Chapter 4

► The Nature and scope of

philosophy
Introduction and 1
branch of
philosophy
(metaphysics)
RESENTED BY: JOSEPHINE TIO
MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY

-The word philosophy is derived from the Greek words philia (love)
and sophia (wisdom) and means “the love of wisdom.”

-Is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those

connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and
language. Philosophy is the rational attempt to formulate,
understand, and answer fundamental questions.
NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY

1. Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe, which are
often held uncritically.
2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most deeply
held conceptions and beliefs.
3. Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the world as a whole
4. Philosophy is the logical analysis of language and the clarification of
the meaning of words and concepts.
5. Philosophy is a group of perennial problems that interest people and for
which philosophers always have sought answers.
IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY

-The study of Philosophy enables us to think carefully and clearly about important
issues
- In studying Philosophy, we learn to take a step back from our everyday
thinking and to explore the deeper, bigger question which underpins our
thought
- The focus in the study of Philosophy is to learn not what to believe, but how
to think.
-Studying philosophy sharpens your analytical abilities, enabling you to identify
and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses in any position.
IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY

-It hones your ability to construct and articulate cogent arguments of your own.
- It prompts you to work across disciplinary boundaries and to think flexibly
and creatively about problems which do not present immediate solutions.
-Because philosophy is an activity as much a body of knowledge, it also develops
your ability to think and work independently.
 BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

1.Logic
Metaphysics
Epistemology
Value theory
 Metaphysics

-(derived from the Greek words "meta & physika")

- is a field of philosophy that began. is generally focused on how reality and the universe
3 sub division

1. Cosmology –a central branch of metaphysics, that studies the origin, fundamental

structure, nature, and dynamics of the universe.

2. teleology-teleological when it resorts to notions such as ends, goals, purposes,

or objectives . an account of a given thing's purpose.

3. ontology- is the study of existence, how we determine if things exist or not

Thanks…
THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF PHILOSOPHY
BY: CHAPTER 4 GROUP
EPISTEMOLOGY

•Originates fron the Greek word episteme,

knowledge or science and logos. This branch
of philosophy tries to answer fundamental
human questions such as What is knowledge?
Where does knowledge come from? How do
we acquire knowledge of right and wrong?
How do we gain knowledge of God? How do
we know whether God does or does not
exist (Duka: 1998)?
Four Subdivisions
• Agnosticism
- it is impossible for a person to prove either existence
or non-existence of God.
• Skepticism
- is the doctrine that claims that anu true knowledge
is impossible or that all knowledge is uncertain.
• Posteriori
- believes that experience comes first and
knowledge afterward.
• A priori
- knowledge can be acquired through pure reason
alone, independently and perhaps, before experience.
Axiology

•It seeks to rationalize questions like,

What is value? What are the important
values which are to be desired in living?
Are these values rooted in reality? How
can these values be realized in our
daily experience?
Two subdivisions

•Ethics
-a practical science that deals with the morality
of human action or conduct.
•Aesthetics
- a science fundamentally concerned with
beauty and standards of tests and values
especially in art.
Specific Fields of Logic

•Induction
•Deduction
•Syllogism
•Dialectics
 ME

Jesse Ivan S.
Matilos
passwor
d

Historical, Philosophical and Legal

Foundation of Education
reminder:
nex
presentation
t
 5:11pm
11/01/21

ME
Jesse Ivan

History of Realism Idealism Naturalism

THEORY 110 Philosophy

Log out
 5:11pm
11/01/21

History of
Philosophy

Philosophy has been around since the dawn

of
western civilization. The golden age of Greek
Philosophy took place in Athens in the 5th
century BC.

back
 5:11pm
11/01/21

FIVE PHILOSOPHIES
INFLUENCING
EDUCATIONAL THINKING

□ Realism
□ Naturalism
□ Idealism

back
 5:11pm
11/01/21

Realism

Realism holds that the only reality is the material

world, that study of the outer world is the only reliable
way to find truth; the world is an objective
phenomenon that our minds must adhere to.

Realist believe that the job of the school is to teach

students about the world around them.

back
 5:11pm
11/01/21

Realism
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF
REALISM

The purpose of education was to prepare for

complete living, the realist believed. Education
should equip the learners with the knowledge
and skills that are needed to understand and
master his physical environment so that they
can live a happy and comfortable life.

back
 5:11pm
11/01/21

Idealism
Idealism is a philosophical tradition that
emphasizes the belief in human progress. It is an
optimistic philosophy, which holds that there is
more good than bad people and that humanity
can be improved by education.

Idealism is a philosophical system that emphasizes

the role of consciousness in constituting reality.

The term “idealism” originated from the latin word

“Idealis” meaning
“to form” or “be formed”.
back
 5:11pm
11/01/21

Idealism
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF
IDEALISM

Idealism considers student as an individual

with inner potentials. Education should help the
student to realize these potentials. Curriculum
should consist of those knowledge and
experiences which help the students to attained
development.

back
 5:11pm
11/01/21

Naturalism
It is based on the assumption that nature
represents the wholeness of reality.

Nature itself, is a total system that contains and

explains all existence including human beings
and human nature.
Aim of education is not preparation in life but
participation in it.

back
 5:11pm
11/01/21

Naturalism
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF
NATURALISM

Naturalism considers child as a gift of nature

with potentialities for natural growth
according to laws of nature. The child is an
active individual capable of self-development.

The aim of education is to develop the child as

healthy and active personality in a natural
setting.
back
THANK YOU
Loadin
g
FOR
LISTENING!
PRAGMATISM
● Philosophy of Pragmatism is mainly anAmerican concept
which come into prominence after 1850.

● Pragmatism also known as “Practical Philosophy and

Utilitarian Philosophy”.

● The word pragmatism is derived from greek word

“Pragma” which mean “to do”, “to make” and
“accomplish”

● Concerned with knowledge, processand the

relationship to action.
● Concerned with reality. Through constant reconstruction
of human experiences, man is able to keep up the flow of
change and control its direction.

● Philosophical movement includes those who claim that an

ideology of proposition is true if it works satisfactorily.

● An approach to things that focuses on the practical or

logical response.

● Addressing problems logically and practically.

John Dewey
American Philosopher and educator.
Author of Democracy and education
book in 1916. Its philosophy revolved
around a theory of education which
raised education to a formal level of
discipline.
Pragmatism according to Dewey,
asserts that man and nature are
always interdependent.
His educational Philosophy is expressed in the following
terms:

● Education is life and not a preparation for life.

Education is not learning alone but is living. Life is a
social affair, to live is to live with others.

● Education is growth. Education grows with growth of

society. It is a continuous process of experiencing and
of revising or reorganising experiences. The aim of
education is to develop an intimate personality or a
well- disciplined citizen.
● Education is a social function or a process. It is a
social process because the aim of education requires
a study of the child in connection with the
conditions and institutions of society.

● Education is a reconstruction of human experiences.

Education should be viewed as an ongoing affair with
life because it is in society that the young will work
out their careers as they leave school.
William James Author of Pragmatic Theory of truth.
According to James: “The true is only
the expedient in our way of thinking,
just as the ‘right’ is only the expedient
in our way of behaving”.
—concerned more with matters of fact
and not that with what could be or
should be.
—can considered something to be true
without needing to confirm that is
universally true.
— realm is results and consequences.
Man’s actions therefore, are the results of man’s
natural reactions to his environmental pragmatism
claims. (Bauzon, 1994)

Pragmatist person who deals with

— situations problems or focusing on practical
sboylutions,
workappirnoparcahcetsicaen.dThe word
pragmatist is often contrasted with the
word idealist.

Idealist — refers to a personwho acts based on high

principles or ideals.
EXISTENTIALISM
Existentialism

● A Philosophical theory or approach which emphasises the

existences of person as a free and
thinedividual
responsible agent their own development
tdheroteurgmh
iancintsg of the will.

● Reality is a matter of individual existence and that each

human being exists in the world with a purpose.

● Man’s decision and commitment results in the person he

becomes, when man is aware of his identity as an
individual, he realizes the true reason for his existence.
● Those most often associated with existentialism failed
to form a cohesive philosophical discipline based on
existential theories.
● Defining existentialism is difficult as these philosophers
not only contradict, but individuals tend to contradict
their own stated beliefs both in writings and in actions.
● Existentialism too multi-form and mutable to be
compressed into a line. — Will Durant.
● Existentialism is not a philosophy but a label for several
widely different revolts against traditional philosophy.
— Walter Kaufman, 1975.