Boiler Presentation GTG 1

GTG Engineering Services
Engineers . Consultant . Designer . Contractor
INDUSTRIAL BOILER BASIC

PRINCIPLE, OPERATION,
SAFETY, AND MAINTENANCE
Presented by:
Graciano T. Gonzales,PME
TOPIC OUTLINE
Objective Fuel Properties
Boiler History Type of Horizontal Boiler
Boiler Operation Four Boiler Basic System
Boiler Definition Boiler Safety Features
Boiler Classification Boiler Maintenance
Parts of Boiler Boiler Star-up
Thermodynamic Principle Best Practices
OBJECTIVE
To Reappraisal all Mechanical Engineers, Certified
Plant Mechanics and Tenders in Field of Fired Pressure
Vessel-Boiler (Low and Medium).
History
Aeolipilae are hollow brazen
vessels, which have an opening or
mouth of small size, by means of
which they can be filled with water.
Prior to the water being heated over
the fire, but little wind is emitted. As
soon, however, as the water begins
to boil, a violent wind issues forth.
BOILER OPERATION
BOILER OPERATION
To tend or operate the fired pressure vessel
safely in accordance with the manufacturer’s
standard operating procedure in response to
plant operational requirements.
DEFINITION
BOILER
- a closed vessel in which water is heated
and transformed into steam through the
application of heat energy obtained from the
combustion of fuel or from electric, nuclear,
solar or geothermal means.
BOILER CLASIFICAION
1. As to axis of shell (vertical or horizontal)
2. According to use in which they are put
a. Heating/ process
b. Power generation
3. According to location of furnace
a. Internally fired
b. Externally fired
4. According to relative position of water and hot gases
a. Water tube
b. Fire tube
HORIZONTAL BOILER
HORIZONTAL BOILER
HORIZONTAL BOILER
First Pass
HORIZONTAL BOILER
Second Pass
HORIZONTAL BOILER
Third Pass
BOILER BASIC INTERNAL PARTS (Front View)

BOILER PARTS (Internal and External)

VERTICAL BOILER
VERTICAL BOILER
ADVANTAGES OF VERTICAL FIRE

BOILER
1. Compactness and portability
2. Low first cost
3. Very minimal space required
4. No special setting required
5. Quick and easy installation
DISADVANTAGES OF VERTICAL FIRE

BOILER
1. Accessibility for cleaning, inspection and repair
2. Small water capacity, difficult to keep a steady
steam pressure under varying working load
3. Boiler is liable to prime (pull over water with
the steam) when under heavy load because of
small steam space
4. Low efficiency – hot gases have a very short
and direct path to the stack
STEAM DEFINITON
*** the vapor state of water.
PRINCIPLE OF STEAM PRODUCTION
Steam
H2O
Air
Fuel
THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLE
Thermodynamic Properties of Water
1. The container holds one pound of Water

(about one pint) at a room temperature
of 80 deg. F. Consider that the heat was
applied and the water has absorbed
heat energy to where its temperature
just reaches 212 deg. F.
2. The absorption of heat energy caused the

water to expand. The water was heated
from 80 deg. F to 212 deg. F or a 132 deg. F
temperature rise. Since it takes one BTU
to heat one pound of water one deg. F, the
water has absorbed 132 BTU of heat
energy.
3. At 212 deg. F, bubbles from the container

and create a transparent vapor the
Boiling water, A thermometer placed in
the team will read exactly the same
temperature as the boiling water.
Steam at the same temperature of the
boiling water I called “saturated
steam”.
4. To continue the application of heat until the

last droplet of water has evaporated, the
container holds only saturated steam at
atmospheric pressure and 212 deg.F. The
original volume of liquid water has increased
from about 1 pint of water to approximately
25 cu. feet of steam.
5.The same container being placed into a pan

containing 10 pounds (approximately 10
pints) of water at 80 deg. F. Since the
steam is at 212 deg. F and the water is at
80 deg. F, heat transfer and the steam
starts to condense.
EVAPORATION PROCESS IN
STEAM BOILER
Evaporation is the changing water into Steam.In

this Evaporation process requires heat
transfer that be obtained from combustion
process the furnace steam Boiler.
Evaporation occurs in the water wall tubes
either left side, right side front side and rear
side steam Boiler.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

AND STEAM
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
Heat required to convert water to steam (heat
available when reversing use of heat from steam to
water )
VALUE = 970 BTU/LB (2257 KJ/kg)

BASIC BOILER
FORMULAS
PRESSURE VS. TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM FOR STEAM
250
Temperature ºC
200
150
100
50
0.5 1 2 5 10 20
Pressure bar abs

BOILER FLUE GAS PARAMETERS

Competitive Limits of Clean Air Act of the Philippines
Parameters Philippines
Suspended Particulates 150 mg/m3
CO 500 mg/m3
Nox 500 mg/m3
SOX 700 mg/m3

THREE BASIC ELEMENTS FOR COMBUSTION TO

BURN FUEL
Combustion Triangle
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
The Combustion process produces a fire. The fire burns the fuel and changes
Chemical energy to heat energy. Fuel plus air make hot gas. Hot gas
contains the fuel Heat energy.
Two things to burn the Fuel Completely
1. Proper mixture of fuel and oxygen
2. Enough time for all the fuel to burn

Requirement of complete Combustion of Fuel
1. Proper mixture of Fuel and Oxygen

2. Enough air to supply all the Oxygen
Needed.
3. Temperature kept above ignition
Temperature (heat)
4. Enough time to let the fuel burn completely
STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO OF AIR AND FUEL
1 lb of Fuel requires 16 lbs of Air
C16H32 + O2 = CO2 + H20
C16H32 + 24O2 = 16CO2 + 16H2O

FUEL TYPES AND IT’s COMPARISON

FUEL FORM STORAGE FEATURES
Natural Gas Gas Piped/Metered Low Sulfur
Supply
LPG Liquid Under Cylinders/Tanks Low sulfur, requires
Pressure pressurized storage
Kerosene Distillate Oil Tanks Sulfur - 0.1%
Suitable for smaller
heating units
Heavy Fuel Residual Oil Tanks Sulfur up to 3.5%
Oil (#6) LOW COST
Coal Solid Silos or Tanks Sulfur, 1.5% LOW COST
or Open Shed but handling &
maintenance is costly
COMBUSTION OF FUEL
CALORIFIC VALUES
All fuels contains Hydro Carbons of varying proportions.
Complete combustion will produce CO2 and H20 discharged in
vapor state as flue gas.
GROSS CALORIFIC VALUES

Heat released by a unit fuel when burned completely (high
calorific values)measured at 15 deg. C
NET CALORIFIC VALUES

Heat released by unit fuel when burned completely but measured
at initial temperature ( 30 deg C Lower Calorific Values )
CALORIFIC VALUES OF SOME FUELS

FUEL NET CV GROSS CV HYDROGEN SULFUR
MJ/Kg MJ/Kg Content Content
METHANE 50.04 55.58 24.93 0.00
KEROSENE 43.37 46.46 14.00 0.10
Heavy Fuel 39.65 42.54 10.90 3.00 - 3.50

Oil (#6)
DIESEL OR 42.36 45.31 13.40 0.30- 0.50

GAS OIL
COMPOSITION OF OIL AND AIR

COMPLETE COMBUSTION
EFFECTS OF INSUFICIENT AIR
1. Incomplete Combustion - detected easily by black

exhaust .
2. Formation of stack solids causing tube deposition
3. Flue gas temperature is unnecessarily high.
4. Lowers Combustion Efficiency.

COMBUSTION WITH INSUFICIENT AIR

DETERMINATION OF AIR REQUIREMENT @ 60 Li/Hr. FUEL RATE
24(32) lb O2
= 3.43
12(16) + 32 lb fuel
lb O2 lb air
= 3.43 X 4.3
lb fuel lb O2
lb air
= 14.78
lb fuel
DETERMINATION OF AIR REQUIREMENT @ 60 Li/Hr. FUEL RATE
M= r V
= 0.96 kg/li (60li/hr)
= 57.6 kg/hr or 127 lbs/hr
127 lbs fuel X 14.78 lb air
hr lb fuel
1877 lb air 409 CFM

=
hr
USES OF STEAM IN INDUSTRIAL

MANUFACTURING
“To raise and maintain the temperature of

Manufacturing Equipment”
T Y P E S O F HORIZONTAL B O I L E R
1.Fire tube The fire is located inside the

tube, while the water is in the
outside of the tube. Use of fire
tube boiler to about 500
horsepower and a working
pressure of 150 psi above
atmospheric pressure.
2. Wet Back
The hot gases from the furnace pass into a water - cooled rear reversing
chamber inside the shell thus increasing the heat transfer area.
2.Water tube boiler The water is located inside

the tube and the fire is
outside the tube. It used in
central power station
where steam produces to
4.5 million kg of steam per
hour @ 4,000 psi to drive
the steam turbine for
electric power generation.
FLAME TUBE ARRANGEMENT
Eccentric arrangement
Centric arrangement
KINDS OF FIRE TUBE BOILER

1. Dry Back
The hot gases from the furnace pass into a refractory lined baffles at
the reversing chamber outside the shell and are returned through the
flue - tubes to the front of the boiler. The dry back boiler is easier to
service because the rear doors can be opened.
INTERNAL WATER ARRANGEMENTS

The cold dense feedwater is directed down the
outside of the boiler shell to the bottom of the
shell. The incoming feedwater acts an insulator
cooling the shell and becoming preheated as it
sinks to the bottom of the shell. When water
reaches the bottom it is warmer and less dense.
From this point on the water is pushed up to the
top of the drum by the incoming water. The warm
water begins rising through the tubes. The rising
water comes contact with the second pass fire
tube. The water further heated and continues
upward around the first pass tube. The water
mixed with small steam bubbles that are forming
and rising to the top of the boiler. The boiling
action becomes very violent and closer
water/steam mixture gets to the top of the boiler.
The water/steam mixture passes around the third
pass fire tube.
FOUR CYCLE BOILER OPERATION

1. Pre-purging - draw the gas on combustion chamber,
preventing back fire during start-up.
2. Ignition – this combination of LPG and igniter, serve as
a light match to the fuel.
3. Main Burning – heated fuel was burned by the flame
from igniter.
4. Post Purging – draw of excess gas from combustion
chamber.
FOUR BASIC SYSTEM OF BOILER
1. Feed water system
2. Fuel system
3. Steam & Condensate system
4. Draft system
Feed Water System

Raw Water
Feed Water Tank
H2O Softener
Boiler
BFP
Fuel System
Steam IN
Steam Oil
Pre- Heater
Steam OUT
Pressure
Electric oil Gauge
Heater 200- 100 psig
Nozzle
230 deg F
Gate
Valve Check
Valve
Fuel Day Bucket oil 3 way Metering and

tank Oil Strainer Oil pump valve Solenoid Valve
Grade no.6 125 psig
Steam and Condensate

System
TRV
Steam
Check Valve
Trap
Check
Valve
Bottle Washer
Steam outlet
Valve
Make-up
Condensate Water
tank
Holding Tank
Boiler
Air
BFP
Check Valve
Feed Pump
Exhaust Stack
Draft System
Firing Tube 3rd Pass Firing

Tube
2nd Pass Firing Tube Draft Control

Damper
Burner Whirl
Forced Draft Fan Tube Chamber
Inlet
Damper
BOILER WATER PARAMETER ANALYSIS
MAX LIMIT
Appearance Clear
Color Clear/Milky white
pH 7
M-alkalinity (ppm) 1200
Total Hardness (ppm) 0-25
Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) 1500 3000
Dissolved Oxygen 0
HEAT LOSS DUE TO SCALE
• 1/32 inch scale - 8% more fuel

WATER TREATMENT-PREVENTION PREVENTIVE

MAINTENANCE
SCALE FORMATION • 1 mm - reduces
efficiency by 10%
• tube overheating
CORROSION • conversion of iron

into oxides
BOILER SAFETY FEUTURES
They are valves, gages and other connection devices attached directly to
the boiler and necessary for safe and efficient operation.
Steam pressure gages - the steam pressure inside the boiler and is connected to
the highest point of the steam space, the steam gages should be calibrated
to least 1 1/2 times the set pressure of safety value.
Water gage - The actual water level inside the boiler drum usually the lowest
water level is 3 in. above the highest fire tube boiler.
Boiler safety valve - To prevents boiler pressure from rising above a certain
predetermined pressure by allowing excess steam to escape into the atmosphere
when that point is reached. Thus guarding against possible explosion
through excessive pressure.
Steam pressure operated controls :

A. Hi - pressure , cut - out pressure switch- Safeguard the boiler from
excessive boiler pressure by total shutdown of burner control setting
depends on plant steam load requirement.
B. Operating limit pressure switch - Cut off burner control at pre –
determined setting and cut - in at minimum load requirement.
C. Low - fire hold switch - Safeguard boiler from shifting from low fire to
high fire position during start up to prevent thermal shock , usual setting is
10 psig steam pressure developed before it shift to high pressure.
D. Modulating control - This pressure control switch will give signal to the
modutrol motor to shift from low fire to high fire or vise versa position.
E. Fire eye flame control - Shutdown the fuel supply to the burner when
there was no fire in the combustion chamber and triggers the operation
of the programmer controls for one complete cycle before shut down.
Steam operating controls,cont.

F. Programmer - Is a control which will execute different process in boiler cycle.
Such as pre - purge , pre - ignition , main fuel , post - purging and shut down.
G. Low water cut - off - This device is separate from the programming sequence
control and it is important to general safety, its job is to shut down the boiler
immediately if water drops to a dangerously low water level.
There are two cut off probes in our boiler :
1. Float type
2. Electric probe type
H. Boiler blowdown :
1. Surface blowdown - to remove non - condensable gasses on the
steam surface.
2. Bottom blowdown - this is installed @ the bottom of the boiler
outer shell to remove sludge, and other impurities inside the boiler.
Start-up of Boiler
It is to note that the following steps may not apply to all types of boilers and each
boiler requires some additional steps to be followed as per its system design.
However, the basic steps remain the same:
With main power breakers in the “on” position, the water supply and fuel supply
System are aligned to support boiler operation, and the burner switch is in the “off”
Position, perform the following steps.
1. Ensure that the vent valve on the boiler is open and check there is no pressure
in the boiler.
2. Check that the steam stop valve is closed.
3.Check that all the valves for fuel are open, and let the fuel circulate through the
system until it comes to the temperature required by the manufacturer
recommendation.
4.Check and open the feed water valves to the boiler and fill the water inside the
boiler drum to just above the low water level. This is done because it is not
possible to start the boiler below the low water level due to safety feature which
prevent boiler from starting. Also, the level is not filled much because if filled too
much, the water inside the boiler might expand and over pressurize the boiler.
5.Start the boiler in automatic mode. The burner fan will start the purging cycle
which will remove any gases present in the furnace by forcing it out through the
funnel.
6. After the pre-set purge time the pilot burner will ignite. The pilot burner
consists of two electrodes, through which a large current is passed, via the
transformer, producing the spark between the electrodes. The pilot burner is
supplied with diesel oil and when the oil passes over, the former ignites.
7. The main burner which is supplied by heavy oil catches fire with the help of
pilot burner.
8. Check the combustion chamber from the sight glass to ensure the burner
has lit and the flame is satisfactory.
9. Keep a close eye on the water level as the pressure increases and open the
feed water when the level of water inside the gauge glass is stable.
10. Close the vent valve after the steam starts coming outside.
11. Open the steam stop valve.
12.Once the working steam pressure is reached, blow down the gauge glass
and float chambers to check for the alarms
TO STOP BURNER
1. Pull blower and control switch.
2. Do not pull feed water pump switch until boiler has cooled
IF BURNER DOES NOT START
1. Check all electric fuses

2. Check water level in the boiler
3. Check limit controls to make sure they are making
4. Push motor reset button
5. Push reset button on the programming
control. If not call for manufacturers
technician.
MAINTENANCE
Daily Procedure
1. Blow down boiler using bottom rear blow - off. Blow down when
burner is firing. Blow down should be conducted for the duration
directed by the water chemistry .
2. Blow down water column to low water cut off point.
3. Check level oil in storage tank.
4. Check lubricating oil in compressor oil cup, ( when compressor is
used ) fill with non - detergent oil.
5. Check stack temperature. If above normal check fire side of boiler
for dirt, over firing, or improper combustion.
6. When using a condensate tank or dearator check temperature of
water supplied to unit. If below 160 deg.F, investigate the
condensate return heat source.
7. Check oil pump suction conditions ,. Oil pump suction Should not
exceed 130 deg. or 5 pounds pressure.
MAINTENANCE
Weekly Procedure
1 . Check combustion control operation as outlined in check list
section of service manual . Investigate and correct at once any
failure to shut off fuel valve.
2 . Check the pressure limit shut-down as outlined in the service

manual check list. During this check, observe the operation of
the programming control to make sure that the operation is as
described in the sequence of operation section of the manual.
3. Wipe the entire unit, particularly the operating parts, so that

oil and dust do not accumulate.
.
Weekly Procedure-cont.
4. Clean oil nozzle weekly. Do not use abrasive or metallic instruments

or tool during the cleaning operation. Soak nozzle assembly in oil
solvent required time. Clean electrode insulators of any carbon
deposits.
5. Replace nozzle - electrode assembly in the exact position as was sent

from factory.
6. If water treatment is being used, check water against check list

supplied by water treatment company
MAINTENANCE
Monthly Procedure
1. Check the belt tension and adjust if required on all belt drive pumps
and compression.
2. Turn down feed water grease cups. Note every 3 months fill cups with
new grease( Standard oil company no. 18 superia)
3. Lift the steam safety valve by the manual lever to make sure it is
operating freely.
4. Clean compressor air intake filter ( where compressor used ). Replace

filter oil when clean oil, use compressor lubricating oil.
5. Check rear head flue gas leaks and tighten bolts a required
MAINTENANCE
Semi- Annual Procedure
1. Cool boiler slowly to room temperature. (Warning: failure to cool the
boiler slowly will effect life of boiler and possibly cause tube leak).
2. Gradually remove all the fasteners around the rear door flange, pry
the head loose from the boiler and swing it away on the davit.
3. Remove the remaining two upper rear panels.
4. Using flue brush , and vacuum cleaner, brush though the tubes to the
from end of the boiler.
5. Soot and scale may be removed from the front end of the boiler by
removing the clean out cover located at the bottom of the cover
plate and inserting vacuum cleaner hose.
Semi Annual Procedure cont.

6. Check the rear door refractory and patch any cracks or spawls with Franset.
If the refractory requires replacement a sectional assembly may obtained from
the refractory through the distributor.
7. Always replace the sealing rope around the edge of the rear refractory with
new rope and clean off any old cement. The new rope may be held in place
with cement.
8. Replace the outer sealing rope on the upper rear panels with the new rope.
The new rope may be held in place with cement.
9. Replace the two upper rear panels.
10. Close the rear head and rear panels. Tighten all fasteners evenly to seat
the sealing rope.
11. Replace the front panels if removed for cleaning.

Semi Annual Procedure cont.no.2
13. Remove the peep sight glass, clean and replace. Note inspect the
gasket and replace if necessary.
14. Flush compressor a directed in the service manual.
15. Examine belts for signs of wear. Replace worn belts before they
fail, so as to prevent shut down.
MAINTENANCE
Annual Procedure
1. Follow steps 1 to 12 listed under semi - annual procedure.
2. Clean water side of the boiler.
a. Drain the boiler through the blow-down valve.

b. Remove all hand hole covers and the manhole cover
and replace with new gaskets.
c. Wash down the inside (water side) of the boiler with a
hose, making sure to loosen and remove all the sludge out
of the boiler.
d. Inspect shell and tube surfaces for signs of corrosion or
scale is forming (to any degree) on internal surfaces. Look
for boiler chemical treatment.
Annual Procedure cont.

e. Using new gaskets, install the handhole covers and
manhole cover.
f. Disconnect the piping on the discharge side of the feed
water pump and inspect for scale build-up. Check valve for
proper operation and replace if necessary.
g. Fill the boiler by means of the feedwater pump and
reset the low water cut off.
3. At the time of this yearly inspection and cleaning it is

recommended to check the condition of the equipment.
BEST PRACTICES
CONDENSATE
Contributes to energy and cost savings
- for every 5 deg C improvement will give 1% fuel gain
Every kg of condensate not returned would require:
Q= mCpDt
Q=1(4.19KJ/Kg C)(80-30)C
Q=209.5 KJ/kg
For a 175hp boiler

2738kg/hr(209.5Kj/kg)(4680hrs/yr)
2684.5 GJ/yr
BEST PRACTICES
CONDENSATE- cont.
Contributes to energy and cost savings
Cost of bunker per GJ is Php 495.19
At 85% boiler efficiency:

2684.5GJ/yr/0.85 =3158 GJ/yr
Cost of fuel needed:

(3158GJ/yr)(P495.19)
Php1,563,926 or 71,087 liters

BEST PRACTICES
INSULATION
EXAMPLE OF ENERGY LOSS IN KW / 100 M length of 2 inch
diameter pipe at Steam Temperature of 150 deg C.
Bare pipe - 46 kw loss

1” Insulation - 5.4 kw loss
2” Insulation - 3.6 kw loss
THEREFORE, SAVINGS FROM USING 1” INSULATION
IS EQUIVALENT TO 40,000 KGS. OF FUEL OIL PER
YEAR
BEST PRACTICES
STEAM LEAK
ENERGY LOSS in kgs of steam per diameter of leak
1/16” - 18000 kg P 25,225

1/8” - 180000 kg P252,250
SUMMARY
• Boiler efficiency/combustion
– Keep clean both water & fire side of the boiler
– Ensure P/T of bunker oil is maintained
– Atomizing nozzle & compressed air properly
working(replace nozzle at least once/year
– Ensure air/fuel controller is properly working for
finer calibration (0-25-50-100)
– Keep fireside tightly closed except where
combustion air is coming from
SUMMARY
– Monitor the following

• fuel consumption
• smoke stack temperature
• emission
• excess air
• gauges
• safety gadgets
– Establish blowdown frequencies
SUMMARY
• Steam & Condensate

– Ensure we have a close loop, working steam
temperature controller, gauges, finally steam traps
– Recover condensate & increase temperature from
existing to 180oF
– Insulate as necessary

Boiler Presentation GTG 1

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Boiler Presentation GTG 1

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GTG Engineering Services

Engineers . Consultant . Designer . Contractor

INDUSTRIAL BOILER BASIC

BOILER BASIC INTERNAL PARTS (Front View)

BOILER PARTS (Internal and External)

ADVANTAGES OF VERTICAL FIRE

DISADVANTAGES OF VERTICAL FIRE

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

1. The container holds one pound of Water

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

2. The absorption of heat energy caused the

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

3. At 212 deg. F, bubbles from the container

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

4. To continue the application of heat until the

Thermodynamic Properties of Water

5.The same container being placed into a pan

Evaporation is the changing water into Steam.In

THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

VALUE = 970 BTU/LB (2257 KJ/kg)

PRESSURE VS. TEMPERATURE EQUILIBRIUM FOR STEAM

Pressure bar abs

BOILER FLUE GAS PARAMETERS

Nox 500 mg/m3

SOX 700 mg/m3

THREE BASIC ELEMENTS FOR COMBUSTION TO

Two things to burn the Fuel Completely

1. Proper mixture of fuel and oxygen

2. Enough time for all the fuel to burn

Requirement of complete Combustion of Fuel

1. Proper mixture of Fuel and Oxygen

STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO OF AIR AND FUEL

1 lb of Fuel requires 16 lbs of Air

C16H32 + O2 = CO2 + H20

C16H32 + 24O2 = 16CO2 + 16H2O

FUEL TYPES AND IT’s COMPARISON

GROSS CALORIFIC VALUES

NET CALORIFIC VALUES

CALORIFIC VALUES OF SOME FUELS

METHANE 50.04 55.58 24.93 0.00

KEROSENE 43.37 46.46 14.00 0.10

Heavy Fuel 39.65 42.54 10.90 3.00 - 3.50

DIESEL OR 42.36 45.31 13.40 0.30- 0.50

COMPOSITION OF OIL AND AIR

EFFECTS OF INSUFICIENT AIR

1. Incomplete Combustion - detected easily by black

3. Flue gas temperature is unnecessarily high.

4. Lowers Combustion Efficiency.

COMBUSTION WITH INSUFICIENT AIR

DETERMINATION OF AIR REQUIREMENT @ 60 Li/Hr. FUEL RATE

DETERMINATION OF AIR REQUIREMENT @ 60 Li/Hr. FUEL RATE

1877 lb air 409 CFM

USES OF STEAM IN INDUSTRIAL

“To raise and maintain the temperature of

1.Fire tube The fire is located inside the

2.Water tube boiler The water is located inside

FLAME TUBE ARRANGEMENT

KINDS OF FIRE TUBE BOILER

INTERNAL WATER ARRANGEMENTS

FOUR CYCLE BOILER OPERATION

FOUR BASIC SYSTEM OF BOILER

1. Feed water system

3. Steam & Condensate system

Feed Water System