Analysis Cultural Categories by Newmark and Translation Techniques by Molina and

Albir in When Papa Scolded Me Short Story

The data of this research are accumulated into tables with frequency and category in
it. The list below is cultural categories and translation techniques which are found in ‘When
Papa Scaoulded Me’ short story.

Table 1 List of Cultural Categories and Translation Techniques found in the Short Story

Translation Techniques

Established Equivalence

Ling. Amplification
Discursive Creation

Ling. Compression

Particularization
Generalization
Compensation
Amplification

Transposition
Substitution
Types of
Description

Modulation
Adaptation

Borrowing

Reduction

Variation
N
Calque

Literal
Cultural
o.
Terms

2 1
1. Ecology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- 1 1 -
2. Material - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

3. Social - - 1 1 1 2 - 1 - 1
culture - - - - - - - -
4. Organiz - - - -
ation - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5. Gesture - - - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
There are four categories of Newmark cultural categorization: ecology, material
culture, social culture, and gesture. The total of cultural words is 11. The most categories
found is social culture with total number of 7, the ecology with total frequency 3, and
material culture with total frequency 2, and the last gesture with total number of frequency 2.
The short story setting of place is in the house in India, so the result shows that the most
cultural categories found is social culture.

There are seven translation techniques applied in the cultural words from the data:
borrowing, established equivalence, generalization, literal, particularization, reduction and
modulation. The most translation technique applied is literal with 5 words, and the least
translation techniques applied are particularization with the total frequency 3 words,
modulation with the total frequency 2 words, reduction with the total frequency 1 word,
borrowing with the total frequency 1 word, established equivalence with 1 word and
generalization with the total frequency 1 word. Literal as the most translation technique
applied in When Papa Scolded Me short story has a purpose to represent the source language
and target laguange have same culture.

Datum 1

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

When Papa Your milk is Susunya sudah Material Literal
Scolded Me getting cold. dingin. Culture
In this short story, her brother asks the writer to have breakfast and tells that the milk
is getting cold. In oxford, milk (n) means he white liquid produced by cows, goats and some
other animals as food for their young and used as a drink by humans. Then, the translator
translates into susu. The translator uses literal translation technique because the translator
translates literally that is milk becomes susu. In KBBI, susu (n) means bahan minuman,
berupa cairan atau bubuk. Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for translating
material cultural word milk that is literal.

Datum 2

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

When Papa Ketika Papa Borrowing
Scolded Me Memarahiku
…., I heard …………, aku Literal
When Papa
Papa calling mendengar Social Culture
Scolded Me
out to the Ayah
driver. memanggil
sopir.

In this short story, the title is ‘When Papa Scolded Me’. Papa is one of cultural word
in social culture about family relationship. In oxford, Papa (n) means used to talk about or to
address your father. Then, the translator translates into Papa for the title ‘When Papa Scolded
Me’ into ‘Ketika Papa Memarahiku’. The translator uses borrowing translation technique
because the translator doesn’t change anything. In KBBI, Papa (n) means ayah or bapak.
However, in the other sentences the translator translates it using literal translation technique
because the translator translates literally that is Papa becomes Ayah. For the example, when
the writer talks about her father that is ‘I heard Papa calling out to the driver’ into aku
mendengar Ayah memanggil sopir. In KBBI, Ayah (n) means orang tua kandung laki-laki;
bapak atau kata sapaan kepada orang tua kandung laki-laki. Thus, the translator uses two
translation techniques for translating social cultural word Papa that are borrowing and literal.

Datum 3

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

…. rushed out …. bergegas Material Particularization
When Papa
into the pergi ke teras. Culture
Scolded Me
verandah.

In this short story, when the writer’s brother calls her, the writer directly takes her doll
and go to the verandah. Verandah is the cultural words in material culture about part of house
in British. In Oxford, verandah (n) means a platform with an open front and a roof, built onto
the side of a house on the ground floor and the translator translates into teras. The translator
uses particularization translation technique because the translator chooses to use the specific
word. In KBBI, teras (n) tanah atau lantai yang agak tinggi di depan rumah. Thus, the
translator uses a translation technique for translating material cultural word verandah that is
particularization.

Datum 4

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

"Papa is still "Ayah masih di Social Culture Established
When Papa
here, sini, Kakak. Equivalence
Scolded Me
Bhaiya. ,,,”

In this short story, the writer has a brother and she calls him Bhaiya. Bhaiya is the
cultural words in social culture about family relationship in India. In Urban Dictionary,
Bhaiya (n) means big brother, referred by Hindi Speakers to their elder brothers or any one
older in age and the translator translates into Kakak. The translator uses established
equivalence translation technique because the translator chooses the equivalence word in the
TL. In KBBI, Kakak (n) means saudara tua atau kata sapaan kepada orang (laki-laki atau
perempuan) yang dianggap lebih tua. For the example, when the writer talks to her big
brother that is “Papa is still here, Bhaiya” into “Ayah masih disini, Kakak”. Thus, the
translator uses a translation technique for translating social cultural word Bhaiya that is
established equivalence.

Datum 5

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

…. I'll ask the ….. Ayah akan Social Culture Generalization
compounder to memanggil
When Papa
give your doll dokter untuk
Scolded Me
some mengobati
medicine," …. bonekamu," ….

In this short story, the writer has a doll, its name is Beeta and the writer says that the
doll has got fever. Then, her father says that he will ask the compounder to give her doll some
medicine. In Oxford, Compound (n) means a thing consisting of two or more separate things
combined together and in Hindi-English Dictionary compounder (n) means someone who, or
that which, compounds or mixes as a compounder of medicines. Compounder is the
cultural words in social culture about job. Then, the translator translates it into dokter. The
translator uses generalization translation technique because the translator changes
compounder from the someone who compounds or mixes something becomes someone who
has been trained in medical science, whose job is to treat people who are ill or injured. In
KBBI, dokter (n) lulusan pendidikan kedokteran yang ahli dalam hal penyakit dan
pengobatan. Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for translating social cultural
word compounder that is generalization.
Datum 6

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

"Baby! Baby! "Nak! Reduction &
Come here, ….” Kemarilah, …. Modulation
When Papa
"Baby, come “Sayang, ayo Social Culture Literal
Scolded Me
for breakfast. sarapan. ……
….
In this short story, the brother calls the writer as her little sister with Baby. Baby is
one of cultural word in social culture about family relationship. In oxford, Baby (n) (slang,
especially North American English) means a word used to address somebody, especially your
wife, husband or partner, in a way that expresses love but that can be offensive if used by a
man to a woman he does not know. Then, the translator translates into Nak for “Baby. Baby.
Come here.” into “Nak. Kemarilah”. The translator uses reduction and generalization
translation technique because the translator only translates one word of Baby and the
translator changes Baby from the name to call someone love becomes the name to call
someone that is younger. In Kamus Bahasa Inggris, baby (n) means bayi, orok; kebayi-
bayian; bermuka seperti bayi; sangat muda dan murni rupanya. Meanwhile, in KBBI, Nak
(n) means anak. However, in the other sentences the translator translates it using literal
translation technique that is Baby becomes Sayang. For the example, when the brother asks
her sister to have breakfast that is “Baby. Come for breakfast” into “Sayang, ayo sarapan”.
In KBBI, Sayang (n) means kekasih; jantung hatiku, it is same like a word to express love.
Thus, the translator uses three translation techniques for translating social cultural word Baby
that are reduction, generalization and literal.

Datum 7

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

When Papa He had spread Dia duduk di Ecology Particularization
Scolded Me himself on an kursi dengan (Fauna)
easy chair and anjing piaraan
our dog. kami.
In this short story, the writer tells about her brother that is sitting on the chair with the
dog. In oxford, dog (n) means an animal with four legs and a tail, often kept as a pet or
trained for work, for example hunting or guarding buildings. There are many types of dogs,
some of which are wild. Then, the translator translates into anjing piaraan. The translator
uses particularization translation technique because the translator makes it more specific that
is dog becomes anjing piaraan. In KBBI, anjing (n) means binatang menyusui yang biasa
dipelihara untuk menjaga rumah, berburu, dan sebagainya dan piaraan (n) yang dipiara;
hasil memiara. Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for translating ecology
cultural word milk that is particularization.

Datum 8
Story Title SL TL Category Technique
When Papa …. raising my …. Gesture Literal
 hands above mengangkat
Scolded Me my head. tanganku ke
atas kepala.
In this short story, the writer looks for the attention from her father by raising hands
above her head. In Wikipedia, raising hands (v) means the action is involved of greeting
gestures. Then, the translator translates into mengangkat tanganku ke atas kepala. The
translator uses literal translation technique because the translator translates literally that is
raising hands becomes mengangkat tangan. In KBBI, mengangkat tangan (v) means
menaikkan kedua belah tangan sampai ke atas bahu tanda tidak akan melawan atau tanda
menyerah. Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for translating gesture cultural
word raising hands that is literal.

Datum 9

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

He nodded Ayah Gesture Literal
When Papa with a smile …. mengangguk
Scolded Me sambil
tersenyum …..
In this short story, the writer looks for the attention from her father by raising hands
above her head and her father responses her by nod. In oxford, nodded (v) means to show
agreement, understanding. Then, the translator translates into mengangguk. The translator
uses literal translation technique because the translator translates literally that is nodded
becomes mengangguk. In KBBI, mengangguk (v) means menggerakkan kepala ke bawah
(memberi hormat, mengiakan). Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for translating
gesture cultural word nodded that is literal.

Datum 10

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

…. and stood …. dan berdiri Ecology (Flora) Particularization
When Papa beside the di samping pot
Scolded Me money-plant tanaman sirih.
pot.
In this short story, the writer gets angry to her father and comes out to the balcony and
stood beside the money-plant pot. In Meriam Webster, money-plants means a biennial herb
(Lunaria annua) grown especially for its seed pods that are silvery white when dried. It is
called the money plant because it has round, plump, flat leaves that might, with a bit of
imagination, look like a coin. Money-plant is the cultural words in ecology about flora. Then,
the translator translates it into tanaman sirih. The translator uses particularization translation
technique because the translator chooses to use the specific word. In KBBI, sirih (n)
tumbuhan merambat di pohon lain, daunnya berasa agak pedas, biasa dikunyah bersama
dengan pinang, kapur, gambir sebagai makanan yang mencandu, penguat gigi, dan
sebagainya. Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for translating ecology cultural
word money-plant that is particularization.

Datum 11

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

"Oh, you big "Oh, kamu Ecology Modulation
cat!" said Papa, anak manis (Fauna)
When Papa
ruffling my kata Ayah,
Scolded Me
hair. mengusap
rambutku.
In this short story, the writer’s father comes to the writer to persuade her by call her a
big cat. In Oxford, big cat means any large wild animal of the cat family.
Lions, tigers and leopards are all big cats. Big cat is the cultural words in ecology about
fauna. Then, the translator translates it into anak manis. The translator uses modulation
translation technique because the translator chooses to change the point of view. Actually, in
this story, big cat is not not real big cat but it’s the word that you use to call someone
passionate. In KBBI, anak (n)  manusia yang masih kecil and manis (adj.) elok; mungil
(tentang gadis, benda). It’s why the translator translates big cat into anak manis because the
writer is the girl of his father and she’s still kids. Thus, the translator uses a translation
technique for translating ecology cultural word big cat that is modulation.
 Analysis Cultural Categories by Newmark and Translation Techniques by Molina and
Albir in Turkish Cap Short Story

The data of this research are accumulated into tables with frequency and category in
it. The list below is cultural categories and translation techniques which are found in ‘Turkish
Cap’ short story.

Table 2 List of Cultural Categories and Translation Techniques found in the Short Story

Translation Techniques

Established Equivalence

Ling. Amplification
Discursive Creation

Ling. Compression

Particularization
Generalization
Compensation
Amplification

Transposition
Substitution
Types of
Description

Modulation
Adaptation

Borrowing

Reduction

Variation
N
Calque

Literal
Cultural
o.
Terms

- -
1. Ecology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- 1 - 1
2. Material - - 2 - - - - 1 1 - 1 - - 1

3. Social - - - - - 1 1 1 - -
culture - - - - - - - -
4. Organiz - - - -
ation - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5. Gesture - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
There are two categories of Newmark cultural categorization: material culture and
social culture. The total of cultural words is 7. The most categories found is material culture
with total number of 5 and social culture with total frequency 2. The short story setting of
place is in the school in India, so the result shows that the most cultural categories found is
material culture.

There are eight translation techniques applied in the cultural words from the data:
borrowing, established equivalence, generalization, literal, particularization, reduction,
transposition and modulation. The most translation technique applied is borrowing, literal and
reduction with 2 words each of them, and the least translation techniques applied are
particularization with the total frequency 1 word, modulation with the total frequency 1 word,
established equivalence with 1 word and generalization with the total frequency 1 word.
Literal, borrowing and reduction as the most translation technique applied in Turkish Cap
short story has a purpose to represent the source language culture.

Datum 1

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

The Turkish Topi Turki Reduction
The Turkish Cap &Transposition
Material
Cap His turkish cap Topi turki Transposition
was …. miliknya ….

In this short story, the title is ‘The Turkish Cap’. The Turkish Cap is one of cultural
word in material culture about clothes. In oxford, Turkish (adj.) means from or connected
with Turkey and Cap (n) means a type of soft flat hat with a peak (a hard curved part sticking
out in front). Then, the translator translates the title ‘The Turkish Cap’ into ‘Topi Turki’. The
translator uses reduction and transposition translation technique because the translator
reduces the and change the grammatical structure. In KBBI, topi (n) means tudung kepala
and Turki (n) means negara di kawasan Eurasia, terbentang dari Semenanjung Anatolia di
barat daya Asia sampai ke wilayah Balkan di Eropa bagian tenggara, ibukotanya Ankara.
However, in the other sentences the writer only mentions Turkish cap and the translator
translates it using transposition too. Thus, the translator uses two translation techniques for
translating material cultural word Turkish Cap that are Reduction and Transposition.

Datum 2

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

I took the 'gulli’ Aku mengambil Material Borrowing
out of my ‘gulli’ dari
The Turkish
satchel before I dalam tas
Cap
ran out. sebelum keluar
kelas.

In this short story, gulli is one of cultural word in material culture. In Gurnam S.S.
Brard, gulli (n) means a piece of wood, five to eight inches long and about an inch in
diameter, then the translator translates it into gulli. The translator uses borrowing translation
technique because the translator follows the SL. The translator gives a note that gulli (n)
means sepotong kayu kecil berbentuk oval. In Wikipedia, gulli-danda bears many similarities
to bat and ball games such as cricket and baseball. However, the translator prefers to use
borrowing translation technique to translate gulli. Thus, the translator uses a translation
technique for translating material cultural word gulli that is borrowing.

Datum 3

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

Khushal took Khushal Material Borrowing
the 'danda’ and mengambil
The Turkish
followed me ‘danda’ dan
Cap
mengikutiku
keluar kelas.
In this short story, danda is one of cultural word in material culture. In Gurnam S.S.
Brard, danda (n) means a stick of comparable diameter and about a yard in length, then the
translator translates it into danda. The translator uses borrowing translation technique
because the translator follows the SL. The translator gives a note that danda (n) means
tongkat kayu yang besar untuk memukul gulli. In Wikipedia, gulli-danda bears many
similarities to bat and ball games such as cricket and baseball. However, the translator prefers
to use borrowing translation technique to translate danda. Thus, the translator uses a
translation technique for translating material cultural word danda that is borrowing.

Datum 4

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

A man in kurtci Seorang pria Material Generalization
pyjama was dengan baju
The Turkish
standing in the piyama berdiri
Cap
middle of the di tengah
play field. lapangan.
In this short story, kurtci pyjama is one of cultural word in material culture about
clothes. In Oxford, pyjama (adj.) means forming part of or connected with pyjamas (= a loose
jacket and trousers worn in bed), but the translator can’t find the meaning of kurtji, then the
translator translates kurtci pyjama into baju piyama. The translator uses generalization
translation technique because the translator can’t find the equivalence translation by kurtci, so
the translation makes it general. Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for
translating material cultural word kurtji pyjama that is generaalization.

Datum 5

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

Brijpal went up Brijpal
to him. "Sir, we mendekatinya.
are sorry for "Tuan, kami
what happened. mohon maaf
atas apa yang
The Turkish
terjadi. Social Culture Literal
Cap
"Sir, we are "Pak, kami
sorry. We shall minta maaf.
be careful in Kami akan
future." berhati-hati lain
kali. "
In this short story, Sir is one of cultural word in material culture. In oxford, Sir (n)
means used as a polite way of addressing a man whose name you do not know. Then, the
translator translates into Tuan and Pak. The translator uses literal translation technique
because the translator translates literally that is Sir becomes Tuan and Pak. In Kamus Online
Inggris Indonesia, Sir (n) means Tuan/Bapak. Thus, the translator uses a translation technique
for translating social cultural word Sir that is literal.

Datum 6

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

Why don't you Kenapa kamu Literal
play in your tidak bermain
school saja di halaman
The Turkish compound?" sekolahmu? " Material
Cap Our school Kompleks Culture Established
compound is sekolah kami Equivalence
very small." sangat kecil."
 In this short story, school compound is one of cultural word in material culture. In
oxford, school (n) means a place where children go to be educated and compound (n) means
an area surrounded by a fence or wall in which a factory or other group of buildings stands.
Then, the translator translates into halaman sekolah. Then, in Kamus Online Inggris
Indonesia, compound (n) means halaman tertutup. The translator uses literal translation
technique because the translator translates literally that is school compound becomes
halaman sekolah. However, in the other sentences the translator translates school compound
using established equivalence because the translator translates it into komplek sekolah. In
KBBI, komplek means himpunan kesatuan. Thus, the translator uses two translation
technique for translating material cultural word school compound that are literal and
established equivalence.

Datum 7

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

The peon Penjaga sekolah Social Culture Reduction and
The Turkish
outside tried to di luar berusaha Particularization
Cap
stop him. menghentikannya.
In this short story, the peon is one of cultural word in social culture about job. In
Cambridge Dictionary, peon (n) means someone whose job is to work in
an office doing jobs that do not need any particular skill. Then, the translator translates into
penjaga sekolah. The translator uses reduction translation technique because the translator
reduces the and particularization translation technique because the translator chooses to use
the specific word that is penjaga sekolah. In KBBI, penjaga (n) penjaga (n) means orang
yang bertugas menjaga. Thus, the translator uses two translation techniques for translating
social cultural word the peon that reduction and particularization.
 Analysis Cultural Categories by Newmark and Translation Techniques by Molina and
Albir in The Unforgettable Journey Short Story

The data of this research are accumulated into tables with frequency and category in
it. The list below is cultural categories and translation techniques which are found in ‘The
Unforgettable Journey’ short story.

Table 3 List of Cultural Categories and Translation Techniques found in the Short Story

Translation Techniques

Established Equivalence

Ling. Amplification
Discursive Creation

Ling. Compression

Particularization
Generalization
Compensation
Amplification

Transposition
Substitution
Types of
Description

Modulation
Adaptation

Borrowing

Reduction

Variation
N
Calque

Literal
Cultural
o.
Terms

1. Ecology - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

2. Material - 2
- - - - - - - 1 - -
3. Social
- - - 1 - 1 -
culture - - - - - - - -
4. Organiz
- - - -
ation - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5. Gesture
- - - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - - -
There are three categories of Newmark cultural categorization: ecology, material
culture and social culture. The total of cultural words is 5. The most categories found is
material culture and social culture with total frequency 2 each of them. The short story setting
of place is in the train in India, so the result shows that the most cultural categories found is
material culture and social culture.

There are four translation techniques applied in the cultural words from the data:
borrowing, established equivalence, particularization, and transposition. The most translation
technique applied is particularization and transposition with 2 words each of them, and the
least translation techniques applied are established equivalence with 1 word and reduction
with the total frequency 1 word. Particularization and transposition as the most translation
technique applied in The Unforgettable Journey short story has a purpose to represent the
source language and target language culture almost same.

Datum 1

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

…. a …., kondektur, Social culture Established
Travelling memasuki Equivalence
The Ticket gerbong dari
Unforgettable Examiner, ujung yang lain
Journey enter the coach
from the other
end.
In this short story, Traveling Ticket Examiner is one of cultural word in social culture
about job. In Kamus Online Inggris Indoneisa, Travel (n) means perjalanan, Ticket (n) means
karcis (of train, plane) and Examiner means pemeriksa (of customs, engine). Then, the
translator translates into kondektur. The translator uses established equivalence translation
technique because the translator chooses equivalence meaning of Traveling Ticket Examniner
that is kondektur. In KBBI, kondektur (n) orang yang memeriksa karcis atau menarik ongkos
dan sebagainya (di kereta api, bus). Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for
translating social cultural word Traveling Ticket Examniner that is established equivalence.

Datum 2

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

…., as Rajapur …. ketika kami Ecology Transposition
The
station mendekati
Unforgettable
approached, … Stasiun
Journey
Rajapur, …

In this short story, Rajapur Station is one of cultural word in ecology. In oxford,
station (n) means a place where trains stop so that passengers can get on and off and Rajapur
is an area in India. Then, the translator translates the title Rajapur Station into Stasiun
Rajapur. The translator uses transposition translation technique because the translator
changes the grammatical structure. In KBBI, stasiun (n) means tempat menunggu bagi calon
penumpang kereta api dan sebagainya; tempat perhentian kereta api dan sebagainya. Thus,
the translator uses a translation technique for translating ecology cultural word Rajapur
Station that is Transposition.

Datum 3

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

The He got out of Dia keluar dari Material Particularization
Unforgettable the gerbong. Culture
Journey compartment.
In this short story, compartment is one of cultural word in material culture about
transportation. In Oxford, Compartment (n) means one of the separate sections that a coach
on a train is divided into. Then, the translator translates into gerbong. The translator uses
particularization translation technique because the translator chooses to make the specific
meaning of compartment that is gerbong. In KBBI, gerbong (n) wagon kereta api (untuk
orang atau barang). Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for translating ecology
cultural word compartment that is Particularization.

Datum 4

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

We saw him Kami Social Culture Transposition
The talking to the melihatnya
Unforgettable Station Master, berbicara
Journey …. dengan Kepala
Stasiun, ….

In this short story, Station Master is one of cultural word in social culture. In oxford,
station (n) means a place where trains stop so that passengers can get on and off and Master
means a person who is in charge of an organization or group. Then, the translator translates
the title Station Master into Kepala Stasiun. The translator uses transposition translation
technique because the translator changes the grammatical structure. In KBBI, stasiun (n)
means tempat menunggu bagi calon penumpang kereta api dan sebagainya; tempat
perhentian kereta api dan sebagainya. Thus, the translator uses a translation technique for
translating ecology cultural word Rajapur Station that is Transposition.

Datum 5
 Story Title SL TL Category Technique
I fell between Aku jatuh dan Material Reduction and
The
the bogie and kakiku terjepit Culture Particularization
Unforgettable
the signal post. di antara roda
Journey
kereta.
In this short story, the bogie is one of cultural word in material culture about
transportation. In Oxford, bogie (n) means a frame with four or six wheels that forms part of
a railway carriage. Then, the translator translates into roda kereta. The translator uses
reduction translation technique because the translator reduces the and particularization
translation technique because the translator chooses to use the specific word that is roda
kereta. In KBBI, roda (n) means barang bundar (berlingkar dan biasanya berjeruji) and
kereta (n) means kendaraan yang beroda dua atau empat (biasanya ditarik oleh kuda);
kereta api. Thus, the translator uses two translation techniques for translating social cultural
word the bogie that reduction and particularization.
 Analysis Cultural Categories by Newmark and Translation Techniques by Molina and
Albir in All Because of My Hair Short Story

The data of this research are accumulated into tables with frequency and category in
it. The list below is cultural categories and translation techniques which are found in ‘All
Because of My Hair’ short story.

Table 4 List of Cultural Categories and Translation Techniques found in the Short Story

Translation Techniques

Established Equivalence

Ling. Amplification
Discursive Creation

Ling. Compression

Particularization
Generalization
Compensation
Amplification

Transposition
Substitution
Types of
Description

Modulation
Adaptation

Borrowing

Reduction

Variation
N
Calque

Literal
Cultural
o.
Terms

1. Ecology - 1
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

2. Material - 1
- - - - - - - - -
3. Social
- - 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 -
culture - - - - - - - -
4. Organiz
- - - -
ation - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5. Gesture
- - - -
-
- - - - - - - - - - - -
There are three categories of Newmark cultural categorization: ecology, material
culture and social culture. The total of cultural words is 5. The most categories found is social
culture with total frequency 2 each of them. The short story setting of place is in the boarder
school in India, so the result shows that the most cultural categories found is social culture.

There are seven translation techniques applied in the cultural words from the data:
borrowing, established equivalence, literal, particularization, reduction, modulation and
transposition. The most translation technique applied is literal with 2 words, and the least
translation techniques applied are established equivalence with 1 word, borrowing with 1
word, particularization with 1 word, transposition with 1 word, modulation with 1 word and
reduction with the total frequency 1 word. Literal as the most translation technique applied in
All Because of My Hair short story has a purpose to represent the source language and target
language culture almost same.

Datum 1

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

I was in class Aku murid di Ecology Modulation
VIII and a kelas VIII dan
All Because of
boarder in a aku tinggal di
My Hair
Delhi school. asrama sekolah
di New Delhi.
In this short story, Delhi School is one of cultural word in ecology. In Oxford, school
(n) means a place where children go to be educated and Delhi is a city in India. Then, the
translator translates into sekolah di New Delhi. The translator uses modulation translation
technique because the translator chooses to change point of view from Delhi School about the
name of school into sekolah di New Delhi about the school in New Delhi. Thus, the translator
uses a translation technique for translating ecology cultural word Delhi school that
modulation.

Datum 2

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

But when I was Tetapi saat aku Material Literal
All Because of
sent to the dikirim ke Culture
My Hair
hostel, … asrama,…
In this short story, hostel is one of cultural word in material culture. In oxford, hostel
(n) means a building that provides cheap accommodation and sometimes meals to students,
workers or travellers. Then, the translator translates into asrama. Then, in Kamus Online
Inggris Indonesia, hostel (n) means asrama, pondok(an). The translator uses literal translation
technique because the translator translates literally that is hostel becomes asrama. In KBBI,
asrama means bangunan tempat tinggal bagi kelompok orang untuk sementara waktu, terdiri
atas sejumlah kamar, dan dipimpin oleh seorang kepala asrama. Thus, the translator uses a
translation technique for translating material cultural word hostel that is literal.
Datum 3

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

…, an old ....., tukang
barber whom cukur tua yang
we called sering kita
All Because of 'Khalifafi’ …. panggil ”
Social Culture Borrowing
My Hair ‘Khalifafi” …..
…. to Khalifafi …. ke Khalifaji
humbly. dengan rendah
hati.
In this short story, Khalifafi is one of cultural word in social culture. The translator
uses borrowing translation technique because the translator follows the SL. The writer
already gives the description about Khalifafi (n) means an old barber in India, and the
translator translate it literally Khalifafi (n) means tukang cukur tua. Thus, the translator uses a
translation technique for translating material cultural word Khalifafi that is borrowing.

Datum 4

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

The warden, a Kepala asrama Social Culture Reduction and
All Because of venerable old adalah seorang Particularization
My Hair fellow…. yang dihormati
….
In this short story, The warden is one of cultural word in social culture about job. In
Oxford, warden (n) means a person who is responsible for taking care of a particular place
and making sure that the rules are obeyed. Then, the translator translates into Kepala asrama.
The translator uses reduction translation technique because the translator reduces the and
particularization translation technique because the translator chooses to use the specific word
that is kepala asrama. In Kamus Online Inggris Indonesia, warden (n) means sipir, kepala
rumah penjara, pengawas. Thus, the translator uses two translation techniques for translating
social cultural word the warden that reduction and particularization.
Datum 5

Story Title SL TL Category Technique

I headed the aku menuju ke Literal
procession, tempat acara
looking like a seperti seorang
Buddhist Biarawan
All Because of
monk. Budha. Social Culture
My Hair
…. my monk- …. penampilan Established
like appearance seperti biksu Equivalence
for many selama
months. berbulan-bulan.
In this short story, Budhist monk is one of cultural word in social culture. In oxford,
monk (n) means a member of a religious group of men who often live apart from other people
in a monastery and who do not marry or have personal possessions. Then, the translator
translates into Biarawan. Then, in Kamus Online Inggris Indonesia, monk (n) means
biarawan and Buddhist (adj.) means budha. The translator uses literal translation technique
because the translator translates literally that is Buddhist monk becomes Biarawan Budha. In
KBBI, Biarawan means laki-laki yang hidup di dalam biara. However, in the another
sentences the translator translates monk using established equivalence because the translator
translates it into biksu. In KBBI, biksu means pendeta atau petapa pria (Buddha). Thus, the
translator uses two translation techniques for translating social cultural word monk that are
literal and established equivalence.
 The data of this research are accumulated into tables with frequency and category in
it. The list below is cultural categories and translation techniques which are found in ‘When
Papa Scolded Me’, ‘Turkish Cap’, ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ and ‘All Because of My
Hair’ short stories.

Table 5 List of Cultural Categories and Translation Techniques found in the Short Stories

Translation Techniques

Established Equivalence

Ling. Amplification
Discursive Creation

Ling. Compression

Particularization
Generalization
Compensation
Amplification

Transposition
Substitution
Types of Description

Modulation
Adaptation

Borrowing

Reduction

Variation
N
Calque

Literal
Cultural
o.
Terms

2 2
1. Ecology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1

- 3 3 1
2. Material - - 2 - - - - 1 1 - 2 - - 1

3. Social - - 2 3 1 4 2 3 2 1
culture - - - - - - - -
4. Organiz - - - -
ation - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5. Gesture - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - 2 - -
There are four categories of Newmark cultural categorization: ecology, material
culture, social culture, and gesture in ‘When Papa Scolded Me’, ‘Turkish Cap’, ‘The
Unforgettable Journey’ and ‘All Because of My Hair’ short stories. The total of cultural
words is 28. The most categories found is social culture with total number of 13 that are
‘When Papa Scolded Me’ is 2, ‘Turkish Cap’ is 2, ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ is 2 and ‘All
Because of My Hair’ is 2. The ecology with total frequency 5 that are ‘When Papa Scolded
Me’ is 3, ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ is 1, ‘All Because of My Hair’ is 1 and the researcher
can’t find ecology cultural words in ‘Turkish Cap’. Material culture with total frequency 11
that are ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ is 2, ‘Turkish Cap’ is 5, ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ is 2
and ‘All Because of My Hair’ is 2. The last, gesture with total number of frequency 2, the
researcher only find gesture cultural words in ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ story.

The short story setting of place is in India. The result shows that the most social
culture words found is in ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ story, the most material culture words
found is in ‘Turkish Cap’ story, the most ecology culture words found is in ‘When Papa
Scolded Me’ story and the most gesture culture words found is in ‘When Papa Scolded Me’
story. It means that ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ story has so many cultural words categories.

There are eight translation techniques applied in the cultural words from the data:
borrowing, established equivalence, generalization, literal, particularization, reduction,
transposition and modulation. The most translation technique applied is literal with 9 words
that are ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ is 5, ‘Turkish Cap’ is 2, ‘All Because of My Hair’ is 2 and
the researcher can’t find any translation by literal in ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ story. The
least translation techniques applied are particularization with the total frequency 7 words that
are ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ is 3, ‘Turkish Cap’ is 1, ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ is 2 and
‘All Because of My Hair’ is 1. Modulation with the total frequency 2 words that are ‘When
Papa Scolded Me’ is 1, ‘Turkish Cap’ is 2, ‘All Because of My Hair’ is 1 and the researcher
can’t find any translation by particularization in ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ story.
Reduction with the total frequency that are ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ is 1, ‘Turkish Cap’ is 2,
‘The Unforgettable Journey’ is 1 and ‘All Because of My Hair’ is 1. Borrowing with the total
frequency 4 word that are ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ is 1, ‘Turkish Cap’ is 2, ‘All Because of
My Hair’ is 1 and the researcher can’t find any translation by borrowing in ‘The
Unforgettable Journey’ story. Established equivalence with 3 word that are ‘When Papa
Scolded Me’ is 1, ‘Turkish Cap’ is 1, ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ is 1 and the researcher
can’t find any translation by established equivalence in ‘All Because of My Hair’ story.
Generalization with the total frequency 2 word that are ‘When Papa Scolded Me’ is 1,
‘Turkish Cap’ is 1 and the researcher can’t find any translation by generalization in ‘The
Unforgettable Journey’ and ‘All Because of My Hair’ story. The last, Transposition with the
total frequency 4 word that are ‘Turkish Cap’ is 1, ‘The Unforgettable Journey’ is 2, ‘All
Because of My Hair’ is 1 and the researcher can’t find any translation by transposition in
‘When Papa Scolded Me’ story.

The most translation technique applied in ‘When Papa Scolded Me’, ‘Turkish Cap’,
‘The Unforgettable Journey’ and ‘All Because of My Hair’ short stories are literal, the
translator has a purpose to represent the source language and target language have same
culture. Some of cultural words in the story are using two translation techniques directly and
some of them using different translation techniques in the same word.