Mr. June U.

Basarte
 It is a collection of methods for planning
experiments, obtaining data, and then analyzing,
interpreting and drawing conclusions based on the
data.
 It is a significant academic subject
 It describes methods for analyzing quantitative
data.
 It describes methods of collecting quantitative
data.
 Data are the values that the variables can
assume.

 Variable is a characteristics that is

observable or measurable in every unit of
universe.

 Population is the set of all possible values

of a variable.

 Sample is a subgroup/portion of a
population.
 Descriptive statistics is a branch of
statistics deals with the techniques that are used to
organize, summarize and present data.

 Inferential statistics is to compare the

treatment groups and make generalizations about
the larger population of subjects.
Example: You asked 9 of your friends about their
height, you stated that the average height of all
your friends is 78 inches.

Statistic describes the specific characteristics of

a sample.
 Parameter is a descriptive measure computed
from an entire population of data.
Example: Julius measures the height of every
individual in his batch.

 Primary data is a data used for questionnaire

survey method.
Example: surveys, observations

Secondary data are data derived from your

primary data
Example: Population Census Report
2 Classification of
Variables
 Qualitative Variables
 words or codes that represent a class
or category. It also express a
categorical attribute.
 gender
 religion
 marital status
 highest educational
attainment
 Quantitative Variables
 number that represent an amount or
a count.
 numerical data or sizes are
meaningful and answer questions
such as “how many” or “how much”.
 height
 weight
 household size
 number of registered cars
 Quantitative Variables classified as;
 Discrete variables
 data that can be counted.
 number of days
 number of siblings

 Continuous variables
 It can assume all values between any two
specific values like 0.5, 1.2, etc. and data
that can be measured.
 weight
 height
 body temperature
 Independent variable
 cause.

 Dependent variable
 Effect

 Example: You want to find out how blood sugar

levels are affected by drinking diet soda and
regular soda.

 Independent variable is type of soda while

dependent variable is level of blood sugar.
 Example: Doctors gave patients Alieve, Tylenol,
Advil, and Excedrin, to see which medication
would relieve the headache pain the fastest. The
Doctors timed how long it took the medication to
work.

 Independent variable is amount of medication

while dependent variable is amount of time
until pain was relieved.
Remember:

Variable
 Ratio Level
 This is an interval level modified to
include the inherent zero starting
point. It possesses a meaningful
absolute, fixed zero point and
allows all arithmetic operations.
Examples:
 Number of siblings
 Weight
 Height
 Nominal Level
 This is characterized by data that
consist of names, labels, or
categories only.
Examples:
 Gender
 Most preferred color
 Usual sleeping time
 Civil status
 Ordinal Level
 This involves data that arranged in
some order, but differences
between data.
Examples:
 Happiness index for the day
 Highest educational attainment
 The rankings of tennis player
 Academic excellence awards
 Interval Level
 This is the same in ordinal level,
with an additional property that we
can determine meaningful amounts
of differences between the data.
Examples:
 Body temperature
 Intelligence quotient
 Emotional quotient
Drill #5:
Which of the following statements is true?
Hypothesis: Two angles form a linear pair
Conclusion: They are supplementary.
A. If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are
not supplementary.
B. If two angles are supplementary, then they form a
linear pair.
C. If two angles are not supplementary, then they do not
form a linear pair.
D. If two angles are not supplementary, then they form a
linear pair.
 Convenience sampling
 It is used when people are available,
volunteer or can be easily recruited.

 Purposive sampling
 Is when a researcher selected a convenient
sample from the population with a specific set
of characteristics

 Snowball
 Involves asking the study participants to
suggest other potential research particpants.