● Tomra ki prottek topic er shurute boi e jebhabe heading deao ache obhbae diso ?

jodi na diye thako thaole highlighted heading gulo add koro na .. er bodole prottek
topic er jonno alada alada slides banala…

A Consensual Route Not Taken

The authority of the Zhou king weakened around 771 BCE → This led to increased
autonomy for the regional entities

((ekhane arrow → agge ebong pore sentece golo bubble / box e dite paro ))

Did Early Chinese Rulers Ever Rely on Assemblies?

China’s era of city-state governance

The assemblies of the guo ren

● provided a clear example of rule through assembly

● was not same as European city-state councils

examples

● in 494 BCE, the ruler of Chen sought the assembly's opinion on whether they should
align with the state of Chu.
● Rulers of Zhou cities also often sought to establish blood covenants with the capital
populace.

(( ekhane bold kora line gula bold rekho, jodi puro slide er style er shathe match kore ))

Theories of Merit and Abdication

Yao and Shun, from the mythical Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors

suggested -

● the concept of abdication

● merit-based succession
● challenged the idea of strict hereditary rule

The kingship of Yao and Shun benefited everyone as -

● They prioritised the welfare of the people over their own interests
● Their governance was characterised by selflessness, wisdom, and benevolence

During the Warring States period, a new class of individuals known as "new men"
emerged, rising to prominence based on their-

● Abilities
● talents
● and merits

The Significance of the Qin and Han Unification

The Qin dynasty

● implemented centralization policies

● Standardised writing, measurements and currency

which laid the foundation for a unified Chinese state.

The Han dynasty

● Succeeded the Qin dynasty

● expanded the unified empire
● advanced in governance, arts, sciences, and technology

The unification of China under the Qin and Han dynasties

● brought an end to the Warring States period

● helped solidify the Chinese identity
● expanded territory
● centralised governmental authority
● created a bureaucracy