Summer Training Report

on
ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIA

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

requirement for the Award of the Degree of
Bachelor in Business Administration (General)

Submitted By:

AISHANI VERMA
BBA(General) – Shift 1
5th Semester, Section A
00814901720

BATCH: 2020-2023
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Maharaja Surajmal Institute
C-4, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Recognized by UGC u/s 2(f), NAAC Accredited ‘A’
Grade Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University, Delhi
 CERTIFICATE

I, Ms. Aishani Verma, Roll No. – 00814901720 certify that the Summer
Training Report (Paper Code: BBA 311) entitled “Electric Vehicles in
India” is done by me and is authentic work carried out by me. The matter
embodied in this has not been submitted earlier for the award of any
degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Signature of the Student

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “Electric Vehicles in

India” which is submitted by Aishani Verma in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of degree Bachelor in Business Administration
(General) to Maharaja Surajmal Institute, Affiliated to Guru Gobind
Singh Indraprastha University, C-4, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058 is a
record of the candidate’s own work carried out by him under my
supervision. The matter embodied in this report is original and has not
been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Signature of the Guide

Name of the Guide:
Designation
 CERTIFICATE

En ergy On D e m an d

T O W H O M IT M A Y C O N C E R N

This is to certify that Ms. Aishani Verma, a student of IP University has successfully
c o m p le t e d a s u m m e r in te r n s h ip in th e fie ld o f M a rk e t R e se a r c h a n d A n a ly s is a t
E z 4 E V P riv a te Lim ite d fr o m 2 2 n d Ju n e 2 0 2 2 t o 2 3 rd A u g u s t 2 0 2 2 u n d e r the
g u id a n c e o f M r. A d ity a P u ri.

During the period of her internship program with us, she had been exposed to
different go-to-market processes and sector analysis and was found diligent,
hardworking, and inquisitive.

We believe that with a bit of upskilling, she has great potential to be part of our
future team. We wish her every success in her life and career.

F o r E z 4 E V P r iv a t e L im ite d

Authorized Signature
A d ity a P u ri
COO

D a t e : 0 1 /0 9 /2 0 2 2

w w w . e z 4 e v . com
in fo @ e z 4 e v . c o m
B -16 Pam posh E n clav e
G K - 1 , N e w D e lh i
1 1 0 0 4 8 , In d ia
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The success of the project would be incomplete without recognizing the

contributions of the people and organizations that made it possible. I
would like to express my gratitude towards Mr. Aditya Puri, my mentor
at Ez4EV Pvt. Ltd., and Dr. Parul Deshwal, my faculty guide for this
project report at Maharaja Surajmal Institute. I am thankful and indebted
for the guidance and support given to me by them throughout the process
of completion of the project.

Aishani Verma
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. NO. CHAPTER NAME

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives of the Study
1.2 Importance of the Study
1. 1.3 Literature Review
1.4 Research Methodology
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 Limitations of the Study

2. PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION

3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

4. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

7. APPENDICES
 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The project report is a study of the changing patterns in the market of electric vehicles
in India. The main purpose of this report is to examine and analyze the Indian EV
market and the overall development of policies for electric vehicles in India. The
research and development status of EVs was also taken into account in this study.
Another objective is to carefully analyze the prospective opportunities for electric
vehicles in the country and to come up with solid solutions for the challenges faced by
the industry.

2. IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The deployment of EVs in India will be encouraged by this study in order to lower
greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the ability to address
numerous interconnected issues, including air pollution, the depletion of non-
renewable energy sources, growing oil prices, oil imports, and the need for "green"
development. With this study, we get to know the reasons that challenge the
attainment of a greener future. It is found that 24% of all CO2 emissions from fuel
combustion worldwide are attributed to the transportation sector, with road travel
accounting for the majority (International Energy Agency, 2020). The environment
and human health are both negatively impacted by this level of emission (Kumar,
2017). Studies like these create awareness and influence lifestyle changes in a wide
population which could have a small yet significant role in creating a better and
sustainable environment for our forthcoming generations.
 3. LITERATURE REVIEW

The fuel efficiency of vehicles can be improved with electric vehicles, although they
are more expensive to purchase than conventional vehicles. Over the course of their
lifetime, customers, society, automakers, and policymakers generally profit
economically from their decreased petroleum consumption and greater production.
The recent initiatives and various subsidies by the Indian Government will help push
the e-mobility drive in India. The development of a new concept of Vehicle-to-Grid
can either deliver power to the grid or be used to charge the battery when non-
conventional energy sources are unavailable.
(A review on barrier and challenges of electric vehicle in India and vehicle to grid
optimization; Sonali Goel, Renu Sharma, Akshay Kumar Rathore; 2021)
India's largest cities can see less traffic congestion because of the government’s push
to introduce safe, comfortable, sustainable, and intelligent E-Buses for public
transportation. These sophisticated E-Buses will undoubtedly persuade people to
leave their ICE automobiles at home, resulting in pollution-free cities. To make this
vision a reality, new EV policies must be approved by the Central and State
governments. Additionally, it should compel OEMs to build EV battery
manufacturing facilities and support the infrastructure needed for fast charging.
Achieving the goal of 100% EVs by 2030 will depend heavily on these initiatives.
(Analysis of electric vehicle trends, development, and policies in India; Vedant Singh,
Virender Singh, S. Vaibhav; 2021)
Electric vehicles (EVs) are quieter, easier to operate and use less fuel than
conventional automobiles. Smog and air pollution are not produced by it. The client
benefits financially from bidirectional charging through integration with the smart
grid via V2G. Charge vehicle batteries by integrating RES. High battery and fuel cell
costs, a limited driving range caused by battery speed and capacity, a lengthy
charging time based on battery type and charger, and a lack of charging stations are
the main obstacles to EV adoption. Better batteries and charging methods that
accelerate charging and provide flexibility are being developed in the future.
(Electric Vehicle Scenario in India: Roadmap, Challenges, and Opportunities;
Sreeram K, Preetha P K, Prabaharan Poornachandran; 2019)
 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology refers to the particular steps or methods used to find, choose
out, organize, and evaluate data on a subject. The methodology part of a research
report gives the reader the chance to examine a study's overall validity and
dependability. There are two primary questions that the methods section addresses:
- What methods were used to gather or produce the data?
- How was the gathered data examined?
It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically.
Research methodology is a step-by-step study of a problem. It defines those tools that
are used to gather relevant information in a specific research study.

4.1 Research Design

Research design is the framework for research methodologies and equipment. To
guarantee that the research achieves its objective, a well-designed and structured
research design is essential. The research design majorly used for this study is
Explanatory. With the aid of various scientific instruments and methodologies, the
researcher examines novel concepts and ideas in explanatory research design. It offers
innovative and creative ideas to solve a problem. To some extent, the Descriptive
research design is also incorporated into this study. The purpose of using such a
design is that the study deals with the description of the state of affairs at present.

4.2 Data Collection

The data collected and utilized is secondary in nature – published research papers,
journals, analysis reports, etc. Secondary data, which may or may not be connected to
the same topic or research, is information that has previously been gathered and
recorded for a purpose by someone other than the user. It is readily available from
data collected from various sources like censuses, internal records of the organization,
reports, books, journal articles, websites, and so on.
Magazines and published articles were used for this study to gather information
regarding ongoing and upcoming trends. Technical product specifications were
acquired through brochures uploaded on the manufacturing companies’ websites.
4.3 Tools for Analysis
Analytical tools like Microsoft Excel, IBM SPSS, and more, were adopted for this
research.

4.4 Data Representation

A graphical representation of the data is done for the analysis of the data.
Bar graphs, tables, and pie charts were used to present the data in a more easily
understandable manner.

5. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study have to be seen in the light of some limitations. The EV
industry is evolving many folds every year.

There could be new changes, new developments, and new policies being formed at
this very minute. The data generated or collected which is used to form conclusions in
this study belong to a limited time period.

There might be minute changes in the market shares of manufacturing companies and
new variations in vehicle models.
 CHAPTER -2

PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION

PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION

Ez4EV Private Limited, incorporated in November 2019, is an energy storage

company. By integrating the group's existing skills in lithium-ion batteries and digital
payments, it is creating a data-driven organization at the forefront of India's energy
storage sector with the goal of offering complete consumer convenience for energy
storage solutions. They consider themselves to be the best-suited company to offer
effective energy storage solutions, for renewables, grid stabilization, and EV
charging, thanks to their partners’ extensive understanding of battery development.
Their products are in line with customer needs, but more significantly, they guarantee
quality in energy storage and charging services to prolong the lifespan of the most
expensive piece of industrial equipment—the battery. Ez4EV is exceptional in
offering customers entire energy storage and EV charging solutions while giving an
intuitive user interface to the end users thanks to its own hardware, software, and
payment solution.

1. The promoters of Ez4EV bring decades of technology and management

experience through several entities across the following sectors –

1.1 Renewable Energy solutions across India.

1.2 Lithium-ion cell technology along with 100+ technology patents.
1.3 Battery manufacturing operations and projects in the US and abroad.
1.4 Digital payments with a pan-India presence and over 6,000 onboarded
merchants, acting as NSP for the consortium.

2. Broadly, Ez4EV deals with the following business activities –

 2.1 Energy Management Services - Utilizing unique cell technology and
cutting-edge AI capabilities, end-to-end energy demand analysis and
management are carried out on cutting-edge delivery platforms for reliable
and efficient service.
2.2 EV Chargers - EzAmps charging station hardware - use the latest cutting-
edge technology, meet local standards, and are built with open standards.
2.3 Networks - Ez4EV network platform is built on a cloud-based platform
and supports CPOs and E-Mobility Service Providers (eMSP).

3. The company provides the following solutions-based facilities –

3.1 BESS - Ez4EV offers all necessary hardware, software, and support
services for the construction and upkeep of specialized energy storage. The
Ez4EV solution consists of Hardware Selection, Network Software
Deployment, Engineering and System Design, and Operation and
Maintenance of the Ez4EV Energy Storage.
3.2 Software/Apps - An end-to-end solution for managing the EV charging
network, Ez4EV Enterprise software makes owning and managing the
infrastructure for charging stations easier.
3.3 Energy/Demand Management - To ensure that the EVSE charging station
maintains within the predetermined electric demand, the EVSE network
software coordinates with the EVSE modules to spread the load among
them.

4. Partners –

4.1 C4V (USA) (USA)

A Binghamton, New York-based intellectual property corporation called
C4VTM has the expertise and patented discoveries in the composition and
production of lithium-ion batteries. In order to produce next-generation
storage materials that can be easily incorporated into existing cell
manufacturing lines, C4V makes use of its knowledge in electrode design and
 process development. It has teamed up with Australian company Magnis
Energy to build the 1.8 GW IM3 NY production facility, which began
operations in April 2022.
4.2 EZSWYPE and TransTrac (India)
EzSwype is a well-known provider of payment solutions with offices in
Chennai and Delhi. Over the past five years, the company has grown its
merchant-acquiring activities throughout India. The POS terminals made by
EzSwype already have global network certifications from Visa, Mastercard,
and NPCI/Rupay. The CredoPay platform for transaction processing was
created by Chennai-based TransTrac.

4.3 Pyramid Electronics Group

At its Panchkula manufacturing facility, Pyramid Electronics, established in
1993, produces standalone UPS systems and domestic inverters. In order to
increase its capacity for R&D and production, it expanded in 2004 by opening
a second location in Himachal Pradesh. Pyramid Group established a new
facility at Nalagarh in 2012 under the name of BH&S Circuits Inc. to produce
bare PCBs with up to 10 layers. The designs are supported by thousands of
installations across India and over 20 years of practical experience.

5. Team –

 Samita Johar - Founder & Director

 Satinder Singh - Founder, Director & CEO
 Rohit Agarwal - Co-Founder & CFO
 Ashhok Kapoor - Co-Founder & CBO
 Aditya Puri - COO

6. Contact Information –

6.1 Office Address: B-16, Pamposh Enclave,

New Delhi – 110048, India
 6.2 Email: info@ez4ev.com

7. My Role in the Organization –

I interned at Ez4EV Pvt. Ltd. in June 2022 and my job profile was of a Market
and Research Analyst. During my internship program, I was given the task of
mapping the entire Indian EV industry. A database was supposed to be created
to map all the company’s competitors and the specifications they were using in
their vehicle models. Manufacturing companies of two-wheelers, four-
wheelers, and e-buses were all included in the database, their market shares,
and partners as well. Electric charging points and charger manufacturers were
covered to analyze the availability of supporting infrastructure.
My input was also asked in the designing process of the company’s charger as
well as its website.
 CHAPTER - 3

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This report covers the various elements and aspects of electric vehicles in India. To
understand the technicalities of the working and specifications of an electric vehicle,
here is a brief description of the same:

1. What is an Electric Vehicle?

A vehicle that can be propelled by an electric motor that draws power from a
battery and can be charged externally is referred to as an EV. A vehicle that
can only be powered by an electric motor that gets electricity from a battery is
referred to as an "all-electric vehicle," whereas a vehicle that has both an
internal combustion engine and an electric motor that draws electricity from a
battery is referred to as an "EV" (plug-in hybrid electric vehicle).

2. How Do EVs Work?

2.1 All-Electric Vehicle:

An electric motor replaces the internal combustion engine in all-electric
vehicles, often known as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The electric
motor of the vehicle is powered by a sizable traction battery pack, which
must be hooked into a wall outlet or charging apparatus, also known as
the electric vehicle supply apparatus (EVSE). The car does not have a
tailpipe or any usual liquid fuel components like a fuel tank, fuel line, or
fuel pump because it is an electric vehicle. Find out more about electric
cars.
 Figure No.-1: Components of a BEV

2.1.1 What are the Key Components of an All-Electric Car?

Battery (all-electric auxiliary):
In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery provides electricity to
power vehicle accessories.
Charge port:
The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply
in order to charge the traction battery pack.
DC/DC converter:
This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery
pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and
recharge the auxiliary battery.
Electric traction motor:
Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the vehicle's
wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive
and regeneration functions.
Onboard charger:
Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge port and
converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It also
communicates with the charging equipment and monitors battery
characteristics such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge
while charging the pack.
Power electronics controller:
This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction
battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque
it produces.
Thermal system (cooling):
This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the engine,
electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
Traction battery pack:
Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
Transmission (electric):
The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric traction
motor to drive the wheels.
2.2 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) use batteries to power an electric
motor and another fuel, such as gasoline, to power an internal combustion
engine (ICE). PHEV batteries can be charged using a wall outlet or
charging equipment, by the ICE, or through regenerative braking. The
vehicle typically runs on electric power until the battery is nearly
depleted, and then the car automatically switches over to using the ICE.

Figure No.-2: Components of a PHEV

2.2.1 What are the Key Components of a PHEV?

Battery (auxiliary):
The low-voltage auxiliary battery of an electric drive vehicle
powers accessories as well as starts the vehicle before the traction
battery kicks in.
Charge port:
The vehicle can attach to an external power source using the charge
port to recharge the traction battery pack.
DC/DC converter:
This device, known as a DC/DC converter, transforms higher-
voltage DC power from the traction battery pack into the lower-
voltage DC power required to operate the vehicle's accessories and
recharge the auxiliary battery.
Electric generator:
Produces power during braking by harnessing the motion of the
wheels, then feeds that energy back into the traction battery pack.
Some automobiles employ motor generators that serve as both
drives and regenerators.
Electric traction motor:
This motor powers the wheels of the vehicle by drawing energy
from the traction battery pack. Some automobiles employ motor
generators that serve as both drives and regenerators.
Exhaust system:
The exhaust system sends the engine's exhaust gases out of the
tailpipe. The exhaust system's three-way catalyst is developed to
lower engine-out emissions.
Fuel filler:
To fill the tank, a nozzle from a fuel dispenser is attached to the
tank's receptacle on the car.
Fuel tank (gasoline):
This tank holds gasoline within the car until the engine needs it.
Onboard charger:
The onboard charger transforms the incoming AC power from the
charge port to DC power to charge the traction battery. While the
pack is being charged, it also communicates with the charging
apparatus and keeps track of battery properties including voltage,
current, temperature, and state of charge.
Power electronics controller: The power electronics controller
regulates the flow of electrical energy from the traction battery,
regulating the torque and speed of the electric traction motor.
Thermal system (cooling):
 This system keeps the engine, electric motor, power electronics,
and other components within a safe operating temperature range.
2.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicle:
An internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors, which
utilize the energy stored in batteries, work together to power hybrid
electric cars. The battery of a hybrid electric car cannot be charged by
plugging it in. Instead, the internal combustion engine and regenerative
braking are used to charge the battery. A smaller engine might be possible
thanks to the electric motor's added power. Additionally, the battery can
reduce engine idling while stopped and power auxiliary loads. These
features work together to improve fuel efficiency without compromising
performance.

2.3.1 What are the Key Components of an HEV?

Battery (auxiliary):
The low-voltage auxiliary battery of an electric drive vehicle
powers accessories as well as starts the vehicle before the traction
battery kicks in.
DC/DC converter:
This device, known as a DC/DC converter, transforms higher-
voltage DC power from the traction battery pack into the lower-
voltage DC power required to operate the vehicle's accessories and
recharge the auxiliary battery.
Electric generator:
Produces power during braking by harnessing the motion of the
wheels, then feeds that energy back into the traction battery pack.
Some automobiles employ motor generators that serve as both
drives and regenerators.
Electric traction motor:
This motor powers the wheels of the vehicle by drawing energy
from the traction battery pack. Some automobiles employ motor
generators that serve as both drives and regenerators.
Exhaust system:
The exhaust system sends the engine's exhaust gases out of the
tailpipe. The exhaust system's three-way catalyst is developed to
lower engine-out emissions.
Fuel filler:
To fill the tank, a nozzle from a fuel dispenser is attached to the
tank's receptacle on the car.
Fuel tank (gasoline):
This tank holds gasoline within the car until the engine needs it.
Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited):
In this configuration, fuel is injected into either the intake manifold
or the combustion chamber, where it is combined with air, and the
air/fuel mixture is ignited by the spark from a spark plug.

Power electronics controller:

This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the
traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor
and the torque it produces.
Thermal system (cooling):
This system maintains a proper operating temperature range of the
engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
 Traction battery pack:
Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.
2.4 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles:
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use electricity to power an electric
motor, just like fully electric vehicles do. Unlike other electric vehicles,
FCEVs produce their own electricity through the use of a fuel cell fueled
by hydrogen rather than relying solely on a battery. The size of the
electric motor(s) that get electric power from the suitably sized fuel cell
and battery combination defines the power of the vehicle during the
vehicle design phase, according to the vehicle manufacturer. Although
automakers could design an FCEV with plug-in capabilities to charge the
battery, the majority of FCEVs today use the battery for energy recovery
from braking, additional power during brief acceleration events, and to
smooth out the power delivered from the fuel cell with the option to idle
or turn off the fuel cell during low power needs. 

Figure No.-4: Components of an FCE

2.4.1 What are the Key Components of an FCEV?

Battery (auxiliary):
The low-voltage auxiliary battery of an electric drive vehicle
powers accessories as well as starts the vehicle before the traction
battery kicks in.
Battery pack:
This high-voltage battery powers the electric traction motor in
addition to storing energy produced by regenerative braking.
DC/DC converter:
This device, known as a DC/DC converter, transforms higher-
voltage DC power from the traction battery pack into the lower-
voltage DC power required to operate the vehicle's accessories and
recharge the auxiliary battery.
Electric traction motor (FCEV):
This motor propels the wheels of the car using energy from the fuel
cell and the traction battery pack. Some automobiles employ motor
generators that serve as both drives and regenerators.

Fuel cell stack:

An arrangement of individual membrane electrodes is used in fuel
cells, which use hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity.
Fuel filler:
To fill the tank, a nozzle from a fuel dispenser is attached to the
tank's receptacle on the car.
Fuel tank (hydrogen):
Stores hydrogen gas within the car until the fuel cell needs it.
Power electronics controller (FCEV):
Fuel cell and traction battery electrical energy flow is managed by
the power electronics controller (FCEV), which also regulates the
torque and speed of the electric traction motor.
Thermal system (cooling) - (FCEV):
This system keeps the fuel cell, electric motor, power electronics,
and other components within a safe operating temperature range.
Electric Transmission:
 The electric traction motor drives the wheels by transferring
mechanical energy through the transmission.

These were the technical aspects of the study which dealt with the types and working
of each type of electric vehicle.

In the following chapter, we will show a detailed analysis of the policies, trends, and
developments in the field and market of electric vehicles in India. First, we enlist the
policies formulated by the Central and State Governments of India; then secondly, we
move on to the market trends and developments and get a clearer picture of the status
of the electric vehicle market. Thirdly and lastly, we do a careful and thorough
analysis of the Indian EV market using the technique of SWOC Analysis, this helps
us understand the ins and outs of the industry as a whole and the significant role of
government policies play in the upliftment of the EV manufacturers and industry
altogether.
 CHAPTER – 4

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

1. POLICIES MADE FOR THE EV INDUSTRY

The central government has announced a variety of promotional steps during the
past ten years to aid in the acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) in the nation.
These policies include tax incentives for EV owners, the building of public EV
charging infrastructure, and others.

Figure No.1: Timeline for Various Initiatives Taken by Policymakers and Regulators

1.1 The following initiatives were taken by the Central Government for the
upliftment and development of electric vehicles in India:

1.1.1 Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles

(FAME) – I and II:
Present India's main programme for boosting electric transportation is called
FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric
Vehicles. DHI introduced it in 2015. FAME-II is currently in its second phase
of implementation and will last for three years starting on April 1, 2019, with a
 budget of 10,000 crores, which includes a spillover of Rs 366 crore from
FAME-I.

The scheme's rewards include the following:

TOTAL APPROXIMATE APPROXIMATE SIZE OF

S.NO.
INCENTIVES BATTERY

Two-Wheeler: Rs 15000/- per

1. kWh up to 40% of the cost of Two-Wheeler: 2 kWh
vehicles

Three-Wheeler: Rs 10000/- per

2. Three-Wheeler: 5 kWh
kWh

Four-Wheeler: Rs 10000/- per

3. Four-Wheeler: 15 kWh
kWh

4. E Buses: Rs 20000/- per kWh E Buses: 250 kWh

5. E Trucks: Rs 20000/- per kWh

Table No.-1: Scheme Rewards under FAME-I

Under the FAME India initiative phase II, the Department of Heavy Industries has
additionally approved 2636 charging stations in 62 cities across 24 States/UTs. These
charging stations are distributed throughout the states as follows:

Table No.-2: List of Approved Charging Stations under FAME-II

Another programme under FAME-II is as follows:

Phased Manufacturing Programme (PMP):

A phased manufacturing roadmap has been developed, taking into account the
country's current manufacturing ecosystem, to increase electric mobility and
promote the development of electric vehicles. Through a graduated duty
structure, local production of electric vehicles, their assemblies and sub-
assemblies, and their parts and inputs will be encouraged over time. The
objective is to greatly increase the country's capacity building and value
addition.
1.1.2 National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Storage:
The mission's objective is to advance ideas for revolutionary mobility and
phased manufacturing programmes for batteries, components, and electric
automobiles. The mission's major roles, road plan, and expected impact are
listed below:

Role:
- Phased Manufacturing Programs for Electric Vehicles, Electric Vehicle
Components, and Batteries, and Drive Strategies for Transforming
Mobility establishing a Phased Manufacturing Program (PMP) to
localize manufacturing along the whole value chain for electric
vehicles.
- With a specific Make in India plan for the battery and electric vehicle
components, the Mission will finalize the localization details.
- The Mission will work with important Ministries, Departments, and
State stakeholders to coordinate a variety of efforts to revolutionize
mobility in India.

Roadmap:
- Giga-scale integrated cell manufacturing by 2021–2022 and large-scale
module and pack assembly factories by 2019–2020 are the first two
phases of a phased battery manufacturing roadmap.
- Ensuring PMP-driven, all-encompassing growth of India's battery
manufacturing sector
- Developing a path to allow India to make use of its size and scale to
generate competitive, creative, multimodal mobility solutions that can
be used internationally in a variety of contexts.
- Creating a sustainable mobility environment and promoting Make-in-
India: A roadmap for transformative mobility in "New India".
Impact:
- Promote the advantages of mobility solutions for the sector, the
economy, and the nation.
- Improving city air quality, decreasing India's reliance on oil imports,
and accelerating the adoption of renewable energy and storage
technologies.
- The Mission will establish the plan and strategy that will allow India to
take advantage of its size and scale in order to create a competitive
domestic manufacturing ecosystem for electric mobility.
- Benefit all people since the goal is to promote "Ease of Living,"
improve citizens' quality of life, and also give employment possibilities
through "Make-in-India" across a variety of skill sets.
1.2 Ongoing campaign to promote the adoption of electric mobility:

Shoonya — Zero-Pollution Mobility:

The "Shoonya — Zero-Pollution Mobility" campaign encourages using EVs for
ride-hailing and urban delivery. Sanskrit's word for zero, Shoonya, connotes the
beginning and origination of possibilities. By making a rapid and expedient switch
to zero-emission vehicles, the Shoonya movement hopes to revolutionize the
transportation industry.
The Shoonya campaign has three major components:
- Corporate Branding Programme –
The corporate branding programme rewards industry partners for their
contributions to advancing the electrification of vehicles. Under this
scheme, the Shoonya emblem is displayed on all EV rides and
deliveries. Shoonya stickers and badges are worn by drivers of the
electric vehicles used for delivery and ride-hailing.
- Consumer Awareness Drive –
A public-facing awareness drive is designed to highlight the health and
environmental benefits of EV adoption. The campaign seeks to build
awareness and demand for zero-pollution rides and deliveries among
consumers, solidifying Shoonya as a slogan across every household in
India.
- Resource Toolkit –
The resource toolbox offers online tools for EV users to evaluate the
costs and effects of adopting electric vehicles. It includes:
1) An impact tracking dashboard that details the campaign's progress
and results to date is one of these toolkits.
2) A calculator that compares the price and emissions of EVs with
those of their gasoline, diesel, and compressed natural gas (CNG)
counterparts.
 3) A list of financial options and political inducements to encourage
the purchase of EVs.

1.3 The following initiatives were taken by the State Government for the upliftment
and development of electric vehicles in India:

1.3.1 KARNATAKA

Policy – Karnataka Electric Vehicle & Electric Storage Policy

Established in 2017, by the Government of Karnataka.
The objectives of the policy are as follows:
• Seek to foster conditions that will facilitate the switch from internal
combustion engines to electric vehicles.
• Attractive 31,000 crore rupee investments in the production of EVs.
• Infrastructure charging every 50 kilometers on the highway.
• A stipend of 10,000 rupees for each learner to encourage EV manufacturer
in-plant training.

1.3.2 MAHARASHTRA

Policy – Maharashtra’s Electric Vehicle and Related Infrastructure Policy

Established in 2018, by the Government of Maharashtra.
The objectives of the policy are as follows:
• Job chances for 55,000 people, based on both supply and demand.
• Raise the total number of registered EVs to 5 lacs.
• The first 250 stations will get a maximum subsidy of $1 million for
infrastructure that is adequate.
• The purchaser will receive a grant equal to 15% of the overall cost of the
EVs.
• To provide 100,000 people with jobs.

1.3.3 ANDHRA PRADESH (AP)

 Policy - Electric Mobility Policy
Established for the period 2018-23, by the AP Government.
The objectives of the policy are as follows:
• By 2024, 1 lakh EV charging stations will be constructed.
• By 2024, all commercial and government buses will be electric.
• A 10% incentive for the two companies that make electric cars.
• Electric vehicles don't require a registration fee.
• In the next five years, there will be 10 lakh electric vehicles on the road.

1.3.4 DELHI

Policy - Draft Electric Vehicle Policy

Established in 2018, by the Delhi Government.
The objectives of the policy are as follows:
• By 2023, 25% of all vehicles will be electric.
• Individual charging stations all around the city.
• All electric two-wheelers equipped with an "Advance Battery" will be
exempt from road tax, registration costs, and a one-time parking fee.
• Up to Rs 22,000 in subsidies for e-two-wheeler purchases.
• Encourage the establishment of jobs in EV driving, sales, financing,
maintenance, and charging.

1.3.5 KERELA

Policy - Draft Electric Vehicle Policy

Established in 2018, by the Kerela Government.
The objectives of the policy are as follows:
• For the first three years, the government waives road taxes for EV buyers.
• Provides a 30,000 incentive, or 25% of EVs, in the first year, to encourage
the purchase of three-wheelers.
• The state's e-mobility plan has a Mobility State Level Task Force in place.

1.3.6 TELANGANA
 Policy - Draft Electric Vehicle Policy
Established in 2017, by the Government of Telangana.
The objectives of the policy are as follows:
• 100% all-electric buses for local, regional, and interstate travel by 2030.
• All state government employees are eligible for interest-free loans for up to
50% of the cost of EV purchases.
• Areas with high traffic densities will only permit electric vehicles.
• Free parking in public lots and toll-free access on state highways for electric
vehicles until 2025.

1.3.7 UTTAR PRADESH (UP)

Policy - Draft Uttar Pradesh Electric Vehicles (EVs) Manufacturing.

Established in 2018, by the Government of Uttar Pradesh.
The objectives of the policy are as follows:
• The State plans to roll out 1,000 electric buses by 2030.
• A charging/battery swapping station that uses renewable energy and clean
fuels, such as one that uses solar or hydrogen fuel cells.
• Reimbursement of 50% of the loan's yearly interest payments used to
purchase the land for PEV Park.
• 100% Interest-free financing for the purchase of electric vehicles by State
Government employees.

1.3.8 UTTARAKHAND (UK)

Policy - The Uttarakhand EV Manufacturing EV Usage Promotion and

Related Services Infrastructure Policy
Established in 2018, by the Government of Uttarakhand.
The objectives of the policy are as follows:
• Provide term loans to MSMEs for 100-500 million rupees to help them
produce electric vehicles.
• The government's employee provident fund per company of Rs. 20 million
would be available to manufacturing plants with at least 100 employees.
 • The first 100,000 purchasers of EVs in Uttarakhand will not be subject to
motor vehicle taxes for a period of five years. 
• For a period of five years, the first 100,000 owners of EVs in Uttarakhand
would not be subject to motor vehicle taxes.
2. MARKET TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS

This section covers the major market trends shaping India’s electric vehicle
market:

Figure No.-2: Distribution of Market Segments

From the above bar graph, it can be seen that commercial vehicles (31.98%) take
up the largest segment of the electric vehicle market; followed by passenger
vehicles (29.63%) and then two-wheelers (0.28%).

2.1 The following trends can be seen in the market as an effect of government
policies:

 A reduction in the sale price of passenger cars is offered through the FAME
programme. The range of these subsidies is INR 11,000 (USD 165) to INR
24,000 (USD 360) for light hybrids, INR 59,000 (USD 885) to INR 71,000
(USD 1,065) for strong hybrids, and INR 60,000 (USD 900) to INR 1,34,000
for electric vehicles (USD 2,010). Subsidies are available for retrofit kits,
buses, light commercial vehicles, two-wheelers, and three-wheelers.
  The FAME scheme's subsidy is not the only incentive programme that has an
impact on the hybrid and electric vehicle industry in India. Along with FAME,
the Central Government of India and some state governments, such as the
Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT of Delhi),
provide tax benefits that provide hybrid and electric vehicles a competitive
edge over traditional vehicles. For instance, the Central Government of India
charges flat tax rates of 12.5% and 6% on hybrid and electric vehicles,
although excise costs on conventional car technology might reach 30% (based
on vehicle dimensions and engine capacity). In the national FY 2016–17
budget, the Central Government of India put a tax on the infrastructure for
traditional motor vehicles that varied from 1% to 5%.
 Electric and hybrid cars weren't subject to this charge. The NCT of Delhi, the
state government, reduced its state Value Added Tax (VAT) rate in its FY
2016–17 budget from 12.5% for conventional cars to 5% for hybrid and
electric cars. Manufacturers may pass on some or all of these benefits to
buyers, which is anticipated to increase sales of hybrid and electric vehicles.

2.2 The market shows the following recent developments:

 Figure No.-3: Sales Figures of Electric Vehicles by Category

 From the above bar graph, we can analyze the highest sales by two-wheelers
even with a small market segment. This impressive sales graph of two-
wheelers could be due to the ever-growing market of delivery services by
companies like Zomato, Swiggy, etc. using electric two-wheelers for the
transportation of their goods/services to their customers. Using such eco-
friendly transportation services helps companies play their part in sustainable
development.
 The market sales reflect the fact that customers are still hesitant is purchasing
a passenger car. The low number of sales of four-wheelers shows that the
market still needs to make its audience more comfortable with the idea of
having an electric vehicle.

2.2.1 Market share and sales units of manufacturers of electric two-wheelers –

 MARKET SHARE (FY22)

Ampere Ve-
hicles 24,645 TVS Motor 9,458Ather
units;Energy
0.0409
units; 0.1065 19,969 units ;
0.0863
OLA Electric
14,371 units;
0.0621

Pure Energy
14,863 units; Okinawa Au-
0.0642 totech Pvt. Ltd.
46,450 units;
0.2008

Figure No.-4: Market Shares and Sales Figures of Manufacturing Companies (2W)

The following developments can be observed from the diagram above:

 The above pie chart depicts the status of the market shares held by leading
two-wheeler manufacturing companies.
 It can be seen that Okinawa Autotech Pvt. Ltd. leads the market of electric
two-wheelers with 20.08%.
 Ampere Vehicles at 10.65% coming in as the second leading manufacturing
company of electric two-wheelers.
 Ather Energy and Pure Energy seem to be catching up with the leaders with
8.63% and 6.42% respectively.

2.2.2 Sales by manufacturing companies of electric four-wheelers –

 SALES (FY2022)

MG
Mo- Audi India Hyundai Mahindra Electric
tors 128
73 153
2043

Tata Motors; 15106

Figure No.-5: Sales Figures of Manufacturing Companies (4W)

The following developments can be observed from the diagram above:

 Tata Motors leads the market sales of electric four-wheelers with 15,106 units
sold in the financial year of 2022.
 MG Motors with the second-highest sales units in the market with 2,043 units.
The other companies don’t even come close to the top two contenders as can
be seen by their sales units.
 It can be clearly seen that Tata Motors holds a tight reign in the electric four-
wheeler market segment. With constant innovations and careful analysis of
customer needs and wants, it shines through in the statistics.
3. SWOC ANALYSIS
A strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges (SWOC) analysis was
conducted to identify the driving forces behind the uptake of EVs in India.
Published government documents, prior research conducted, and a few journals
were carefully examined in order to conduct this SWOC analysis, which may lead
to greater EV penetration on Indian roadways.

3.1 The following results were found:

3.1.1 STRENGTHS –
With the help of government subsidies and incentives, India has a great
opportunity to boost its market share for electric vehicles (Lieven, 2015). The
FAME initiative of the Central Government, which focuses on demand
generation, technological platforms, pilot projects, and pricing infrastructure,
 is seen as the most beneficial action. Budgets with GST (goods and services
tax) reductions on EV purchases from 12% to 5% and increased income tax
deductions on the interest paid for EV purchases in India have been proposed
(Lieven, 2015). The use of electric vehicles (EVs) instead of conventional cars
will not only assist to reduce pollution, but will also have several
technological benefits, including cheap operating maintenance costs, cutting-
edge technology, and noiseless driving.

3.1.2 WEAKNESSES –
The high cost, battery issues, and lack of access to recharging stations were
found to be the problems behind the delayed consumer acceptance of EVs
(Soltani-sobh et al., 2017). Customers wonder about the range of EVs, or how
far they can travel before their batteries run out, in addition to the price
(Deaton, 2018). Taxi drivers who might switch to EVs are concerned about the
short driving distance on a single charge and the lengthy refilling times. In
addition, issues like whether a person can go an additional 50 km if they drive
100 km in a day but return home due to an unanticipated emergency might
come up. Such situations pose significant barriers to the widespread use of
EVs (Diyguru official site, 2019). In addition, despite numerous updates to the
FAME policies, there is still a lack of understanding about infrastructural
support, dependency on battery imports from other counties, and lack of
skilled labor hinder the adoption of EV technology.

3.1.3 OPPORTUNITIES –
For the entire EV fleet (two, three, and four-wheelers), EV leasing, e-bus
(Intra-city) models, public charging stations, and other battery charging
activities (swapping, storage, recycling, bulk charging, battery at home
charging, and solar integrated EV charging), the Indian market represents a
wealth of business opportunities (Climate change news, 2017). Additionally, if
manufacturing companies in India begin mass-producing electric cars,
batteries, and spare parts, the price of new cars would fall and more jobs will
be generated. The government is covering 60% of the expenditures associated
 with research and development for projects under the TPEM in the five
research areas of motors and drives, driving cycles and traffic patterns,
charging infrastructure, battery technology, and electric technology
(lightweight of EVs for range anxiety). This R&D subsidy will help
developers, automakers, and suppliers through a joint collaboration between
them to reduce the cost of EV components (NEMMP 2020; Government of
India (GOI), 2015a). We recommend providing more incentives to R&D in the
private sector.

3.1.4 CHALLENGES –
The absence of consistent government policies, lack of funding for charging
infrastructure, local markets that have an impact on production, and unskilled
labor provide significant obstacles to India's EV sales. To enhance the market
penetration of EVs, it is necessary to address both the high cost of EVs and the
absence of charging facilities. There are several hurdles for a country like
India, which has a large population and larger area, to ensure that all cars
should be electric by 2025, compared to the example set by Norway, which is
almost the size of Maharashtra in terms of area. As Norway can offer
significant subsidies due to its oil export income, Norway's policies are
similarly challenging to adopt in India.
3.2 Overview of analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges
(SWOC):

3.2.1 STRENGTHS:

• No emission of nitrogen or carbon and very low CO2 output.

• Low running cost for maintenance and recharge environmental friendliness.
• Most energy efficient.
• Smooth driving experience with best-in-class technologies are found in EVs.
• Low variables can reduce dependence on foreign oil imports.
• Can decrease utility prices electric vehicles are typically charged at night
when electricity is cheapest to generate.
• Government rebates, more R&D can be done.
 • Manufacturing facilities of conventional cars can be used.
• Can facilitate earning stronger revenues and profits.

3.2.2 WEAKNESSES:

• Weaker policy schemes to the consumer as well as manufacturers.

• High initial price around 30% more than that of conventional cars.
• Battery cost is too high.
• Limited range as compared to conventional cars (approx. 900 km on 1 full
tank.
• Range of most modern electric cars is around 150 km.
• More Recharging time.
• Shortage of spare parts as compared to conventional parts.
• Low sale leads to low revenue and profits.
• Designs are limited to attract consumers.

3.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES:

• Greater opportunities for R&D. More job opportunities.

• Availability of skilled labor at an economical price.
• Improve more fuel efficiency of BEVs and improve the range of the HEVs.
• Provide training to traders and unveil more EVs in the market.
• Optimize production process to minimize losses.
• Improve the governmental aim schemes for EVs and strengthen
infrastructure.
• Provide smaller incentives for a longer duration to improve acceptability.
3.2.4 CHALLENGES:

• Lack of charging infrastructure.

• Lack of collaboration between EV manufacturers, for example, different
charging plugs and systems used by different manufacturers.
• Lack of manufacturing facilities hence most EVs are being imported which
adds to cost.
• Lack of competition for the segments hence lack choices.
• Decreasing gasoline prices which compete with the EVs sale.

CHAPTER – 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. CONCLUSION

In India, a number of activities are being carried out to encourage the usage of EVs.
These programmes must overcome obstacles such as high costs, difficulties obtaining
and charging batteries, the limited driving range of EVs, subpar incentive policies,
and a lack of consumer understanding of the advantages of EVs.

The most important technical and policy issues of EV deployment in India were
examined in this study. The findings showed that State governments were setting the
standard for EV advertising and promotion, using incentives including reduced road
taxes, registration fee exemptions, and subsidies. In order to assess the benefits,
drawbacks, opportunities, and difficulties of implementing EVs, a SWOC analysis
was carried out. The findings indicated that India will profit from central policies that
offer incentives to support the national EV market in terms of both supply and
demand.

A sustainable and environmentally friendly transportation infrastructure system

centered on EVs is important given India's high levels of traffic congestion and
pollution. The government's initiative to introduce smart, safe, comfortable, and eco-
friendly E-buses for public transportation can ease traffic congestion in India's main
cities. These clever E-buses will undoubtedly persuade people to leave their ICE
automobiles at home, resulting in pollution-free cities. The Central and State
governments must pass new EV policies, nevertheless, in order to make this vision a
reality. Additionally, it should require OEMs to build battery manufacturing facilities
for EVs and enable fast charging infrastructure. To reach the goal of 100% EVs by
2030, these initiatives will be essential.

This study looks at literature that is solely available on Indian government policy, EV
status, and development. However, more investigation may be conducted to assess the
EV trend by taking into account multiple nations. Future research can leverage the
quantitative analysis of policy that was overlooked in this thorough assessment to
determine which policies have a significant impact on the EV market. Further
research is required to determine whether other EV regulations that should also be
reported exist but were not included in this study, as well as to gather EV statistics
from small cities and municipalities supporting adoption.

2. RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations for faster adoption of EVs on Indian Roads are as follows:

 Establishing Long-Term Objectives for the Automotive Sector –

In order to have the entire nation comply with the harshest global
requirements for all vehicle sectors by 2030, it is crucial to
characterize the emission levels that will be relevant following
Bharat Stage Emission Standards -VI. Such regulations will
strengthen the industrial sector and assist businesses in acquiring
the testing facilities, technology, skills, and long-term investments
they require.

 Purchasing to Quicken "Green Mobility" in the Public Sector –

Important are the requirements for small percentages of "green

vehicles" among the total number of new vehicles purchased by
State and Central governmental organizations and public
corporations. Targets set by the Central and State governments for
EVs to represent 25% of all vehicles (AVs) from 2023 onward and
75% of AVs from 2030 forward, as well as 50% of AVs from
2023 and 100% of AVs from 2030 by metro municipalities, would
aid in accelerating the growth of EVs.
 The Central Government's Policies should be Improved –

According to a Bloomberg New Energy Finance estimate, India

will only have 7% electric vehicles by 2030 under the country's
existing policies. The States and the Center must take supportive
measures to offer a matching amount in subsidies in order to reach
this goal. Due to insatiable greed and aggressive behavior,
government EV policies, such as the green license plate, reduced
tolls, special parking spaces, distinct lanes, and exemptions from
road taxes, may aid in the development of EVs in India and other
countries. In order to make comparisons, it should be noted that
the municipal governments of Beijing and Shenzhen, both in
China, have begun a matching programme for subsidies under
which their advantages are equal to those of the national
government.

 Research and Development (R&D) –

In addition to funding EV research projects, the government

should promote R&D by outlining technical standards that would
take at least two minutes to complete. Such sites could enable
simultaneous battery swapping. Additionally, creative solutions
might be employed to put in place battery swapping and charging
infrastructure for rickshaws in a variety of sites, including
highway hotels, dhabas, and metro stations.
Moreover, by focusing on energy density, shape, and size, the
Indian government also plans to set efficiency parameters to
encourage standardized battery switching choices for various
segments (two-wheelers, three-wheelers, passenger cars, and E-
buses). However, because there are many different vehicle models
and advances in battery technology, sharing battery packs is still a
very difficult thing for OEMs to execute.
 Special Lanes for EVs –

In some Indian urban areas, cycle lanes are being built alongside
roadways. Therefore, cycle lanes should be open to electric bikes
traveling at speeds under 25 km/h. Avoiding traffic jams would
improve traffic safety.
It might be challenging to get a parking space in cities. Drivers
could be persuaded to adopt EVs if dedicated parking spaces were
reserved with charging stations and free parking was made
accessible. Governments could use clever incentives to encourage
EV adoption, such as designated toll booths, discounted EV
charging rates during off-peak hours, allowing driving on Bus
Rapid Transit (BRT) traffic lanes, and charging stations with built-
in storage.

 Public Awareness and Communication –

People are typically ignorant about EV technology, uneducated

about available incentives, and uninformed about the variety of
advantages EVs offer. Thus, EV education programmes, social
media marketing, road shows, and free test drives will all be
helpful in raising public awareness of EVs.
The intention of consumer behavior is crucial in the adoption of
EVs. Consumers' environmental intentions, resource control,
consultation of outside perspectives, and acceptance of new
vehicle technology have a significant beneficial impact on their
decision to buy and adopt EVs (Tu and Yang, 2019). Similar to
how they feel about EVs, consumers firmly believe that EVs are
better for people, pollution control, and the country's ambitious
goal of having all EVs on the road by the year 2030. 
In usage intention, adopters believe that EVs are more
 useful in operating costs and are simpler and more convenient in
technology. The socio-demographic characteristics, for instance;
age, gender, income, family size, education level, and relationship
status, also affect consumers’ intentions to accept EVs in India and
provide the reference for purchase that suits consumers’ demand.

 Support Contests Among OEMs –

One of the methods to promote EVs is by organizing a challenge

with various organizations and publicizing it. The Government can
initiate the effort and have commercial organizations and others
participate to analyze the range of EV innovations and possible
enhancements.

 Future Approaches with Alternate Technology and Limitation

Evaluations –

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) or energy units that utilize

hydrogen have had difficulty gaining popularity across the globe,
but not because of expensive or difficult-to-find platinum.
Additionally, the lack of infrastructure and issues with hydrogen
storage have hampered the adoption of EVs. Similar to the above,
CNG technology is typically not used due to the limited number of
CNG gas stations, huge fuel storage requirements, and subpar
performance. An extensive programme combining hydrogen and
CNG distribution stations is required to increase the use of such
vehicles. In the same spirit, in 2010 the Indian Oil Corporation,
Ltd. started developing a CNG infrastructure in Dwarka.
CHAPTER – 6

BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books
Kansil, Ruchi. (2019), “Research Methodology”, Sun India Publications.

Journals
 Vedant Singh, Virender Singh, S. Vaibhav, Analysis of electric vehicle trends,
development and policies in India, Case Studies on Transport Policy, Volume
9, Issue 3, 2021, Pages 1180-1197, ISSN 2213-624X,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2021.06.006.
 Sonali Goel, Renu Sharma, Akshay Kumar Rathore, A review on barrier and
challenges of electric vehicle in India and vehicle to grid optimisation,
Transportation Engineering, Volume 4, 2021, 100057, ISSN 2666-691X,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.treng.2021.100057.
 K. Sreeram, P. K. Preetha, and P. Poornachandran, "Electric Vehicle Scenario
in India: Roadmap, Challenges and Opportunities," 2019 IEEE International
Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies
(ICECCT), 2019, pp. 1-7,
https://doi:10.1109/ICECCT.2019.8869479.

Websites
https://www.sciencedirect.com/
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/treng
https://libguides.wits.ac.za/c.php?g=693518&p=4914913
https://e-amrit.niti.gov.in/national-level-policy
https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/india-electric-vehicle-market
https://afdc.energy.gov/laws/12660
CHAPTER – 7

APPENDICES
APPENDICES

APPENDIX – I

LIST OF TABLES –

Table No. Title Page No.

Scheme Rewards under

1
FAME-I

List of Approved
Charging Stations under
2
FAME-II

APPENDIX – II
LIST OF FIGURES –

Figure Page
Title
No. No.
1 Components of a BEV
2 Components of a PHEV
3 Components of an HEV
4 Components of an FCEV
Timeline for Various Initiatives Taken by
4
Policymakers and Regulators

5 Distribution of Market Segments

6 Sales Figures of Electric Vehicles by Category

Market Shares and Sales Figures of

7
Manufacturing Companies (2W)

8 Sales Figures of Manufacturing Companies (4W)

APPENDIX – III
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS –

S. No. ABBREVIATION FULL FORM

1 EV Electric Vehicle
2 CO2 Carbon-di-Oxide
Internal Combustion
3 ICE
Engines
Original Equipment
4 OEM
Manufacturer
5 V2G Vehicle-To-Grid
Renewable Energy
6 RES
Sources
7 CPOs Charging Point Operators
Department of Heavy
8 DHI
Industry
Compound Annual Growth
9 CAGR
Rate
10 2W Two-Wheeler
11 4W Four-Wheeler
12 BEV Battery Electric Vehicle
13 HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Plug-in Hybrid Electric
14 PHEV
Vehicle
15 FCEV Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle