishouldn‘t iover iobtain i30
i percent. iFor ibituminous imacadam ithe imost ipermissible icost iis i35 ipercent. iFor iWater isure

32
i macadam ibase ipublications ithe imost ipermissible icost imake iclear ivia iusing iIRC iis i40
i percent.
Soundness itest
Soundness itest iis ideliberate ito iresearch iabout ithe iresistance iof iaggregates ito iweathering
i action, ithrough ipotential iof iperforming iaccelerated iweathering icheck icycles. iThe iPorous
i aggregates isubjected ito ifreezing iand ithawing iare iin iall ilikelihood ito icollapse iprematurely.
i To iascertain ithe idurability iof isuch iaggregates, ithey iare isubjected ito ian iaccelerated
i soundness itest ias idescribed iin iIS:2386 ipart-V. iAggregates iof iparticular idimension iare
i subjected ito icycles iof ialternate iwetting iin ia isaturated ianswer iof iboth isodium isulphate ior
i magnesium isulphate ifor isixteen i- i18 ihours iand ithen idried iin ioven iat ione ihundred iand i5 i−
i 110oC ito ia iordinary iweight. iAfter i5 icycles, ithe iloss iin iweight iof iaggregates iis icalculated
i with ithe iresource iof isieving iout iall iundersized iparticles iand iweighing. iAnd ithe iloss iin
i weight iought ito inow ino ilonger iover ireach i12 ipercentage iwhen itested iwith isodium isulphate
i and i18 ipercent iwith imagnesium isulphate isolution. i22.3.6 iSpecific iGravity iand iwater
i absorption
The iparticular igravity iand iwater iabsorption iof iaggregates iare ihuge iproperties ithat
i are ifundamental ifor ithe isketch iof iconcrete iand ibituminous imixes. iThe iparticular
i gravity iof ia istrong iis ithe iratio iof iits imass ito ithat iof ian iequal iquantity iof idistilled iwater
i at ia idescribed itemperature. iBecause ithe iaggregates imay iadditionally iadditionally
i consists iwater-permeable ivoids, iso itwo imeasures iof iprecise igravity iof iaggregates iare
i used: iapparent iparticular igravity iand ibulk iprecise igravity.
• iWater iabsorption, iThe idistinction ibetween ithe iapparent iand ibulk ispecific igravities iis
i nothing ihowever ithe iwater-permeable ivoids iof ithe iaggregates. iWe ican icalculate ithe
i quantity iof isuch ivoids iwith ithe iaid iof iway iof iweighing ithe iaggregates idry iand iin ia
i saturated, isurface idry istate, iwith iall ipermeable ivoids ifilled iwith iwater. iThe idistinction
i of ithe iabove itwo iis iMW. iMW iis ithe iweight iof idry iaggregates iminus iweight iof
i aggregates isaturated ifloor idry istate. iThus

33
Water iabsorption i=MW/MD× ia ihundred i(22.3)
The iunique igravity iof iaggregates icommonly iused iin istreet iimprovement istages ifrom
i about i2.5 ito i2.9. iWater iabsorption ivalues itiers ifrom i0.1 ito iabout i2.0 ipercentage ifor
i aggregates itypically iused iin iavenue isurfacing.
4.4.1.1.2 iSpecific iGravity iof iFine iaggregates
S.N. Mass iof iempty Mass i of i the Mass i of i the Mass i of Specific
i Pycnometer i i i Pycnometer i Pycnometer iand i Pycnometer i Gravity
i in i with idry isample i sample i and i filled iwith iwater
i water i only (G)
(M1 ) i (M2)
(M3) (M4)
1. 474 igm 1117 igm 1584gm 1180gm 2.69
2. 474 igm 1121gm 1600gm 1180gm 2.85
3. 474 igm 1164gm 1615gm 1180gm 2.70
Average(G) 2.74
i Table i4.4.1.1.2 i(1)

34
i 4.4.1.
1.3
S.N. Mass iof iempty Mass i of i the Mass i of i the Mass i of Specific
i Speci
i Pycnometer i i i Pycnometer i Pycnometer iand i Pycnometer i Gravity
fic
i in i with idry isample i sample i and i filled iwith iwater
(G) i Grav
i water i only
(M1 ) i (M2) ity iof
(M3) (M4) i Coar
se
1. 474 igm 1134gm 1566gm 1180gm 2.4 i aggr
egate
2. 474 igm 1168gm 1650gm 1180gm 3.09 s
3. 474 igm 1005gm 1520gm 1180gm 2.78
Average(G) 2.75

35
Table i4.4.1.1.3(1)
4.1.2 iProperties iof iMaterials
Based ion ithe itests iconducted ion ithe imaterials iof ithe iconcrete ithe iresults iwere iobtained ias
i follows:
4.1.2.1 iPhysical iProperties
4.1.2.1.4 iProperties iof iFine iAggregate:

The ifollowing iare ithe itest iresults iof ithe iproperties iof ithe ifine iaggregates:
Table4.4: iProperties iand iTest iresults iof iFine iaggregate

36
Sl. iNo. Properties Test iResults

1 Specific iGravity 2.78
2 Size 2.36mm
3 Bulking iof iSand 5.55
4 Moisture iContent 1.56 i%
5 Fineness iModulus 2.38
6 Bulk iDensity 1612.77 ikg/m3
Type iof iFine iaggregate: iMedium
4.1.2.1.6 iProperties iof iCoarse iAggregates:
The ifollowing iare ithe itest iresults iof ithe iproperties iof ithe icoarse iaggregates:
Table4.5: iProperties iand iTest iresults iof icoarse iaggregates

Sl. iNo Properties Tests iresults
1.
Specific iGravity 2.75
2.
Water iabsorption 1 i%
3.
Nominal imaximum isize 20 imm
4.
Shape Spherical, icubical

37
5.
Fineness iModulus 6.42
2. Mix iDesign
4.2.1 iGeneral
1. Concrete iis ithe imost iwell-known ifabric iin idevelopment iof ieach itype iof icivil
i engineering iform idue ito ithe itruth iof iits ieconomy, iease ifor imaking, isturdiness iand
i strength. iHowever, ithe igraph iof iconcrete icombine idiffers ifrom ishape ito istructure. iNot
i each ikind iof iconcrete icombine iis isuitable ifor ievery ivariety iof ibuilding iwork.
i According ito ithe irequired ipower iand ithe isubject iconditions ithe icombine imust ibe
i prepared. iA iconcrete iconsists iof ia ivary iof iconstituent isupplies iwhich idetermines ithe
i resultant iproduct.
2. Thus, iconcrete imix isketch inotion iused ito ibe idelivered iso ithat iwith ithe iresource
i of ichoosing igorgeous icomponents iof iconcrete iand ifiguring iout itheir iproportions iwe
i can iaccumulate imost ipower iand isturdiness iin ian inot ipricey iway.
3. The iproportioning iof iconcrete ielements iis igoverned iby ithe iuse iof itwo
i indispensable istates, iplastic ikingdom iof iconcrete iand ithe ihardened istate. iPlastic
i nation iof ia iconcrete idetermines iits iworkability iwhereas iits ihardened ination
i determines ithe icompressive istrength. iThe irelationship ibetween ithe iaggregate iand ithe
i cement ipaste iare itwo iimperative isection iof ithe iconcrete. iThe iworkability iof ithe
i concrete iis ifurnished iwith ithe iaid iof ithe ilubricating ihave ian ieffect ion iof ithe ipaste iand
i is iinfluenced iwith ithe iaid iof ithe iusage iof ithe idilution iand iamount iof ipaste. iThe
i contribution ito ithe iproperties iof ithe iconcrete iis iwithout idelay igoverned ivia ithe ihigh-
quality iof ithe ipaste.
4. There iare i4 ifactors ithat iare ito ibe iregarded ifor ithe iconcrete icombine idesign
5. 1. Water iCement iRatio
6. 2. Cement i–Aggregate iRatio
7. 3. Gradation iof ithe iAggregates iConsistency

38
Apart ifrom ithe iabove ielements imonetary imachine iof ithe ilayout imoreover iperforms ian
i critical ifunction iin ithe icombine idesign. iThus iit iis ivery ifundamental ito iapprehend ithe
i concept iof iideal icombine idiagram ifor iconcrete imanufacture.
4.2.2 Method iof iProportioning
There iare ia irange iof iunits iof istrategies iwhich ican ibe iaccompanied ifor ithe icombine
i design. iSome iof ithem iare iSurface iArea iMethod, iIRC iforty ifour iMethod, iRoad iNote
i No.4, iDOE imethod, iIS i10262-2009 iMethod, ietc.
For ithis iexperimentation ipurpose iIS i10262 iapproach ihas ibeen iused. iAccording ito iIS
i 456-2000 iconcrete icombine ihas ibeen icentered iinto inumber iof igrades ias iper ito ithe
i power iattained iwith ithe iresource iof icubes iafter i28 idays iin iN/mm2. iFor iexample, iM25
i the ilocation iM irefers ito imix iand i25 iis ithe istrength iafter i28 idays.
The imixes iof ithe igrades icorresponds ito itheir ipreferred imix iproportions iprovided. iFor
i M25 ithe iproportion iis i1:1:2 iin ithe iorder iof iCement: iFine iaggregate: iCoarse iaggregate.
4.2.3.1 iMix iDesign iProcedure
1. Determination iof iintention icompressive istrength.
2. Determination iof iwater icontent imaterial ias iper idimension iof ithe iaggregate.
3. Selection iof iwater icement iratio.
4. Calculation iof icement icontent.
5. Determination iof ivolume iof iaggregates irequired.

39
GRADE iM25: iFor iNormal iMix
• STEP i1: iTARGET iMEAN iSTRENGTH iOF iCONCRETE:
From iTable i1 iof iIS i10262:2009
fck1 i= ifck+ itS
Where,
fck1 i= iTarget isuggest ielectricity ifor icombine i1
fck i= iCharacteristics istrength iat i28 idays
t i= iTolerance ifactor
S i= iStandard ideviation i i itwo i itwo itwo i itwo i i i i i i i i itwo i i i i i i itwo itwo i i i`
fck1 itwo i itwo i itwo itwo i= ifck i+ i1.65 i× iS
= i25 i+ i1.65 i× i4 itwo itwo i i i itwo i i i i itwo i itwo itwo i itwo i i i i itwo i itwo i i i i i i i(... it=1.65, iS=4)
= i31.6 iN/mm2
• STEP i2 i: iSELECTION iOF iWATER-CEMENT iRATIO:
As iper iIS- i10262: i2009. iThe imaximum idimension iof imixture ito ibe iused iis i20mm, igiven
i by iway iof iIS i10262-2009, iwater icontent imaterial iis i186Kg iper icubic imeter.
Maximum isize iof iaggregate i= i20 imm itwo i itwo itwo i i i i itwo i itwo i itwo itwo itwo i i itwo itwo
two i i i i i itwo i itwo i itwo i itwo i itwo itwo i i i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo i i itwo i i itwo
This iwater icement iratio iis ito ibe ichosen ieach ifrom ipower iconsideration iand ithe
i maximum iw/c idenoted iin iabove itable iof iis i456 iis i0.50 iand ilesser iof ithe itwo iis ito ibe
i adopted ifor idurability irequirement.
W/C iration imentation iin igiven itable iof iIS i456 iis i0.50.W/C iproposed iis i0.43. iThis ibeing
i lesser ithan i0.50, iwe i iadopt iW/C iration ias i0.43

40
Adopt iwater icement iratio i= i0.43
• STEP i3: iSELECTION iOF iWATER iCONTENT:
From iTable i2 iof iIS i10262:2009
two itwo itwo
two itwo i itwo i i itwo i itwo i itwo itwo i itwo itwo i i iMaximum iwater icontent imaterial ias iper
i table iis i186 ilitres. iThis iis ifor i50 imm iSlump.
For i20 imm icombination i i i itwo itwo itwo i itwo i itwo i= i186 ikg/m3 i(for i25-50 imm islump)
Estimated iwater icontent ifor ia ihundred imm islump= i[186 i+ i(6/100) i× i186]
two i i itwo itwo i itwo i i i itwo itwo i i itwo i i i i i i i itwo itwo i itwo i i i itwo itwo i itwo i i itwo itwo i i i i i itwo i i i i i
i two i i itwo i i i i i itwo i i i itwo i i itwo itwo itwo itwo i= i197.16 ilit
(3% iexpand ifor ievery i25 imm istoop iover iand iabove i50 imm islump)=197.62 ilit
• STEP i4: iCALCULATION iOF iCEMENT iCONTENT:
W/C iratio=0.43
Water iUsed=197.16lit
Cement icontent i= iW/C
two itwo itwo i itwo itwo i itwo i i itwo i i i i itwo i i i i i itwo i= i(197.16 i/ i0.43)
two itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo i i i i i i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i i i= i458.13 ikg/m3
i >320kg/m3 i itwo i(320kg/m3) iis iminimum icement icontent
• STEP i5: iPROPORTION iOF iCOARSE iAGGREGATE iAND iFINE

i AGGREGATE iCONTENT:

41
From iTable iof iIS10262:2009
Volume iof icoarse iaggregate = i0.62
Volume iof ibest iaggregate = i1 i– i0.62 i= i0.38
Volume iof iconcrete = i1 im3
Volume iof icement= i[(mass/specific igravity) i× i(1/1000)]
two i i itwo i i i i i itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo i i itwo itwo itwo i i i itwo i i= i[(458.13/3.15)
i × i(1/1000)]
two itwo i itwo i i itwo i i itwo i itwo itwo itwo i itwo i itwo i itwo i itwo i itwo i i itwo i i i= i0.14543 ikg/m3
Volume iof iwater i= i[(mass/specific igravity) i× i(1/1000)]
two itwo i i i itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo i i itwo i i itwo itwo i itwo i itwo i= i[(197.16/1)
i × i(1/1000)]
two itwo i itwo i itwo itwo i i itwo itwo i itwo i i i itwo i i i itwo i i i i i i i= i0.1972 im3
Volume iof iall iin imixture i= i[1- i(0.14543 i+ i0.197)]
two itwo itwo itwo itwo i i itwo i i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo itwo i i i
i two i itwo i i i itwo i itwo itwo i itwo itwo i= i0.6574m3
Weight iof iCA i= iVolume iof iall iin imixture i× iquantity iof iCA i× ispecific igravity i× i1000
two i i i itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo i i i i i itwo itwo i itwo i i= i0.6574 i× i0.635 i× i2.75 i× i1000
two i i i itwo itwo itwo i itwo i itwo i i itwo i itwo i i i i i i i= i1147.98 ikg
Weight iof iFA i= iVolume iof iall iin icombination i× iquantity iof iFA i× iunique igravity i× i1000
two itwo i itwo itwo itwo i itwo i i itwo itwo i i i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i i= i0.6574 i× i0.365 i× i2.9 i×
i 1000
two i i itwo itwo i i itwo itwo i i itwo i i itwo i itwo itwo i i itwo itwo i= i645.46 ikg

42
Table4.6: iMix iproportions i(kg/m3) iand iMix iratio ifor iM i25
Water Cement Fine iaggregate Coarse iaggregate

3 3
( ilitres i) ( ikg/m i) ( ikg/m i) ( ikg/m3 )
i
197.16 458.13 645.46 1147.98
0.43 1 1.41 2.50
MIX iPROPORTION: i0.43: i1: i1.41: i2.5
 STEP i6: iSITE iCORRECTION:
ACTUAL iMIX iPROPORTION: i0.43: i1: i1.41: i2.50
Absorption ivalue iof ifine iAggregate iis i1%

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii =1/100 i× i645.468
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii =6.456
Absorption ivalue iof icoarse iAggregate iis i0.5%
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii = i0.5/100 i× i1147.48
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii =5.735
Increase iwater icontained i= i6.456+5.735
Final iWater icontented i=197+12.189
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii =209.18lit
After icorrection ifine iaggregate icontent= i645.468-6.456
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii = i639.012 ikg/m3
After icorrection icoarse iaggregate icontent i= i1147.48-5.735
iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiii = i1141.5 ikg/m3
Table4.7: iMix iproportions i(kg/m3) iand iMix iratio ifor iM i25

43
Water Cement Fine iaggregate Coarse iaggregate

3 3
( ilitres i) ( ikg/m i) ( ikg/m i) ( ikg/m3 )
i
209.18 458.13 639.012 1141.50
0.456 1 1.395 2.491
MIX iPROPORTION: i0.456: i1: i1.395: i2.491
ADOPTING iMIX iPROPORTION: i0.44: i1: i1.395: i2.491
PROCESS iOF iMANUFACTURE iOF iCONCRETE
For ithe itechnique iof imanufacture iof iconcrete ithere iare isome isimple isteps ithat iare ito ibe iconsidered. iThese
i steps ihelp iin imaintaining iappropriate inice iof ithe iconcrete ithat iis irequired ito ibe iproduced.

44
4.3.1Sampling iof iMaterials:
Representative isamples iof ithe imaterial iof iconcrete ifor iuse iin ithe iparticular iconcrete iconstruction iwork ishall
i be ibought iwith ithe iaid iof icautious isampling. iTest isample ifor icement ishall ibe itaken ifrom ievery ibag
i of icement iin ismall iissue ifrom ithe iluggage iin ithe iweb ipage iwhilst isamples iof ithe iaggregates ishall ibe
i taken ifrom imassive ilots iwith ithe iresource iof iquartering.
4.3.2 iPreparation iof imaterial:
Before iauthentic itake ia iseem iat imachine iis istarted, ithe imaterials iare ito ibe idelivered ito ithe iroom itemperature,
i ideally i28+2oC. iThe icement isamples ishall ibe iutterly imixed idry iby iappropriate imixer ito imake isure
i the ibest iachievable imixing iand iuniformity iin ithe imaterial, itaking icare ithe ifeasible iintrusion iby
i means iof iforeign iplaces imaterial. iThe icement ishall ibe isaved iin idry ivicinity iin iair-tight icontainers.
The isamples iof iwonderful iaggregates iand icoarse iaggregates ithat iare ito ibe iused iought ito ibe ifree ifrom
i moisture icontent imaterial ifabric ii.e. ithe isamples iought ito ibe iair-dried icondition. iAs ihole igrading iof
i the icoarse iaggregate iis ipreferred iin ithis icheck iprocedure, iit iis ifundamental ito ivicinity ifractions iof
i these iaggregates ione iafter ithe iother iin iaccordance ito itheir isize.
Proportioning:
The iproportions iof ithe imaterials, ialong iwith iwater, iin iconcrete imixes iused ifor ifiguring iout ithe
i characteristics iof ithe iconcrete iought ito ibe icomparable iin ieach iaspect. iAs ithe iproportions iof ithe
i factors iof iconcrete iin iinternet isite iare ito ibe idetailed ithrough icapacity iof iextent ibasis, ithey ishall ibe
i calculated ifrom ithe iproportions iby iweight iused iin ithe itake ia ilook iat icubes iand ithe iunit iweight iof ithe
i material.

45
4. Batching:
Measurement iof ithe ifabric ifor iconcrete iis irecognized ias iBatching. iThere iare itwo isorts iof ibatching imethods
i in ipractice.
a. Weigh iBatching:
This ithe imost ipopular iand iregular imethod iof imeasuring ithe imaterial. iWeigh ibatching imachine iallows
i accuracy, iflexibility iand isimplicity. iThere iare iparticular ikinds iof iweigh ibatches iavailable. iFor iminor
i works, ia iweighing iarrangement iconsists iof itwo iweighing ibuckets, ieach irelated ithrough ia icomputing
i device iof ilevers ito ispring iloaded idials iwhich isuggests ithe iload. iThe iweighing ibuckets iate imounted
i on ia icentral ispindle iabout iwhich ithey irotate. iThus ione ican ibe iloaded iwhile idifferent iis ibeing
i discharged iinto ithe imixer iskip. iA ieasy ispring ior ielectronic ibalances iare imoreover ifamiliar ifor ismall
i purpose.
On ilarge iwork isites, ithe iweigh ibucket itypes iare iused. iThis iis ifed ifrom ia igiant ihead istorage ihopper iand iit
i discharges iby iway iof igravity, istraight iinto ithe imixer. iThe iweighing iis iachieved ivia ia ilever iarm
i gadget iand itwo iinter ilinked ibeam iand ijockey iweights. iThe irequired iextent iof iany imaterial iis
i weighed, ihaving isolely ithe iminimize ibeam iin ioperation. iAfter ibalancing ithrough icapability iof
i turning ithe ismaller ilever, ito ithe ileft iof ithe ibeam, ithe itwo ibeams iare iinterlinked iand ithe inext imaterial
i is ibrought iuntil ithey ieach ibalance. iThe ipointer iindicates ithe ifinal ibalance ion ithe iscale ito ithe isuitable
i of ithe ibeam. iDischarge iis ithru ithe iswivel igate iat ithe ibottom.
b. Volume ibatching:
Volume ibatching iis inot ia ipinnacle imethod iof iproportioning ithe icloth ibecause iof ichallenge iit iaffords ito
i measure ithe igranular imaterial iin iterms iof ivolume. iVolume iof imoist isand iin ifree icircumstance
i weighs ilots iless ithan ithe iequal ivolume iof idry icompacted isand. iCement iis iin ino iway imeasured iin
i volume. iGauge icontainers iare icommonly iused ifor imeasuring ifantastic iand icoarse iaggregate. iThe
i extent iof ifield iis imade iequal ito ithe iextent iof ione ibag iof icement. iHere, iin ithis iexperimentation, iweigh
i batching iis iachieved ifor imeasuring ithe isubstances irequired.
5. Measurement iof iWater:

46
Addition iof iwater iby imeans iof igraduated ibucket iin iphrases iof ilitres iwill inow inot ibe iright isufficient ifor ithe
i purpose iof ispillage iof iwater ietc. iit iis inormal ito ihave iwater imeasured iin ihorizontal itank ior ivertical
i tank iequipped ito imixer. iThese itanks iare istuffed iup iafter ieach ibatch. iThe ifilling iis idesigned iso ias ito
i manage ithe idesired iextent iof iwater. iSometimes iwater imeters iare ioutfitted iin ithe iprimary iwater
i furnish ito ithe imixer ifrom iwhich ithe iparticular iquantity iof iwater ican ibe iinto ithe imixer.
―If ithe ipreferred ihunch ior istoop iwaft iis imuch iless ithan ispecified, iand iuntil iin iany idifferent icase istated, igain
i the ifavored islump ior idroop iwaft iinternal ithe itolerances imentioned iin i[applicable isections] iwith ia
i one-time iaddition iof iwater. iDo ino ilonger iexceed ithe imost iwater icontent imaterial ifor ithe ibatch ias
i mounted iby iway iof ithe idesigned imixture iproportion. iA ione-time iaddition iof iwater iis ino ilonger
i prohibited ifrom ibeing ia irange iof iexceptional iadditions iof iwater iprovided ithat ino iconcrete ihas ibeen
i discharged iwithout ifor ihunch ior idroop iwaft itesting. iAll iwater iadditions ishall ibe iperformed iinside i15
i min. ifrom ithe icommence iof ithe ifirst iwater iaddition. iSuch iextra iwater ishall ibe iinjected iinto ithe imixer
i beneath isuch ipressure iand idirection iof ifloat ito iallow ifor iapplicable idistribution iinside ithe imixer. iThe
i drum ishall ibe iturned ian iadditional i30 irevolutions, ior ihigher iif inecessary, iat imixing ipace ito imake
i sure ithat ia ihomogenous imixture iis iattained.‖ i1 iThe imotive iof ithis iarticle iis ito icarry iabout ia igreater
i hold iclose iof ihow ithe ioverall iperformance icharacteristics iof ithe iconcrete imay iadditionally ibe
i affected iwith iwater iadditions ithat iexceed ithe idesigned icombination iproportions ias iin icontrast ito
i overall iperformance iof ithe iconcrete ias idesigned.
Slump iand iwater iaddition irule iofthumb: iIt iis inow inot iexclusive iin ithe iconcrete iindustry ifor ithe icontractor ito
i add iwater ito ithe iload iprior ito ior ieven iall ivia ithe iunloading itechnique ito iamplify ithe ihunch iand
i decorate ithe iworkability iof ithe iconcrete. iThe irule iof ithumb: iOne igallon iof iwater iwill ienlarge ithe
i slump iof i1 iyard iof iconcrete iwith ithe iresource iof iabout i1 iinch. iThis iwant ito ifully ibe itaken ias ia irule iof
i thumb ias ithere iare ia ivariety iof iextraordinary iconditions, ilike itemperature iand iair icontent, ithat iwill
i change ithe iwater irequired ito iextend iconcrete islump. iAnother iquintessential iaspect iis ithat iwater ihave
i to inow inow inot ibe idelivered iafter iany ienormous iextent iof iconcrete ihas ibeen idischarged ifrom ithe
i mixer idue ito ithe ifact ithe iextent iof iconcrete ibeing iadjusted iis inot isure ias iis ithe ihave ian ieffect ion iof

47
i the iwater iaddition ion ithe iconcrete iproperties. iASTM iC94/C94M ilets iin ithe imeasurement iof idroop
i and iair icontent imaterial ifrom ia ipreliminary ipattern ifrom ithe iinitial icomponent iof ithe idischarge iso
i that iadjustments ifor idroop iand iair ican ibe imade ito ia ifull iload iof iconcrete. iThe iwater icontent imaterial
i dilemma, ihow ia igreat ideal iis ithe iperfect iamount? iA iuniversal iunderstanding iof ithe ifunction iof iwater
i in ithe isystem iof icement ihydration iis iimportant. iThe icement iin ithe iconcrete iwants iwater ito ihydrate
i and ishape iCalcium-Silicate-Hydrate i(C-S-H) iwhich iis ithe iglue ithat iholds ithe iconcrete itogether. iThe
i water iis ichemically ipositive i(consumed) iat isome ifactor iof ithe iresponse iwith ithe icement iat iabout i25
i kilos iof iwater ito ievery ia ihundred ikilos iof icement. iTherefore, iit imay iwant ito ibe imentioned ithat ia
i water ito icementitious isubstances iratio i(w/cm) iof i0.25 iis ineeded ifor ithe iC-S-H iand
i hydrationproducts ito ibe iformed. iThat, ihowever, iis ino ilonger iall iof ithe iwater ithat iis ineeded. iThere iis
i additional iwaterthat iturns iinto ibodily ipositive ibetween ithe icement ihydrates. iIn iorder ito ihave ienough
i water itopossibly ienable ientire ihydration iof ithe icement, iapproximately i20 ikilos iof iwater ito ieach iand
i every i100pounds iof icement iis inecessary. iCombined, ithis iequates ito iabout iforty ifive ipounds
i resulting iin iaw/cm iof i0.45. iOther istudies ihave iproven ithat ian iapproximate iratio iof i0.4 iused ito ibe
i vital ifor icompletehydration iof ithe icement. i2, ithree iIt ineed ito ibe ireferred ito ithat ia iconcrete ino ilonger
i regularly igets ithe iadvantage iof itotal icementhydration icommonly ibecause iof ithe ilack iof ibodily iget
i entry ito ito ithe iinternal iunhydrated icement iparticlesand imoreover idue ito ilack ithe iminimal irequired
i curing ithat iwould ibe ineeded.Contrary ito ithe iabove icommunicate irelated ito iexpanded iw/cm ivalues
i ensuing iin ithe imost ipotentialfor icement ihydration, ia iconcrete ifashion idesigner iis ifaced iwith ithe itruth
i that ilower iw/cm ivalues ioftenenhance ipower iand ispecific isturdiness icharacteristics iof itheir iproduct.
i The imotive iis ino ilonger ibecause ithecrystals iformed iat isome ipoint iof ihydration iare iweaker, irather,
i due ito ithe ireality iwith ithe igreater iamounts iof iwater iin ithemixture icomes ilarger idispersion.
i Therefore, imuch iless ibridging iof ithe iC-S-H icrystals ican itake iplace. iTheresulting iconcrete iis ia igreat
i deal imuch iless idense, idecrease iin istrength, iand iincreased iin ipermeability.The iquandary ithat iexists
i between ilooking ilower iw/c im ivalues iwhich iresult iin ia idenser iconcrete iand ihaving iadequate iwater iin
i theconcrete icombination ifor isufficient iworkability iand ito ioptimize ihydration ican ibe iexplored.
5. Apply ifantastic icuring imeasures ito irestriction iwater iloss, iand iwhenever iviable iwater-cureto
i externally iprovide ithe iwater ineeded ito isustainhydration.‖
6. In iorder ito idecide ithe iright iquantity iof iwater ias isegment iof ithe iformat iprocess, ithe iPortland
i CementAssociation i(PCA) istates ithe ifollowing: i―Mixture iproportioning irefers ito ithe idevice iof
i deciding ithequantities iof iconcrete iingredients, ithe iusage iof ilocal imaterials, ito iobtain ithe ispecial

48
i characteristics iof itheconcrete. iA ipinnacle iproportioned iconcrete imix i ipossess ithese iqualities: i1.
i Acceptableworkability iof ithe ifreshly imixed iconcrete i2. iDurability, istrength, iand iuniform ilook iof
i thehardened iconcrete i3 iEconomy‖What iparameters iof ithe iconcrete iare iaffected? iWith ithe iaddition
i of iwater ito ia iload iof iconcrete iinexcess iof ithe ilayout iw/cm, ithe ifollowing ioverall iperformance
i characteristics iwill ilikely ibe inegativelyaffected:
• iCompressive iStrength
• iResistance ito icycles iof ifreezing iand ithawing
• iResistance ito iinjury ifrom iSulfates iin isoil iand iwater
• iPermeability i– iand iits iassociated ihave ian iimpact ion ito ipower iand ia ivariety iof isturdiness icharacteristics
• iMinimizing imanageable ifor icorrosion iof ireinforcing isteel
6. Mixing iof iConcrete:
The iconcrete iis ito ibe icombined iwith ithe iaid iof ihand ior ithrough iway iof ithe iuse iof ilaboratory ibatch imixer iin
i such ia iway ias ito ikeep iaway ifrom iloss iin iwater iand iother imaterials.
a. Hand iMixing:
The iconcrete ishall ibe icombined iwith ithe iaid iof ihand ion ia iwater itight, inon-absorbent iplatform iwith ithe iassist
i of ishovel, itrowel ior isimilar ispecific iequipment. iThe ifollowing idevice iis ifollowed:
1. Fine imixture iis iplaced iin ithe ifloor iwhere icement iis idelivered icarefully. iThe icement iand itop inotch
i aggregates ishall ibe imixed iuntil itruly iblended iand iuniform icolour.
2. The icoarse imixture ishall ibe ithen iintroduced iand iblended iwith ithe icement iand inice imixture itill ithe
i coarse icombination iis iuniformly idisbursed iat isome ifactor iof ithe ibatch.

49
3. The iwater ishall ibe iintroduced iand ithe iwhole ibatch iis iblended iuntil ithe iconcrete iappears ito ibe
i homogenous iand iof ifavored iconsistency.
If irepeated imixing iis irequired, idue ito ithe ifact iof iaddition iof iwater iwhilst iadjusting ithe iconsistency, ithe ibatch
i shall ibe idiscarded iand ifresh ibatch iis ito ibe imixed iwithout iinterfering ithe imixing ito imake ithe itrial
i consistency itests.
two itwo itwo i i4.4 iWORKABILITY iTESTS
Workability iof iconcrete idescribes ithe iease ior imission iwith iwhich ithe iconcrete iis ihandled, itransported iand
i placed ibetween ithe itypes iwith iminimum iloss iof ihomogeneity.
Workability iis iessential ibecause:
• The iconcrete icombination iis itoo iwet, icoarse iaggregates isettle iat ithe ibottom iof itwo iconcrete imass iand
i as ia icease iresult iconcrete iwill iturn iout ito ibe inon-uniform icomposition
• The iconcrete iaggregate iis itoo idry, iit iwill ibe ihard ito icope iwith iand iregion iit iin iposition
Workability iof iconcrete imixture iis imeasured iby:
a) iCompaction idifficulty itest
b) iSlump icheck ic) iVee-bee iconsistometer itest
4.5.1 iCompaction iFactor iTest
Definition
The iratio iof ithe iweight iof iconcrete ithat ihas ibeen igravity-filled iin ia icylinder ito ithe iweight iof iwholly
i compacted iconcrete iin ia icomparable icylinder.
Apparatus

50
• Compaction iaspect iapparatus
• Weighing ibalance
• Cow/mixing itray.
Upper iHopper: itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo i i itwo itwo i i itwo i i i itwo itwo i itwo i i itwo i i itwo i itwo i i itwo itwo i i itwo itwo itwo
i two itwo i i itwo itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo iLower iHopper:
Top iinside idiameter i= i25.4 icm i i i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i i itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo iTop iinterior
i diameter i= i22.9 icm
Bottom iinterior idiameter i= i12.7 icm i i i i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo iBottom iinterior idiameter
i = i12.7 icm
two iInternal ipeak i= i27.9 icm itwo i i itwo i itwo itwo itwo i i itwo i i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i itwo i itwo i itwo i itwo i i i i
i Internal iheight i=22.9 icm
Cylinder:
Internal idiameter i= i15.2 icm
Internal itop i= i30.5 icm i

51
Fig: iCompaction ifactor ichecking iout iapparatus.
Procedure
• • The isample iof iconcrete iis ilocated iin ithe ihigher ihopper iup ito ithe ibrim.
• • The itrap-door iis iopened iso ithat ithe iconcrete ifalls iinto ithe idecrease ihopper.
• • The itrap-door iof ithe ilimit ihopper iis iopened iand ithe iconcrete iis iallowed ito ifall
i into ithe icylinder.
• • The iextra iconcrete iclosing iabove ithe ipinnacle idiploma iof ithe icylinder iis ithen
i limit ioff iwith ithe iaid iof iairplane iblades.

52
• • The iconcrete iin ithe icylinder iis iweighed. iThis iis iknown ias iweight iof ipartially
i compacted iconcrete.
• • The icylinder iis icrammed iwith ia ismooth isample iof iconcrete iand ivibrated ito ireap
i full icompaction. iThe iconcrete iin ithe icylinder iis iweighed iagain. iThis iweight iis iacknowledged ias
i the iweight iof iutterly icompacted iconcrete.
Compacting ifactor=Weight iof iin ipart icompacted iconcreteWeight iof ithoroughly icompacted
i concrete
Calculations:
Let iweight iof ithe iempty icylinder i= iW1
Let iweight iof ithe icylinder iwith ithe iin ipart icompacted iconcrete i= iW2
Let iweight iof ithe iutterly icompacted iconcrete iwith icylinder i= iW3
i.e., iCompaction ifactor i= i(W2-W1)/ i(W3-W1)
Compacting ielement iof isparkling iconcrete iis iachieved ito idecide ithe iworkability iof ifresh
i concrete iby iusing icompacting icomponent itake ia ilook iat ias iper iIS: i1199 i– i1959. iThe iapparatus
i used iis iCompacting ithing iapparatus. i iExperimental iObservations
S.no Name i of Weight i of Weight i of Weight iof ifully Compaction

i modification i empty i partial i compacting(w3) i factor
i cylinder i compaction(w2)
i (w1)
1 m-1 8896 12104 12920 0.937

53
Table i4.8
Where,
M-1= i(100% iC.) i+ i(100% iF.A.)+ i(100% iC.A.)
4.5.2 iSlump iCone iTest
Definition
1. • Slump iis ia idimension iof iconcrete's iworkability, ior ifluidity.
2. • It's ian ioblique isize iof iconcrete iconsistency ior istiffness.
3. A islump itake ia ilook iat iis ia imethod iused ito idetermine ithe iconsistency iof iconcrete. iThe
i consistency, ior istiffness, ishows ihow ia ihigh-quality ideal iwater ihas ibeen iused iin ithe imix. iSlump itake
i a iappear iat ias iper iIS: i1199 i– i1959 iis ifollowed.
4.
5. Principle
6. The islump itest istop iend iresult iis ia imeasure iof ithe ibehaviour iof ia icompacted iinverted icone iof
i concrete ibeneath ithe iaction iof igravity. iIt imeasures ithe iconsistency ior ithe iwetness iof iconcrete.
7. Apparatus
8. • Slump icone
9. • Scale ifor imeasurement
10. • Temping irod

54
11. The iequipment iconsists iof ia imetallic imildew iin ia istructure iof ifrustum iof ia icone iwith ithe
i dimensions ias:
12. Bottom idiameter: i20 icm
13. Top idiameter i itwo itwo itwo itwo itwo i: i10 icm
14. Height itwo itwo i itwo itwo i itwo itwo itwo itwo i i itwo itwo itwo i itwo itwo i: i30 icm
15.
16.
17.
18. Procedure
19. 1. The imildew ifor ithe islump itake ia ilook iat iis ia ifrustum iof ia icone, i300 imm iof iheight. iThe
i base iis i200 imm i(8in) iin idiameter iand iit ihas ia ismaller iopening iat ithe ipinnacle iof ia ihundred imm.
20. 2. The ibase iis ipositioned ion ia iclean ifloor iand ithe icontainer iis ifilled iwith iconcrete iin
i three ilayers, iwhose iworkability iis ito ibe itested.
21. Each ilayer iis itemped i25 iinstances iwith ia istandard isixteen imm idiameter imetal irod, irounded iat
i the iend.
22. When ithe imould iis iabsolutely ifilled iwith iconcrete, ithe itop ifloor iis istruck ioff i(levelled iwith
i mould ipinnacle iopening) iwith ithe iaid iof icapability iof iscreening iand irolling imotion iof ithe itemping
i rod.
23. The imildew imust ibe ifirmly iheld iin iopposition ito iits ibase ifor ithe iduration iof ithe icomplete
i operation iso ithat iit imay iwant ito inow ino ilonger igo idue ito ithe ipouring iof iconcrete iand ithis ican ibe
i done ithrough iability iof ihandles ior ifoot i- irests ibrazed ito ithe imould.
24. Immediately iafter ifilling iis ifinished iand ithe iconcrete iis ilevelled, ithe icone iis islowly iand
i carefully ilifted ivertically, ian iunsupported iconcrete iwill inow islump.

55
25. The idecrease iin ithe ipinnacle iof ithe icentre iof ithe islumped iconcrete iis ireferred ito ias islump.
26. The ihunch iis imeasured ithrough iway iof isetting ithe icone iwithout ia idoubt ibarring i the
i hunch iconcrete iand ithe itemping irod iis ipositioned iover ithe icone iso ithat iit ineed ito iadditionally icome
i over ithe ivicinity iof islumped iconcrete.
27. The iminimize iin itop iof iconcrete ito ithat iof imildew iis inoted iwith iscale. i(Usually imeasured ito
i the inearest i5 imm.
Types iof iSlump
The islumped iconcrete itakes ipretty ia iwide ivariety ishapes, iand iin iaccordance ito ithe iprofile iof islumped
i concrete, ithe ihunch iis itermed ias,
1. Collapse iSlump
2. Shear iSlump
3. True i Slump i
1. Collapse iSlump

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2. In ia icollapse islump ithe iconcrete icollapses icompletely. iA isupply iway ihunch iwill
i typically iadvise ithat ithe imix iis itoo iwet ior ithat iit iis ia iimmoderate iworkability imix, ifor iwhich
i stoop itake ia ilook iat iis ino ilonger iappropriate.
3. Shear iSlump
4. In ia ishear idroop ithe ipinnacle ithing iof ithe iconcrete ishears ioff iand islips isideways.
5. OR
6. If ione-half iof ithe icone islides idown ian iinclined iplane, ithe idroop iis imentioned ito ibe ia
i shear islump.
7. 1. If ia ishear ior ifall idown islump iis iachieved, ia isparkling isample ihave ito ibe itaken
i and ithe itake ia ilook iat iis irepeated.
8. 2. If ithe ishear istoop ipersists, ias imay ialso iadditionally ithe icase iwith iharsh
i mixes, ithis iis ian iindication iof ilack iof ibrotherly ilove iof ithe imix.
9. True iSlump
10. In ia itrue idroop ithe iconcrete itruly isubsides, ipreserving imore ior imuch iless ito ishape
11. 1. This iis ithe isolely ihunch iwhich iis iused iin iquite ia ivariety itests.
12. 2. Mixes iof istiff iconsistence ihave ia iZero islump, iso ithat iin ithe ias ia isubstitute idry
i range ino imodel ican ibe idetected ibetween imixes iof iunique iworkability.
13. However, iin ia ilean icombine iwith ia itendency ito iharshness, ia itrue islump ican
i effortlessly iexchange ito ithe ishear islump isort ior ieven ito icollapse, iand ibroadly ione iof ia ikind
i values iof istoop ican ibe iobtained iin ione iof ia isort isamples ifrom ithe isame imix ithus, ithe ihunch
i test iis iunreliable ifor ilean imixes.
14. Applications iof iSlump iTest iThe istoop itest iis iused ito imake isure iuniformity ifor
i distinctive ibatches iof isimilar iconcrete ibeneath iarea iconditions iand ito iconfirm ithe iresults iof
i plasticizers ion itheir iintroduction.

57
15. This itake ia ilook iat iis ivery iuseful ion iweb ipage ias ia itest ion ithe idaily ior ihour- ito-hour
i variation iin ithe imaterials ibeing ifed iinto ithe imixer. iAn iincrease iin idroop imight ialso imean,
i for iinstance, ithat ithe imoisture icontent imaterial iof imixture ihas iabruptly iincreases.
16. Other imotive iwould ibe ia ichange iin ithe igrading iof ithe iaggregate, isuch ias ia ideficiency
i of isand.
17. Too ihigh ior itoo ilow ia idroop ioffers iinstantaneous iwarning iand ienables ithe imixer
i operator ito itreatment ithe isituation.
18. This iapplication iof istoop itest ias iproperly ias iits isimplicity iis iaccountable ifor iits
i tremendous iuse.
S.no Mixing Slump ivalue i(mm)
1 M-1 110
2 M-2 95
3 M-3 80
4 M-4 75
Table4.9
4.5 iPREPARATION iOF iCONCRETE iCUBES
1. Moulds
Moulds ito ibe iused ifor icasting iof icubes iare iin imany iinstances imade iof imetals ilike istrong iiron
i or isteel, isturdy iadequate ito iprevent ithe idistortions. iThe imoulds itwo ifacilitate iconvenient

58
i elimination iof icubes iwhen ipreliminary ienergy iis iattained. iThe idimensions iand ithe iindoors
i faces iare irequired ito ibe icorrect iwithin ithe ifollowing ilimits.
The ipinnacle iof ithe imildew iand ithe idistance ibetween ithe icontrary ifaces iare iof iexceptional
i dimension i+0.2mm, ithe iperspective ibetween ithe iadjoining iinner ifaces iand ipinnacle iand
i bottom iplates iof ithe imildew ito ibe i90+0.50. iThe iinterior ifaces iof ithe imould iare iplane
i surfaces iwith ipermissible iversions i0.03mm. iEach imould iis isupplied iwith ia isteel ibase iplate
i having iaircraft isurface. iThe ibase iplate iis isuch ithat iit isupports ithe imildew iat isome istage iin
i the ifilling iexcept ileakage iand iis iideally iconnected ito imould iwith ithe iaid iof ithe iuse iof
i screws. iIn iassembling ithe imildew ifor iuse, ithe ijoints ibetween ithe isections iof imold iare ithinly
i covered iwith imildew ioil iand isimilar icoating iof imildew ioil iis iachieved ibetween ithe icontact
i surface iof ibackside iof ithe imould iand ibase iplate iin iorder ito imake isure ithat ino iwater iescapes
i all ivia ifilling. iA imetallic ibar i16mm idia iand i0.6m ilengthy iand ibullet ipointed iat idecrease
i serves ias ia itamping irod.
The imildew ishall ibe iof i150mm idimension iconfirming ito iIS: i10086-1982.
2. Compacting
As irapidly ias ithe imixing iis icompleted, itake ia ilook iat ispecimens iare ito ibe iorganized iin isuch ia
i way ito iproduce ifull icompaction. iThe iconcrete iis istuffed iinto ithe imould iin ilayers iabout i5cm
i deep. iEach ilayer ishall ibe icompacted ieither ithrough iusing ihand ior ivibration ias idescribed
i below. iAfter ieach ilayer ihas ibeen icompacted, ithe isurface iof ithe iconcrete ishall ibe ifinished
i diploma iwith ithe ipinnacle iof ithe imould, ithe iuse iof ia itrowel, iand icovered iwith isteel iplate ito
i quit idoable ievaporation iloss.
Compaction iby iway iof iHand
When icompaction iby iusing ihand, ithe ifrequent itamping ibar ishall ibe iused iand ithe istrokes iof
i the ibar ishall ibe iuniformly idisbursed iover ithe igo iphase iof ithe imould. iThe ivast ivariety iof
i strokes ivaries ias ipre ithe itype iof iconcrete. iFor icubical ispecimen, iin ino icase ithe iconcrete
i shall ibe isubjected ito imuch iless ithan i25 istrokes iper ilayer. iFor icylindrical ispecimen, ithe
i number iof istrokes ishall inot ibe ia igreat ideal iless ithan ithirty iper ilayer. iWhere ithe ivoids iare ileft
i through iway iof itamping irods, ithe ifacets iof ithe imildew ishall ibe itapped ito ishut ithe ivoids.

59
3. Curing
The itest ispecimens ishall ibe isaved ion ithe iinternet iweb ipage iat ia ivicinity ifrom ithe ivicinity
i vibrations, ibeneath idamp imatting, isacks ior idistinct isimilar icomponents ifor i24 ihours ifrom
i time iof iaddition iof iwater ito ithe ione iof ia ikind iingredients. iThe itemperature iof ithe iarea iof
i storage ishall ibe iinside ithe ivary iof i22oC ito i32oC. iAfter ithe iperiod iof i24 ihours, ithey ishall ibe
i marked ifor ilater iidentification, ieliminated ifrom ithe imoulds iand, iexcept irequired ifor itesting,
i re isaved iin ieasy iwater iat ia itemperature iof i24oC ito i30oC iuntil ithey iare itransported ito
i laboratory ifor iin iaddition itests. iThey ishall ibe idespatched ito ithe ichecking iout ilaboratory
i nicely ipacked iin idamp isand, idamp isack ior iother ifabulous ifabric iso ias ito iarrive ithere iin
i damp icondition ino ilonger imuch imuch iless ithan i24 ihours iuntil inow ithan ithe itime iof itest. iOn
i arrival iat ithe ilaboratory, ithe ispecimen ishall ibe istored iin iwater iat ia itemperature iof i27+2oC
i till ithe itime iof itest.
The icuring ilength imay ialso imoreover idepend ion ithe iproperties iThis istatistics isheet igives
i data ion ithe irequired iof ithe iconcrete, ithe icause ifor iwhich ivalue iof icuring iand ithe istrategies
i for iit iis ito ibe iused, iand ithe iambient iconditions, iie imission ithe isystem ion isite. ithe
i temperature iand irelative ihumidity iof ithe isurrounding iatmosphere. iCuring iis idesigned
i particularly ito ihold ithe iCuring iis ithe iprocedure iof icontrolling ithe iprice iand iconcrete imoist,
i with ithe iuseful iresource iof ipreventing ithe iloss iof imoisture iextent iof imoisture iloss ifrom
i concrete iall ivia ifrom ithe iconcrete iin ithe ipath iof ithe iduration iin iwhich icement ihydration. iIt
i might ialso imoreover ibe ieither iafter iit ihas iit iis igaining istrength. iCuring ican ialso ibe iutilized
i been iplaced iin iposition i(or iall ithrough ithe imanufacture iin ia ivary iof itechniques iand ithe imost
i outstanding iof iconcrete iproducts), ithereby iimparting itime ifor ipossible iof icuring iwould
i possibly iadditionally ibe idictated ithru ithe inet iwebsite ionline ior ithe ithe ihydration iof ithe
i cement ito ioccur. iSince ithe iimprovement imethod. ihydration iof icement idoes itake itime i–
i days, iand ieven iweeks ias ia ialternative ithan ihours i– icuringmust ibe iundertaken ifor ia ipractical
i period iof itime iif ithe iconcrete iis ito iacquire iits iattainable ielectrical ienergy ianddurability.
i Curing imay iadditionally ialso iembody ithe icontrol iof itemperature iseeing ithat ithis iinfluences
i the icharge iat iwhich icementhydrates. iCurIng iis ithe isystem iof icontrolling ithe icharge iand
i extent iof imoisture iloss ifrom iconcrete iat isome istage iin icement ihydration.

60
■ iCuring ivia istopping iexcessive iloss iof imoisture ifrom ithe iconcrete: iboth ivia ithe iusage iof
i > ileaving iformwork iin ivicinity i&
covering ithe iconcrete iwith ian iimpermeable imembrane iafter ithe iformwork ihas ibeen
i eradicated i> ithrough iway iof ithe iapplicationof ia isuitable ichemical icuring iagent i(wax ietc)
i > ior ithru ia imixture iof isuch imethods
■ iCuring iwith ithe iaid iof iway iof ipersistently iwetting ithe iuncovered iflooring ithereby
i preventing ithe iloss iof imoisture ifrom iit. iPonding iorspraying ithe ifloor iwith iwater iare
i techniques igenerally iemployed ito ithis iend.
EFFECT iOF iDURATION iOF iCURING iON iPROPERTIES iOF iCONCRETE iThe ienergy
i of iconcrete iis iaffectedby ia ivariety iof ifactors, ione iof iwhich iis ithe isize iof itime ifor iwhich iit iis
i stored imoist, iie icured. iFigure i1 iillustratesthis, ievaluating ithe ielectricity i(at i180 idays) iof
i concrete ifor iwhich ithe isurfaces ihave ibeen:
■ istored imoist ifor ia ihundred iand ieighty idays;
■ ikept imoist ifor ia ivariety iintervals iof itime iand iallowed ito idry iout; iand
■ iallowed ito idry iout ifrom ithe itime iit iused ito ibe ifirst imade.
As imight ialso ibe iregarded iin ithis iexample, iconcrete iallowed ito idry iout iwithout idelay
i achieves isolely i40% iof ithe ielectrical ienergy iofthe iidentical iconcrete iwater icured ifor ithe ifull
i period iof i180 idays. iEven ithree idays iwater icuring iincreases ithis ifigureto i60%, iwhile i28 idays
i water icuring iwill iincrease iit ito i95%. iKeeping iconcrete imoist iis itherefore, ia imost
i effectiveway iof ideveloping iits ifinal istrength. iConcrete ithat iis iallowed ito idry iout ishortly
i additionally iundergoes isignificant iearly iage idrying ishrinkage. iInadequateor iinsufficient
i curing iis ione iof imost iessential ifactors icontributing ito iweak, ipowdery isurfaces iwith ilow
i abrasion iresistance. iThe isturdiness iof iconcrete iis iaffected iwith ithe iaid iof ia ivary iof ielements
i consisting iof iits ipermeability iand iabsorptivity. iBroadlyspeaking, ithese iare iassociated ito ithe
i porosity iof ithe iconcrete iand iwhether ior inot ior inow inot ithe ipores iand icapillaries iare idiscrete
i orinterconnected. iWhilst ithe ibroad ivariety iand imeasurement iof ithe ipores iand icapillaries iin
i cement ipaste iare iassociated iat ias isoon ias ito iitswater-cement iratio, ithey iare imoreover
i related, iindirectly, ito ithe iextent iof iwater icuring. iOver itime, iwater icuring icauseshydration

61
i merchandise ito ifill, iboth iin isection ior icompletely, ithe ipores iand icapillaries ipresent, iand,
i hence, ihelp itoreduce ithe iporosity iof ithe ipaste.
4.6 iTesting
4.6.1Compressive ienergy i(IS: i516-1959)
4.6.1(a) iTesting iMachine
The itrying iout idesktop imay ialso imoreover ibe iof iany ireliable itype, iof ienough icapacity ifor
i the iexams iand isuccesful iof iapplying ithe iload iat ithe iprice ispecified. iThe ipermissible ierror
i shall inow inot ibe iincreased ithan i+ i2 ipercentage iof ithe imaximum iload. iThe ichecking iout
i laptop ishall ibe iequipped iwith itwo ibearing iplatens iwith ihardened ifaces. iOne iof ithe iplatens
i shall ibe igeared iup iwith ia iball iseating iin ithe istructure iof ia ifactor iof isphere, ithe icentre iof
i which icoincides iwith ithe icentral ipoint iof ithe iface iof ithe iplaten. iThe ione-of-a-kind
i compression iplaten ishall ibe irigid ibearing iblock. iThe ibearing ifaces ieach iof ithe iplatens ishall
i be iat ileast ias igiant ias, iand iideally ilarger ithan ithe inominal imeasurement iof ithe ispecimen ito
i which ithe iload iis iapplied. iThe ibearing ifloor iof ithe iplatens, iwhen inew, ishall inow inot ileave
i from ia iairplane iby iusing iability iof imore ithan i0.01 imm iat iany ipoint, iand ithey ishall ibe
i maintained iwith ia ipermissible imodel iavert iof i0.02 imm. ithe imovable ifactor iof ithe
i spherically iseated icompression iplaten ishall ibe iheld ion ithe ispherical iseat, ihowever ithe iplan
i shall ibe isuch ithat ithe ibearing iface ican ibe irotated ifreely iand itilted iby iway iof ismall iangles iin
i any idirection.
1. iAll imaterials ishall ibe idelivered ito iroom itemperature, ipreferably i27 i± i3 ioC iearlier ithan
i starting iup ithetest.

62
2. iSamples iof iaggregates ifor ieach ibatch iof iconcrete ishall ibe iof ithe ifavored igrading iand ishall
i be iin ianair-dried icondition. iThe icement isamples, ion iarrival iat ithe ilaboratory, ishall ibe
i thoroughly imixeddry ieither iby ihand ior iin ia iappropriate imixer iin isuch ia imanner ias ito imake
i certain ithe igreatest ipossibleblending iand iuniformity iin ithe imaterial. iCare ibeing itaken ito
i forestall iintrusion iof ioverseas imaterials.
3. iThe iproportions iof ithe imaterials, iwhich iincludes iwater, iin iconcrete imixes iused ifor
i identifying ithesuitability iof ithe isubstances iavailable, ishall ibe icomparable iin iall irespects ito
i these ito ibe iemployed iin ithework.
4. iThe iquantities iof icement, ievery idimension iof iaggregate, iand iwater ifor ieach ibatch ishall ibe
i determined ibyweight, ito ian iaccuracy iof i0.1 ipercentage iof ithe itotal iweight iof ithe ibatch.
5. iThe iconcrete ishall ibe iblended ithru ihand, ior ipreferably, iin ia ilaboratory ibatch imixer, iin
i such ia imanneras ito ikeep iaway ifrom iloss iof iwater ior iother imaterials. iEach ibatch iof iconcrete
i shall ibe iof isuch ia idimension ias itoleave iabout i10 iproportion igreater iafter imoulding ithe
i appreciated ivary iof itake ia ilook iat ispecimens.
6. iEach ibatch iof iconcrete ishall ibe iexamined ifor iconsistency iright inow iafter imixing, ithru ione
i of ithemethods idescribed iin iIS:1199-1959. iProvided ithat icare iis itaken ito imake isure ithat ino
i water ior iothermaterial iis ilost, ithe iconcrete iused ifor ithe iconsistency iexams iwould ipossibly
i also ibe iremixed iwith ithe ithe irest iofbatch iearlier ithan imaking ithe itake ia ilook iat ispecimens.
i The iduration iof ire-mixing ishall ibe ias irapid ias ifeasible iyetsufficient ito iproduce ia
i homogeneous imass.
7. iTest ispecimens icubical iin ishape ishall ibe i15 i× i15 i× i15 icm. iIf ithe ilargest inominal
i measurement iof itheaggregate idoes ino ilonger iexceed i2 icm, i10 icm icubes iwould ipossibly ialso
i be iused ias ian ialternative. iCylindrical itestspecimens ishall ihave ia idimension iequal ito itwice
i the idiameter. iThey ishall ibe i15 icm iin idiameter iand i30cm ilong. iSmaller itest ispecimens ishall
i have ia iratio iof idiameter iof ispecimen ito imost isize iofaggregate iof inow inow inot iless ithan i3 ito
i 1, iwithout ithat ithe idiameter iof ithe ispecimen ishall ibe ino ilonger imuch iless ithan
7•5 icm ifor imixtures icontaining icombination iextra ithan i5 ipercentage iof iwhich iis iretained ion
i IS iSieve480.
8. iThe itake ia ilook iat ispecimens ishall ibe imade ias ishortly ias imanageable iafter imixing, iand iin
i such ia iway ias itoproduce ifull icompaction iof ithe iconcrete iwith ineither isegregation inor

63
i excessive ilaitance. iTheconcrete ishall ibe istuffed iinto ithe imildew iin ilayers iabout i5 icm ideep.
i In iplacing ieach iscoopfulof iconcrete, ithe iscoop ishall ihe imoved iround ithe ipinnacle
i component iof ithe imildew ias ithe iconcrete islidesfrom iit, iin iorder ito imake isure ia isymmetrical
i distribution iof ithe iconcrete iinside ithe imould. iEach ilayershall ibe icompacted ieither iwith ithe
i aid iof icapability iof ihand ior iby imeans iof ivibration.
9. iThe icheck ispecimens ishall ibe isaved iin ia iplace, ifree ifrom ivibration, iin imoist iair iof iat ileast
i ninety ipercentrelative ihumidity iand iat ia itemperature iof i27° i± i2°C ifor i24 ihours i± i1⁄2 ihour
i from ithe itime iofaddition iof iwater ito ithe idry iingredients.
10. iThe iends iof ithe ispecimen ishall ibe icapped iearlier ithan itesting. iThe imaterial iused ifor ithe
i capping ishallbe isuch ithat iits icompressive ielectrical ienergy iis iincreased ithan ithat iof ithe
i concrete iin ithe icore. iCaps ishall ibemade ias iskinny ias iattainable iand ishall ino ilonger idrift ior
i fracture ibefore ithan ithe iconcrete ifails iwhen ithespecimen iis itested. iThe icapped isurfaces
i shall ibe iat iproper iangles ito ithe iaxis iof ithe ispecimen iandshall inow inot ileave ifrom ia iaircraft
i by igreater ithan i0•05 imm.
11. iThe ibearing isurfaces iof ithe itrying iout icomputing idevice ishall ibe iwiped ieasy iand iany
i unfastened isand ior iothermaterial ieliminated ifrom ithe isurfaces iof ithe ispecimen iwhich iare ito
i be iin icontact iwith ithecompression iplatens.
12. iIn ithe icase iof icubes, ithe ispecimen ishall ibe ipositioned iin ithe icomputing idevice iin isuch ia
i manner ithat ithe iloadshall ibe iapplied ito icontrary ifacets iof ithe icubes ias icast, ithat iis, inow inot
i to ithe ipinnacle iand ibottom.
13. iThe iaxis iof ithe ispecimen ishall ibe icautiously ialigned iwith ithe icentre iof ithrust iof ithe
i sphericallyseated iplaten. iNo ipacking ishall ibe iused ibetween ithe ifaces iof ithe itake ia ilook iat
i specimen iand ithe isteelplaten iof ithe itesting imachine.
14. iThe iload ishall ibe iutilized iexcept ishock iand iaccelerated iconstantly iat ia iprice iof
i approximately i140kg/sq icm/min itill ithe iresistance iof ithe ispecimen ito ithe iincreasing iload
i breaks idown iand inogreater iload ican ibe isustained.
15. iThe imost iload iutilized ito ithe ispecimen ishall ithen ibe irecorded iand ithe iappearance iof
i theconcrete iand iany iunusual ielements iin ithe ikind iof ifailure ishall ibe inoted.

64
4.6.1(b) iAge iat itest
Tests ishall ibe imade iat iidentified ia iwhile iof ithe itest ispecimens, ithe imost itraditional ibeing i7,
i 14 iand i28 idays. iAges iof i13 iweeks iand ione i12 imonths iare iencouraged iif iexams iat iincreased
i a ilong itime iare irequired. iWhere iit imay ibe ivital ito iattain ithe iearly istrengths, iexams imay
i additionally ibe imade iat i24 ihours i+1/2 ihours iand i72 ihours i+2 ihours. iThe ia iwhile ishall ibe
i calculated ifrom itime iof iaddition iof iwater ito ithe idry iingredients.
4.6.1(c) iNumber iof iSpecimens
At ileast ithree ispecimens, iideally ifrom itremendous ibatches, ishall ibe imade ifor ichecking iout
i at ichosen iage.
4.6.2 iTesting iProcedure
Specimens isaved iin iwater ishall ibe iexamined ibarring ilengthen ion iremoval ifrom iwater iand
i whilst ithey iare ihowever iin imoist icondition. iSurface iwater iand igrit ishall ibe iwiped ioff ithe
i specimen iand iany iprojecting ifins iremoved. iSpecimens iwhen igot idry ishall ibe isaved iin iwater
i for i24 ihours iearlier ithan ithey iare itaken ifor itesting.
4.6.2(a) iPlacing iThe iSpecimen iIn iThe iTesting iMachine
The ibearing isurfaces iof ithe ichecking iout ilaptop ishall ibe iwiped ihandy iand iany ifree isand ior
i one iof ia ikind icloth ieliminated ifrom ithe iflooring iof ithe ispecimen iwhich iare ito ibe iin icontact
i with icompression iplatens. iIn icase iof icubes, ithe ispecimen ishall ibe ilocated iin isuch ia imanner
i that ithe iload ishall ibe iutilized ito ithe icontrary icomponents iof ithe icubes ias icast, ithat iis, inow ino
i longer ito ithe ipinnacle iand ibottom. iThe iaxis iof ithe ispecimen ishall ibe icautiously ialigned iwith
i the icentral iof ithe ithrust iof ithe ispherically iseated iplaten. iNo ipacking ishall ibe iused ibetween
i the ifaces iof ithe icheck ispecimen iand ithe isteel iplaten iof ithe ichecking iout imachine. iAs ithe
i spherically iseated iblock iis iadded ito iundergo ithe ispecimen, ithe imovable iportion ishall ibe
i circled igently iby iway iof iusing ihand iso ithat iuniform iseating imay ialso ialso ibe iobtained. iThe
i load ishall ibe iutilized ibarring ishock iand iprolonged iconsistently iat ia iprice iof iabout
i 140kg/sq. icm/min itill ithe iresistance iof ispecimen ito ithe iincreasing iload ibreaks idown iand ino
i improved iload ican ibe isustained.

65
The imost iload iapplied ito ithe ispecimen ishall ithen ibe irecorded iand ithe iappear iof ithe iconcrete
i and iany iexclusive iscrew iups iin ithe ikind iof ifailure ishall ibe inoted.
4.6.2(b) iCalculation
The measured compressive electricity of the specimen shall be calculated through dividing
the maximum load utilized to the specimen for the period of the check by means of
capability of pass sectional area, calculated from imply dimensions of the sections and
shall be expressed to the nearest kg per sq cm. Average of three values shall be taken as
consultant of the batch supplied
the man or woman variation is not more than +15 share of the average. Otherwise repeat
checks shall be made
Calculations of percentage of volume of carbon fiber percentage added in the conventional

concrete:
For 0.3% =0.3 ÷ 100 × 1440 =4.32 for 1 m3
=3.5 × 0.153 × 4.32 × 3
=0.163
For 0.6% = 0.6 ÷ 100 × 1440 =8.64 for 1 m3
= 3.5 × 0.153 × 8.64 × 3
=0.3
For 0.9%= 0.9 ÷ 100 × 1440=12.96 for 1 m3
=3.5 × 0.153× 12.96 ×3
=0.45

66
Fiber volume dosage and weight of carbon fiber.

Table 4.9:
CARBON FIBERS (%) WEIGHT OF FIBERS (in kg)
0.3% 0.163
0.6% 0.3
0.9% 0.45

67
CHAPTER-5
Results and Discussions

Compressive strength test: Cube specimens of size 150*150 mm were casted for various
dosage of carbon fiber of 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%. Results are tabulated and plotted.
Compressive strength of conventional concrete
Table 5.1
MIX PROPORTION COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2 ) in days
7 4 28
M–1 15.09 21.69 24.84
30
25
Comprerssive strength (N/mm²)
20
15
10
0
7 14 28
Days

68
Chart 5.1.1
it can be viewed the starting energy of mixM25 have located to be satisfying the nominal
standards that 7 days strength shall be 1/3rd of the mix percentage (65% of grade of
concrete), As the days of curing proceed a mild drop in electricity is observed for the mix
M25 But as the curing reaches to 28 days, the attain in power is noticed which satisfied the
goal strength. Also it has been seen that M25 mix beneath regulated curing stipulations
shows successive accelerated in energy.
Compressive strength of carbon fiber reinforced concrete
PERCENTAGE OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm^2) IN DAYS

CARBON FIBER
7 14 28
0.3% 15.75 23.69 34.13
0.6% 16.87 29.82 39.17
0.9% 19.06 31.39 42.68
Table 5.2

69
45
40
35
30
Copressive strength (N/mm²)
25
20
15
10
0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Carbon fiber in %
Chart 5.2.1
Graphical representation of Compressive strength for various percentage of carbon fibers

70
Compr
40 essive
strengt
35
h of 0.3
Compressive strength(N/mm²)
30
% of
25
carbon
20 fiber
15 reinfor
ced
10
concret
5
e
0
7 14 28
No of Days
Chart 5.3
it can be seen that the compressive energy of combine 0.3% are pleasing the nominal
standards that 7 days electricity shall be 1/3rd of the combine proportion (65% of concrete
grade), which is been pleasurable for each curing & irregular curing prerequisites of
concrete. As the days of curing proceeds to 14 days a non-stop increase in strength was
noticed. But as the curing reaches to 28 days, the reap in strength was once observed to
satisfy the goal strength.

71
Compressive strength of 0.6 % of carbon fiber reinforced concrete
45
40
Compressive strength (N/mm²)
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
7 14 28
No of Days
Chart 5.4
it can be seen honestly that successive version in energy acquire was noticed in 0.6% carbon
fiber mix for each curing and irregular curing states. The strength constructed up walks hand
in hand till the quit of the curing period. The compressive energy of carbon fiber combine
0.6% was not observed to be fulfilling.

72
Compressive strength of 0.9 % of carbon fiber reinforced concrete
Chart 5.5
45
40
Copressive strength (N/mm²)
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
7 14 28
No of Days
design plotted for 0.9% mix proportion, it can be viewed definitely that 7 days electricity
calculated has come out to be lesser as per the 1/3rd combine proportion criteria, The
7days electricity for curing nation is less than irregular curing state. As the days of curing
& publicity states proceeds to 28 days a slight raise in energy is noticed.

73
Comparison of Compressive strength of conventional

concrete under temperature: The compressive strength of conventional
concrete and CFRC (Carbon fibre reinforced concrete) specimens exposed to different
elevated temperature is expressed as percentage of 28 days compressive strength of
conventional at room temperature. The variation of compressive strength with
temperature has been plotted.
TEMPARETURE IN COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm²) IN DAYS

DEGREES
7 14 28
900°C 7.525 10.32 12.945
70
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(N/mm²)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 900
Series 3 24.84 12.945
Series 2 21.69 10.32
Series 1 15.09 7.525
C hart 5.6
Series 1 = 7 days
Series 2 = 14 days
Series 3 = 28 days

74
Graphical representation Comparison of compressive energy at high temperature
From the graph, it can be seen that the power reduces for lengthen in temperature and ends up
almost 40% discount in electricity at 900°C. This suggests that the concrete undergoes drastic
power reduction past 900°C.The percentage raise in compressive electricity at exquisite fibre
volume fee with admire to manage mix. A successive proportion amplify in strength is over served
up to a fibre quantity of 0.6%.The proportion expand in electrical energy is greater when the fibre
quantity is elevate from 0.6% to 0.9%.There is an elevate of about 38.5% in compressive electrical
energy at 0.6% fibre quantity dosage as in contrast to manipulate mix. The share compressive
energy received with admire to the compressive energy gained with the resource of manage mix at
28 days. Hence this indicates that concrete with carbon fibres at extent of 0.9% can be used
economically where faster price of building is needed.
In actual time, all through fire spoil out, the structure is uncovered to unintended uncontrolled
fireplace in which the temperature fluctuates between extremes. Such a furnace acts on concrete
specimen variant from that of manipulate temperature in a muffle furnace. Such an open fireplace is
produced on the specimen and the bodily and energy parameters are examined.
This method no longer only suggests the unintended furnace influences and also simulates the u . s .
a . when fire a breaks out in any structure.
Colour: Unlike in muffle furnace, the coloration of the specimen darken to black shade that when
subjected to open fire. But in muffle furnace the colour advocated two diminished while subjected
to evaluated temperature.
Cracks, spalling: In case of this open fire test, the specimen to show off cracks excessive
temperature Not lots
Comparison of variation compressive strength with temperature for conventional concrete

and carbon fiber reinforced concrete
75
% OF ADDITION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm²) IN DAYS

FIBERS
7 14 28
0.3% 11.2 19.6 29.9

0.6% 12.3 25.7 34.85
0.9% 15.75 26.86 37.35
45
40
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(N/mm²)
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 900
Series 1 19.06 15.75
Series 2 31.39 26.86
Series 3 42.68 37.35
Chart 5.7
It can be seen that carbon fiber strengthened concrete after evaluated temperature reveals extra
compressive electricity than the carbon fiber strengthened concrete before evaluated temperature.
The deference between compressive electricity of carbon fiber bolstered concrete is 0 to 9 %.
CHAPTER-5

76
CONCLUSIONS
The following widespread conclusions were drawn based on the effects obtained from the
experimental analysis.
1. Compressive electricity of concrete limit as temperature raises due to excessive dehydration of

the calcium hydroxide in the cement as well as generating extra water vapour thereby leading to
strength depletion.
2. Many vertical cracks are noticed on the surface of the carbon fiber-reinforced concrete indicating
top toughness.
3. With an raise in carbon dosages, the workability of the concrete decreased.
4. Carbon fiber reinforced concrete is located to exhibit greater compressive strength than the
traditional concrete.
5. The foremost advantage of this assignment is to limit spalling, micro-cracks, propagation of

internal cracks and it undergo to elevated temperature.
6. As per the modern-day demand of development industry new types of concrete are to be two
innovate, which will fulfil the troubles noticed in traditional concrete. In this approach carbon fiber
strengthened concrete will be a accurate replacement to meet the present demand of building
industry.
7. Whereas many of the works that are present process structural reinforcement are older works
whose concrete has lesser resistance, more advantageous thru the complex carbon fiber proves
ideal. Therefore, the compressive electricity of the concrete can be raised by using a simple and fast
technique, except raising the weight of the shape itself.
CHAPTER-6

77
REFERENCES
S.O.Osuji and U.Ukeme ―Effect of prolonged temperature on compressive strength of

concrete: A case discover out about of grade forty concrete‖, Nigerian journal of
technology, vol 34, July 2015, pp. 472-477
R.Vasusmitha, Dr.P.Srinivasa Rao ―Effect of expanded temperature on mechanical houses
of high strength self-compacting concrete‖, International journal of engineering lookup
& technology, vol.1 difficulty 8, October-2012
Ashok R.Mundhada, Dr.Arun, D.Pofale ―Effect of high temperature on compressive
electricity of concrete‖, IOSR Journal of mechanical and civil engineering (IOSR-JMCE),
volume 12, pp 66-70
Vigneshwaran and vimalrajan ―Behaviour of concrete shape when uncovered to fire‖,
global journal of rising science in computer science & electronics (IJETCSE)‖, extent
thirteen bother 2-March 2015.
Navya H A, Dr.Nayana N Patil ―Experimental research on behaviour of carbon fiber
bolstered concrete‖, International journal of civil engineering and technology(IJCIET),
Volume 9, trouble 7, July 2018, pp.1461-1469. Alwyn Varghese, Anand.N, and Prince
Arulraj G ―Effect of fibers on stress pressure behaviour of concrete subjected to elevated
temperature‖, Journal of engineering technology, volume 8, hassle 1, jan.2019, pp.291-301
Prashant Muley, shrikantvarpe, Rahul ralwani ―Chopped carbon fibers modern fabric for
enhancement of concrete performances‖, International journal of scientific engineering and
applied science, volume-1, issue-4, July 2015, ISSN: 2395-3470
S.M.Kinayekar, Dr.V.D.Gundakalle, Kishore Kulkarni ―The have an impact on of addition
of carbon fibers on mechanical homes of excessive electricity concrete‖, International
journal of innovative research in science, vol.3, problem 1, January 2014.
Anraj.G, Senthil Kumar, S.Manivel ―Experimental study about on basalt fiber reinforced
self-compacting concrete multiplied with carbon fiber‖, International journal of pure and
utilized mathematics, extent 119, no 14 2018, 41-47.
AiswaryaSukumar, Elson john ―Fiber addition and its impact on concrete strength‖,
International journal of current look up in superior engineering (IJIRAE), Volume 1
situation 8, September 2014.

78
Biswajitjena, Asha Patel ―Study on the mechanical houses and microstructure of chopped
carbon fiber bolstered self-compacting concrete‖, International journal of civil engineering
and technological know-how (IJCIET), Volume 7, hassle 3, may-June 2016, pp 223-232.
Shweta Patil, Dr.K.B.Prakash ―Study on the affect of accelerated temperature with
intermittent cooling on the residences of concrete‖, International journal of science and
research‖, ISSN: 2319-7064.
Xie Xin, Zou Mengqiu ―literature consider of the utility of conductive carbon fiber-
graphite concrete in floor heating‖, International journal of engineering lookup and
applications, vol.5, issue7, (part-2) July 2015, pp.161-163.
T.Ch.Madhavi, and Ram Kumar P.K ―Effect of temperature on concrete‖, ARPN Journal
of engin
eering and utilized sciences, vol.11, no.9, May 2016, ISSN 1819-6608.

79

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A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE AND CARBON FIBRE

Mr. K.JOGA RAO

Reg .No. 16A51D8704

Under the supervision of

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

K. KOTTURU, TEKKALI-532201, SRIKAKULAM Dist., ANDHRA PRADESH

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the thesis entitled ―A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE

Signature of Project Supervisor Signature of Head of the Department

G. D. Rama Naidu, M.E, S. Ramlal (Ph.D.),

Assistant Professor, Professor & HOD

Dept. of Civil Engineering. Dept. of Civil Engineering.

K. KOTTURU, TEKKALI-532201, SRIKAKULAM Dist., ANDHRA PRADESH

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

The thesis entitled ―A COMPARITIVE STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

External Examiner Internal Examiner

iaspirations iof ithe iu i. is i. iand isociety.

Program iSpecific iOutcomes i(PSOs)

iconstraints isuch ias ieconomic, ienvironmental, isocial, isafety iand isustainability.

iadministration iteamwork, iand idecision imaking..

PO10: iHaving iexpertise iabout icutting-edge iissues.

i completion iof ithis iproject. i

LIST iOF iFIGURES:

Fig i4.5.2.1 iTypes iof islumps

Fig i4.6.1(a). i1 iUniversal itesting imachine

Fig i3.1.3.1 iPycno imeter

LIST iOF iTABLES

LIST iOF iCHARTS

Chart i5.2.1 icompressive istrength iof icarbon ifiber ireinforced iconcrete

Chart i5.6 icomparison iof icompressive istrength iat ihigh itemperature

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

1.1 CARBONFIBRE iBASICS

1.2 iProperties iof iCarbon iFibre

2)Carbon iFibre iis ivery irigid

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

3) iCarbon ifibre iis iCorrosion iResistant iand iChemically iStable.

4) iCarbon ifibre iis iElectrically iConductive

5) iFatigue iResistance iis iproper

6) iCarbon iFibre ihas isuited iTensile iStrength

7) iFire iResistance/Non iFlammable

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

9) iLow iCoefficient iof iThermal iExpansion

10) iNon iPoisonous, iBiologically iInert, iX-Ray iPermeable

11) iCarbon iFibres iare ibrittle

12) iCarbon iFibre iis iRelatively iExpensive

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

1.3 iAdvantages iof iStrengthening iWith iCarbon iFibre

1) iFibres iare ielectrolitically inon-corrosive

5) iEconomical isolution i(considering ithe ientire ivalue iof istrengthening).

1.4 iDisadvantages iof iCarbon iFibre

1) iCarbon ifibres ithemselves iare ibeautifully icostly.

1.5 iEFFECTS iOF iELEVATED iTEMPERATURE iON iORDINARY iPORTLAND

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

calcium i aluminoferrite i hydrate, i tetracalcium i aluminate i hydrate, i and i calcium

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

1.6 iGeneral iBehaviour

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

Steel iReinforcing iMaterials

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.

1. iStress-strain irelationships i(stress-rate icontrolled): irecords iproduce istress-strain

2.Stress-strain irelationships i(strain-rate icontrolled): irecords imoreover iproduce istress-strain

Dept. Of Civil, AITAM, Tekkali.