Standard Method of Test for Accelerated Poli hing of Aggregates Using the British Wheel AASHTO DESIGNATION: T 279-91 (ASTM DESIGNATION: D 3319-83) 1. SCOPE 1.1 This method describes a labora: tory procedure by which an estimate may be made of the extent to which different coarse aggregates may polish, 1.2. This standard may involve haz- srdous materials, operations, and equip. ment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use, Its the respons bility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2 AASHTO Standards: M 261 Standard Tite for Pavement Frictional Property Tests Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortar (using 2-inch for SO-mm cube speci mens) 2.2. ASTM Standards: C718 Specification for Stan ard Sand T 106 D 75. Practice for Sam- pling Aggregates D 1415 Test for Rubber Prop- erty Intemational Hardness! E 303 Method of Measuring Surface Friction Properties Using the British Pendulum Tester Book ASTM Senda Pas 8 3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE BAA This test method simulates the polishing action of vehicular waffic on coarse aggregates used in bituminous pavements. 3.2. A Polish Value is determined that may be used to rate or classify coarse aggregates for their ability to resist pol- hing under traffic. 4. DEFINITIONS 4.1 Initial Friction Value—The ini tial British Pendulum Tester readings on the test specimens before they are pol- ished in the accelerated polishing ma- chine 4.2 Polish Value (PV.}—A measure of the state of polish reached by a test specimen subjected to accelerated pol- ishing using the materials, equipment, and procedures described inthis method ‘The measurement is made using the Brit ish Pendulum Tester as described in See- tion 5.3 and T 278, APPARATUS 5.1 Accelerated Polishing Ma- chine—An_ accelerated polishing ma- chine, also known as the British Wheel, ‘and based upon a 1958 design by the Road Research Laboratory of Great Brit. ain. This machine shall be mounted on 4 firm, rigid, and level base. The equip- ‘ment shall include the following: SL Cylindrical Wheel, hereafter referred to asthe road wheel, and having 4 flat surface periphery and of such size and shape as to permit 14 specimens Aescribed below to be clamped onto the eng and Meta Cath Periphery to form 2 continuous surface of aggregate particles, 1 in, (44.5 mm) wide and 16 in, (406.4 mm) in diameter. 5.12 A means of rotating the road Wheel about its own axis at a speed of 320 = 5 rpm, 5.1.3 A means of bringing the surface fof a mubbertired wheel 8 in. (203.2 mm) in diameter and 2 in, (50.8 mm) wide to ‘bear on the aggregate specimens mounted ‘on the surface of the road wheel with a total load of 88 * 1 Ibf (91.44 = 4.45N). ‘The tire shall be treated, if necessary, 0 cobiain a uve running surface. The tre shall be free to rotate about on its own axis Which should be parallel tothe axis of the road wheel, The plane of rotation of the tire shall coincide with that of the road wheel. Before a new tre is used on atest it should be conditioned by’ a preliminary run of 6 hours with 2 150-grit silicon ccubide using dummy (extra or used) speci- mens on the road wheel SAB Alternate Tire No. I—An in dustrial 8 X 2 pneumatic smooth-tread hhandtruck tire (Note 1), The tire rubber hardness shall be 55 * SIRHD measured in accordance with Test Method D 1415, ‘The tire shall be inflated to a pressure of 45 * 2 psi (310.26 = 13.79 kPa) NOTE 1—This isthe tire originally sup plied with the Accelerated Polishing Machine? And known by the tre manufacturer’ des nation Dunlop RLI § X 2. Dunlop discon tinued mancfacturing of this tire in February 1979. tts retained as an alternate inthis test method for those users who may still have a supply and in the event that Dunlop shovld fesumne manofacturing it i the fare 5.13.2 Alternate Tire No, 2—An in- dustrial 2.80 x 4 (8 in, OD % 4 in, ID), 4 NHS-4 ply, cross-hatch pattern tead hhand-truck tire (Note 2). The tire shall be inflated to a pressure of 35 2 psi (241.32 * 13.79 kPa),1279 NOTE 2—When it became known thatthe Donlop tie (S:13.1) was no longer being manufactured, the necessity of finding a te placement tire foe he test method was ev ‘eng, A search and study by the Teas State Department of Highways and Public Trans: poration culminated in finding this tire, 2 ‘Goodyear Iadustial All Weather Hand-Truck tie size 2.80 % 4 (Goodyear Product Code 202-008-002), to give Polish Values equa 1 those obtained with the Dunlop tire” A suit able inner-ube such as Goodyear G250-4 (Product Code 199-010-700) is necessary. It was also found necessary to modify the din wheel furnished with the Accelerated Polish Machine to facilitate mounting the Goodyear tire. Approximately 0.10 in. should be re ‘moved from the wheel diameter and a larger hole provided fr the valve stem. This did not fect mounting and use of the Dunlop tire. S14 A means to feed the 150-grit silicon carbide abrasive atthe rate given in Section 8.5. The grit shall be fed continuously and with a uniform disti- bution across the width of the specimens. ‘The grit shall be applied directly onto the road whee! surface ahead of the point of contact with the rubbertired wheel ‘A means to feed the water at the rate given in Section 8.5 in such a ‘way thatthe water is spread continuously and uniformly over the surface of the toad wheel ahead of the point of contact with the rubber-tired wheel 5.2. Metal Molds—A number of ac ccurately machined metal molds for pre: paring specimens. The specimen formed 8 3.5 by 1.75 by 0.63 in, (88.9 by 44.5 by 16.0 min) and shall be curved to fit fon surface having an S-inch (203.2 mmm) radius of curvatuze. 5.3. British Pendulum Tester—A fiction measuring device. The British Pendulum Tester used shall conform to Method T 278, 53.1 The slider contact path shall be 3 = he in. (76.2 * 1.6 mm), 532. The slider width shall be 1%, in. 31.8 mun), 53.3 The rubber that is bonded to the slider shall bev, by 1 by 1" in (64 by 254 by 31.8 mm), %4 The rubber shall meet the re urements of Specification M 261. 5.35 The zero adjustment shall be is viable ASTM Hendguangn METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING checked before and after testing the spec- imens and as often as the operator deems necessary, 5.3.6 The calibration procedures of 278 shall be used. However, after cai bration the small slider shall be inserted. 6. MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES 6.1 Water—A supply of tap water for use where water is requited for any purpose in this method. 62 Fine Sand—A supply of fine sand for sifting into the interstices ofthe aggregate prior to placing of the bonding material. Standard sand conforming 10 the requirements of ASTM C 778 has bbeen found suitable for this purpose. 63. Mold Release Agent—The use fof a mold release agent is optional. A mold release agent may be used to pre vent bonding between the mold and the bonding material. Silicon release agent and paste wax as used for automobiles and floors has been found suitable, The user should use care to prevent this agent from being absorbed by the aggregate as itcould affect the measured polish value. 6A. Silicon Carbide Grit supply of silicon carbide grit (150-grt size) to bbe used as the polishing agent. Grit should be checked for gradation using No, 100 (150 jum), 150, and 200 (75 um) sieves and separated and recombined if, necessary to maintain a uniform grada- tion for all testing, 68. Bonding Agent—A supply of polyester resin and catalyst (or another suitable bonding material, such as an epoxy resin) having a pot life of 20 to 30 minutes and a curing time of 3 10 6 hours. This bonding agent shall not be S0 fluid as to flow through the fine sand. 65.1 An optional bonding agent may be used to eliminate use of the fine sand. This bonding agent must be quite viscous so that it will not flow com: pletely around the aggregate particles land become part of the surface ofthe test specimen, Examples of suitable materials are given in the Appendix, 65.2 Follow the manufacturer's pre- cautions concerning storage and use of resin and catalyst 6.6 Coarse Aggregate—Approxi: mately a {8 (0.014 m) supply of 733 coarse aggregate to be tested and sam pled in accordance with T 2. The aggre gate shall be normal plant run but labor ‘ory-crushed material may be tested, if 50 identified 7. TEST AND CONTROL SPECIMENS TL At least five test specimens for each coarse aggregate shall be tested See Section 10.2 72 Laboratories evaluating only a few coarse aggregates each year shall Include standard laboratory conal spec: imens in each run. Two sets of five test specimens will allow the inclusion of {our control specimens. With an accumu: lation of Polish Value history, the control specimens may be eliminated. This will allow an increase in the number of the coarse aggregate test specimens for the two sets 73. The aggregate to be tested shall pass the 'e-in,(12.7-mm) sieve and shall be retained on a Vein. (9.5-mm) sieve. NOTE 3-Aggregate gradation may be varied wo mect the needs ofthe wer f reported With the test results, However, ageregates larger than in. (127 mm) may not be accommodated by the mold, and aggregates smaller than in. (5 mim) may not be adequately bonded in the specimen molding process 10 be retained for the duration of the tet 74 Thoroughly wash and dry the aggregate to be tested at 100 10 110C to essentially constant weight 7S Coat the mold with mold-te: lease agent 7.6 Each specimen shall contain a single layer of dry ageregate placed by hhand as densely as possible with a flat surface down to cover the bottom 3.5, by 1.75 in. (88.9 by 44.45 mm) surface of the mold, NOTE 4Panicies selected should be rop- resentative of the material to be evalvated Flat, elongated, or unusually shaped particles can cause difficulty in placemem and bond- ing, Misleading polish values can result from inadequate surface area for polishing. 7.7. Fill the interstices between the aggregate with the fine sand, deseribed734 in Section 6.2 above, from one-fourth to one-half of the aggregate depth, 7.7.1 An optional method eliminates the sand by using a viscous polyester fesin, This material is described in Sec- tion 65. 7.8 Prepare the bonding agent de- scribed in Section 6.5 and in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. The consistency of the bonding agent shouid be such that it will flow freely between the aggregate panicles but not so thin as to impregnate the sand or to bond this sand to the specimen surface later preventing its removal. An ideal consis. tency would be such that the bonding agent must be forced into the voids be tween the aggregate particles by gentle hhand pressure with a spatula 7.8.1 The optional bonding agent re- quires a heavier consistency such that it will not flow except with the aid of 2 spatula 7.9 Fill the prepared mold to over- Mowing with the bonding material. NOTE Care should be used to ensure thatthe bonding agents at allowed to pene toate near te aggresate surface 1 be polished Jn such a way that the rubber slider may 7.10 When the bonding material has stiffened sufficiently, strike off the excess material even with the curved sides of the mold 7.1 When the bonding material has ‘cored properly (3 to 6 hours) remove the specimen from the mold, 7.12 If sand was used, remove all free and excess sand from the face of the specimen 7.13 If warping prevents proper placement on the road wheel, dress the bottom of the test specimens with a grinding wheel or belt sander to ensure proper fit. Respirators should be used to prevent breathing the dus. 8. PROCEDURE, 8.1 Determine the initial friction value of each prepared test specimen in accordance with T 278 using the slider Specified in Section 5.3 above. Take all readings from the permanent scale 82 Clamp 14 specimens around the Periphery of the road wheel (using rubber METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING (O-rings near the edge of the specimens) to form a continuous strip of particles ‘upon which the pneumatic-tired wheel shall ride Geely without burmping or sip ping. 8.3 Maintain the temperature of the specimens, water, and apparatus at 75 5°F 23.9 + 2.8°C) during the entice time of the fest. 84 Bring the road wheel to a speed cof 320 + Spm, and bring the pneumatic- tired wheel to bear on the surface of the specimen with a total load of 88 = 1 Ibf G9144 + 445 N), 85 Feed the No. 150 silicon carbide grit at a rate of 6 + 2 gimin for the Gesited testing time (Note 6). Feed the water at the rate of 50 to 75 mL per minute NOTE 6—Aggrepates shouldbe subjected to a polishing. action of 10 hours, unless maximum polish is achieved in a shore time, ‘Maximum polish is achieved when no change is detected on successive measurements 8.6 Remove the specimens from the road wheel and wash thoroughly to te- move grit 8.7 After cleaning, test each speci- men to determine the Polish Value in accordance with T 278 using the slider specified in Section 5.3 above. Take all readings from the permanent scale 88 If control specimens are used, determine adjustments to the polish value by comparing the polish value obtained for control specimens to the established value for the contro! aggregate as fol ows: PV adjusted PV Control (Standardy/ PY Controt (run) — PV Specimen (run) 89 If the rate of polish is desired, repeat the procedure in Sections 8.2 to 8.7 at regular intervals of machine time such a8 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours 9. REPORT 9.1 The report shall contain the fol- lowing information as is appropriate to the needs of the user; 9.1.1 Identification of the coarse ag- _gregate tested (and the control aggregate if used) including gradation of age T279 9.1.2 Initial friction valve for speci- ‘mens containing aggregates to be evalu ated and for contol specimens if used 9.13 Polish values for specimens ‘containing aggregates evaluated and for ‘control specimens if used. 9.14 Length of time and interim pol ish value of specimens tested for rate ‘f-polish determination 9.1.5 Temperature during testing pe- tod. 9.1.6 Dates of testing period 10. PRECISION AND BIAS 10.1 The only measurement in this ‘method which may be evaluated for pre cision and bias is the polish value. Refer to Section 7, Precision and Bias of Method T 278 for information on preci- sion and aumber of tests. 10.2 If no control specimens are used, itis recommended that seven speci- ‘mens of the aggregate to be evaluated be tested in order to reduce random testing errors and to increase the confidence level of the test APPENDIX (Nonmandatory Information) Xi, SUITABLE BONDING AGENT XL1_ The formulation in the table entitled “Polyester Bonding Agent” is a polyester bonding agent that has been found to successfully eliminate the need for sand as described in Section 7. X12 Prepare the grout as follows: X12.1 Add the Wollastonite NYAD 400 to the polyester resin and disperse with a laboratory model Cowles Dis- petser or similar equipment which will five a good, uniform mix. Then the San- tocel Z or Cab-O-Sil M-3 and grind in with the Cowles Dispenser until a good gel is obtained. The amount of gelling agent may be varied depending pon the stifiness desired. ‘The thixowopy of gel ‘can also be increased by stirring in a ‘maximum of 0.1 part by weight glycerine1279 Polwesier Bonding Agent Pans by Component Supplier 10 Polylne 52-793 Polyester Resa Reiehhold Chemical Co 30 Wiollatorite NYAD 400 Extender Pigment? Interpace Corp.* S16 SanocelZ Siliea Aeroge” “Monsano Chemical Co ‘Acroit 200° of Cxb-0- Degussa, Ie MGS Colloidal Sie Godfrey L Cabot, Ie os 6 % Cobalt Naphthenate Solution * Available fom Imerpace Corp. Cuslomer Service Div, Wlliboro, N.Y, 12996 "avalale fom Monsanto Chemica Cox 800 N. Lindberg Bhd. St Lows. MO 666 ‘aie fom Dezss, Inn Route 46 at Hole Ra Tabor, NI O78 following dispersal of the gelling agent Stir in the Cobalt Naphthenate 1.22 Just prior to use, add approx: imately 0.7 weight percent of 60 percent methyl ethyl ketone peroxide catalyst to the basic polyester grout and stir wel METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TESTING BS ‘The amount of catalyst may also be var- ied depending upon the pot life or work- ing time and the speed of cure desired XL3 The working time of 9 200-2 batch of the catalyzed material is 15 to 20 minutes at 77°F, The cast specimens will cure adequately in 12 hours at 77°F to perform the accelerated polish test. NOTE X1.1—Othe formulations may aso be suitable and easily obtained locally, One such material is Preco, Gold Label, Non Sagging Resin and Powder Tas rom Peco Incr, Ld. 5$ Sie