27.10.

2014

Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden

Fakultät Maschinenbau/Verfahrenstechnik
LG Technische Gebäudeausrüstung
Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Reichel

Renewable Energies
Part 4

Gravel Storages

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Mario Reichel

Professur TGA/Regenerative Energiesysteme
Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden

1.10 Gravel storages

Efficient preheating and cooling of outdoor air

for ventilation systems

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Basic structure

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Cooling mode (summer) regeneration fan

Air supply to the
Outdoor air ventilation system

Gravel volume

air distribution air collector

drainage

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Regeneration mode (summer) regeneration fan

Outdoor air

Gravel volume

air distribution air collector

drainage

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Preheating mode (winter) regeneration fan

Air supply to the
Outdoor air ventilation system

Gravel volume

air distribution air collector

drainage

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Regeneration mode (winter) regeneration fan

Outdoor air

Gravel volume

air distribution air collector

drainage

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history

Application for conditioning of stables

Ausströmkammer

Schüttung
Einströmkammer
Versuchsanlage Dr. Arndt – Ingenieurschule
Glauchau, 1985 - 1989
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Design method for gravel storaged

e xtreme r Sommertag
Figure 1: Simulation result for extreme summer

Kältemenge (kWh)

08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
Tageszeit
Kältebedarf
Figure 2: exemplary comparison - cooling demand / offer cold
Kälteangebot des Speichers

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Layout diagrams after thermal simulation

Temperatur-Zeit Diagramm (Volumenstrom 10.000m3/h)

34,0

33,0

32,0

31,0

30,0

29,0
Temperatur °C

28,0

27,0

26,0

25,0

24,0

23,0

22,0

21,0

20,0
01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
Uhrzeit

Temp. AU Temp. Soll Temp. ex 40 m³ Temp. ex 60 m³ Temp. ex 80 m³

Temp. ex 100 m³ Temp. ex 120 m³ Temp. ex 140m³ Temp. ex 160 m³

Figure 3: Example layout diagram AD 2.1

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Layout diagrams after thermal simulation

täglicher Kältebedarfsdeckungsgrad für Sommerauslegung

10.000 m³/h
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
74
Deckungsgrad (%)

72
70
68
66
64
62
60
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
3
aktives Gesteinsvolumen (m )

Figure 4: Determining the optimal storage volume

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Data sheets for standard applications (Overview)

Standardanwendungsfälle (SAF)
Schotterbett-
einfassung
Erdreich Betonwanne

überbaut überbaut
Art der überbaut überbaut
unüberbaut Verkehrs- unüberbaut Verkehrs-
Überbauung Gebäude Gebäude
fläche fläche

Gitterbox SAF 1 SAF 2 SAF 3 SAF 4 SAF 5 SAF 6

Rohr SAF 7 SAF 8 SAF 9 SAF 10 SAF 11 SAF 12

Luftverteilsystem

Druck-
kammer
SAF 13 SAF 14 SAF 15 SAF 16 SAF 17 SAF 18

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Many studies of the geometry of fillings

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Development of heat engineering simulation model in

fills

Principles of modeling (Finite volume

element method according to Prof. Glück)

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Input screen for the thermal engineering simulation

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Output examples (temperature transitions) for the

thermal simulation

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Output examples (temperature transitions) for the

thermal simulation

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Computational fluid dynamics (pressure loss)

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Comparison of pressure loss from measurements and

calculation

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Calculation of the annual amount of energy

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Exemplary measurement evaluation (summer)

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Exemplary measurement evaluation (winter)

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first reference plant in Saxony

Installation of air distribution Upper trim of the storage volume

Gravel material: Grauwacke 50/150 - geometry: 6,5 m x 10,0 m x 2,5 m

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first reference plant in Saxony

Ready machine hall Outside air intake

Air flow: 30.000 m³/h

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second reference plant in Saxony

Installation of air distribution Gravel volume with measurement technology

Air flow: 38.000 m³/h

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third reference plant in Saxony

Looking into the outside

Installation of the gravel storage air Built Structure
Air flow: 9.000 m³/h
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fourth reference plant in Saxony

Installation of the gravel storage in the

building

Planning gravel storage with HVAC-center

Air flow: 3.200 m³/h

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Reference system - recycling plant in Zurich (Switzerland)

Mixing of different gravel

Built Structure for the outside air

Air distribution to the storage chambers

Air flow: 120.000 m³/h

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Hygienic measurements at reference plants

– significantly lower concentration of airborne

bacteria and fungi in the air supply after the
gravel storage to the outside air

– no increased endotoxins and MVOCs

concentrations detectable (MVOCs -microbial
volatile organic compounds - indicator
substance dimethyl sulfide)

– Yeasts in the supply air after the gravel storage

not detectable, in the outside air is very low
concentration

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Basics for design

• Benchmarks and system limits

– for economic operation of the flow velocity in gravel should be < 1m / s

– Dimensioning according to heating or cooling rate approx 2.8 kWh / m³ d
– Dimensioning according to the air volume flow about 1 m³ / 100 m³ / h
– Coverage for annual cooling energy amount approximately 80 ... 90%
– Coverage for annual heating rate approx 5 ... 15%
– Specific investment costs of about 300 € / m³
– CO2 - saving potential of about 150 kg / m³ a

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summary

Advantages:
low space requirement
Easy installation in the ground or building
low investment (ROI 0.5 to 4.0 a)
High operating cost savings
High coefficients of performance (> 10)
High CO2 savings
Boundary conditions:
No water layers in the design level
Suitable gravel from nearby (transport costs)
Regular Hygienic measurements according to the manual

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Thank you for your attention!

Gefördert mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Deutschen
Bundestages unter dem Förderkennzeichen 0327070W. Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt beim Autor.

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