4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

CHAPTER 10 : RATE OF REACTION

10.1 : Meaning of Rate of Reaction
1. Rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in quantity of reactant or product in a certain
range of time.

change in quantity of reac tan t / product

Rate of reaction =
time taken

2. It is the speed at which reactants are converted into the products in a chemical reaction.
high if the reaction occurs fast within a short period of time.
3. A rate of reaction is………….
low
4. A rate of reaction is…………. if the reaction occurs slowly within a long period of time.
5. Rate of reaction is inversely proportional with time.

Rate of reaction 
1
time taken

 higher the rate of reaction.

The shorter the time taken, the ………….
 The longer the time taken, the ………….
lower the rate of reaction.

6. The change in amout of reactant or product that can be measured by :

 increasing in volume of gas released
 increasing in mass/concentration of product
 decreasing in mass/concentration of reactant


Formation of precipitate
changes in pH, temperature or electrical conductivity.
Activity 1:-
Study the reaction between 2.0 g of CaCO3 with excess of 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Sketch the graph below :
Mass of Concentration of
CaCO3 (g) HCl (mol dm-3)

2 1.0

Time (s) Time (s)

t t
Concentration of Volume of CO2
CaCl2 (mol dm-3) gas (cm3)

Time (s) Time (s)

t t
Chapter 10 1 Rate of Reaction
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

10.2 : Measuring the Rate of Reaction

1. Two ways to measure the rate of reaction :

(a) Average Rate Of Reaction
increa sin g in amount of product // decrea sin g in amount of reac tan t
Average rate of reaction =
time taken for the change to occur

Determination the average rate of reaction from the graph :

SPM 2008
3
Volume of gas/cm The average rate of reaction for the
V3
whole reaction =
t3
V3
V2
V1

Time/s
t1 t2 t3

( V1 – 0) cm3
The average rate of reaction in the first t1 second =
( t1 – 0 ) s

( V2 – V1) cm3
The average rate of reaction between t1 second and t2 second =
( t2 – t1) s
SPM 2008

(b) Instantaneous Rate Of Reaction ( Rate of Reaction at any given time ) :

= the gradient of the graph of the amount of reactant / product against time at any given time.

Volume of
gas/ cm3

V2
The rate of reaction at ta second

y
= the gradient of tangent to the curve at the given time
 y cm3
xs
=

x
V1 = V2 - V1
t2 - t1

Time/ s
t1 ta t2
Chapter 10 2 Rate of Reaction
 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

Activity 2 :-

An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction between calcium

carbonate powder and dilute hydrochloric acid. The volumes of carbon dioxide gas
evolved at fixed intervals are recorded.

Graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas against time are shown below.

Volume of
carbon dioxide Graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas against time
gas /cm3

40

30

20

10

Time/s

40 80 120 160 200

(a) Write an equation for the above reaction.

CaCO 3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
……….……………………………………………………………………………

(b) Draw a labeled diagram to show the set-up of the apparatus in the experiment.

Burrette

Hydrochloric acid

Water
Calcium carbonate

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

(c) Calculate :

(i) the average rate of reaction for the whole reaction

31
= 0.194 cm3 s-1
160

(ii) the rate of reaction at 40 second and 80 second.

at 40 second :

28 - 15
= 0.31 cm3 s-1
60 - 18

at 80 second :

31 - 25 3 -1
= 0.09 cm s
120 - 42

(d) Base on the answer in (c) (ii), which have the higher rate of reaction. Explain your answer.
Rate of reaction at 40 second.
…………………….……………………………………………………………………………
Mass of calcium carbonate still more //
…………….……………………………………………………………………………………
Volume and concentration of HCl still high.
………………..…………………………………………………………………………………

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………

(e) Suggest another way to increase the rate of above reaction

Using CaCO3 powder // Using HCl acid with a higher concentration //
…………………...……………….……………………………………………………………
Increasing temperature of HCl

Chapter 10 4 Rate of Reaction

 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

Activity 3 :-

20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 HCl is reacted with magnesium ribbon. The results are shown below.
Time /s 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
Volume of
0.0 8.5 16.0 22.0 27.5 32.0 36.0 39.0 42.0 44.0 46.0
H2 /cm3

(a) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.

Graph of Volume of hydrogen gas against Time

Volume of hydrogen
gas released/ cm3

50

45

40
38.5

35

30

25

38.5 - 5.0
20

15

10

5
80 - 6

Time / s
0 6 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Chapter 10 5 Rate of Reaction
4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

(b) From the graph, calculate :

(i) the average rate of reaction in the first 20 seconds.

10.5
The average rate of reaction in the first 20 second =
20
= 0.525 cm3 s-1

(ii) the average rate of reaction between 30 seconds and 75 seconds.

(32.0 - 16.0)
The average rate of reaction between 30 s and 75 s =
(75 - 30)
= 0.356 cm3 s-1

(iii) the rate of reaction at 30 seconds.

(38.5 - 5.0) cm3

The rate of reaction at 30 s =
(80 - 6) s
= 0.453 cm3 s-1

(iv) the rate of reaction at 105 seconds.

(50 - 25) cm3

The rate of reaction at 105 s =
(160 - 32) s
= 0.195 cm3 s-1

(c) Compare the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain why.
Rate of reaction at 30 s is higher than 105 s.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Quantity of the reactants at 30 s is greater than 105 s.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[ Mass of magnesium and concentration of HCl at 30 s is greater than 105 s ]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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10.3 : FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION

1. Size of Reactant / Total Surface Area
(a) [ Experiment I ]
The reaction of large pieces of calcium carbonate chips with hydrochloric acid is conducted.
The volume of gas collected in the burette are recorded at every 30 seconds.
[ Experiment II ]
This experiment is repeated using small pieces of calcium carbonate chips.
Temperature, volume and concentration of HCl acid, and the mass of calcium carbonate are
fixed.

(b) Chemical equation for the reaction :

CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

(c) The graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas against time obtained is as shown below :

Volume of CO2 gas / cm3

V
maximum volume Experiment I
of carbon dioxide
II Large pieces
gas collected I
Experiment II
Small pieces

Time / s
tx ty tz Time taken for Exp. I
completely reacted.

Time taken for Exp. II

completely reacted.
Based on the graph complete the following statements :
 Average rate of reaction for the whole experiment :
Experiment I Experiment II
V V
p = tz
q = ty

greater
The value of q is ………………… than p.
 The average rate of reaction in Experiment II is ………………….
higher than Experiment I throughout
the experiment.

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

 Rate of reaction at a given time :

higher
The gradient of the graph at tx seconds for Experiment II is …………………. than the gradient of
the graph for Experiment I.
The rate of the reaction in Experiment II is ………………….
higher than Experiment I at tx seconds.

 higher
The rate of reaction of the small pieces of calcium carbonate chips is …………………… than the
rate of reaction of the large pieces.
Relationship between the size of marble chips and their total surface area :
 small pieces have a ………………
larger total surface area than that of large pieces of marble chips of
the same mass.

 The smaller the size of marble chips, the ………………….. the total surface area of the
greater
marble chips.
The larger the total surface area of marble chips, the …………………..
higher the rate of reaction.

 The smaller the size of marble chips, the ………………….. the rate of reaction.
higher

 the same
The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas collected for both experiments are ………………….
quantity
because the …………………. of the reactants are ………………….
the same

Activity 4 :-

A group of students was carried out two experiments to investigate the factor affecting the rate of a
reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.

Table below shows information about the reactants used in each experiment.

Experiment Reactants

I Excess zinc granules and 25 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.

II Excess zinc powder and 25 cm³ of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.

(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction occur in these experiments.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl + H
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 2

(b) State the factor that affecting the rate of the reaction of Experiment I and Experiment II.
Size of reactant // Total surface area
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

The graph below shows the result obtained from these experiments.

Volume of gas
collected (cm3)

20

II
15

10

Time (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

(c) Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and Experiment II.

Experiment I : Experiment II :

20 20
= 0.333 cm3 s-1 = 0.400 cm3 s-1
60 50

(b) Based on the graph and calculation in (c), compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and
Experiment II. Explain why.
The rate of reaction in Experiment I is lower.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The size of solid zinc powder is smaller than solid zinc granules.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The total surface area of zinc powder in Experiment II is larger.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

2. Concentration of Reactant
(a) An experiment to show a reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric
acid is conducted.
(b) The rate of reaction is measured by how fast yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed.
Observation is made on the time taken for the “X” sign placed under the conical flask to disappear
from view.
Temperature, volume and concentration of the hydrochloric acid are fixed but the concentration
of sodium thiosulphate solution is varied.
(c) Chemical equation for the reaction :
Na2S2O3 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + S + SO2 + H2O

(d) The graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time, and the graph of
concentration against 1/time are plotted.

Concentration of Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3) Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)

M2

M1

Time (s) -1
t2 t1 1/time (s )

 Concentration is ……………….proportional
inversely to time.  Concentration is …………….proportional
directly to 1/time.
When the concentration of Na2S2O3 increases, the time [ 1/time shows the rate of reaction ]
taken for yellow precipitate formed that covers the ‘X’ When the concentration of Na2S2O3 increases, the rate
decreases
mark is ……………………….. increases
of reaction is ………………………..
s
 The higher the concentration of Na2S2O3, (the higher  The higher the concentration of Na2S2O3, the
higher
the number of moles of Na2S2O3, ) the ……………… higher
………….……… the number of particles perunit
volume
the number of particles per unit ……………………… volume
………………….
 Therefore, the ………………
higher the frequency of
 Therefore, the ………………
higher the frequency of
collision between particles. collisions between particles.
 The ……………… the frequency of effective  The ………………
higher higher the frequency of effective
collisions. collisions.
 The ………………
higher the rate of reaction.
 The ………………
higher the rate of reaction.
 The ……………… the rate of reaction.

S2O32- ions and H+ ions

Chapter 10 10 Rate of Reaction

 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

3. Temperature
(a) Study through observation to yellow precipitate (sulphur), the product of the reaction between
sodium thiosulphate solution with hydrochloric acid.
(b) In this reaction, the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is changed.
(c) All other conditions such as volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution and
hydrochloric acid is remain constant.
(d) Time taken for certain amount of the yellow precipitate formed and covered the ‘X’ mark below
the beaker is recorded.
(e) Two graph are obtained :

Temperature of Temperature of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3) Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)

T2

T1

Time (s) 1/time (s-1)

t2 t1

 Temperature i oportional to time.  Temperature i …. proportional to 1/time.

When the temperature of Na2S2O3 increases, the time [ 1/time shows the rate of reaction ]
taken for yellow precipitate formed that covers the ‘X’ When the temperature of Na2S2O3 increases, the rate
mark i …….. of reaction is …………..

 The higher the temperature of Na2S2O3, the …  The higher the temperature of Na2S2O3, the …
2- +
the kinetic energy of S2O3 ions and H ions. 2- +
the kinetic energy of S2O3 ions and H ions.
 Therefore, the … … the frequency of  Therefore, the ……………… the frequency of
collision between particles [ S2O32- ions and H
+
collision between particles [ S2O32- ions and H+
ions ]. ions ].
 The …… … the frequency of effective  The …… … the frequency of …
collision. collision
 The …… … the rate of reaction.  The …… … the rate of reaction.

Chapter 10 11 Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

4. Catalyst
• Catayst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of reaction [change the rate of reaction],
but it does not change chemically at the end of the reaction.
• Positive catalyst increase the rate of reaction while negative catalyst decrease the rate of reaction.

• Characteristics of catalyst :
 It does not change the quantity (amount) of the products formed.
 It is unchanged chemically at the end of the reaction.
 The amount of catalyst is the same before and after reaction.
 It is specific in action.
 Only small amount is needed.
 It could become less effective when there are impurities.

• Most catalysts are transition elements or compounds of transition elements.

• The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of reaction.
• Quantity of catalyst also can effect the rate of reaction.

• Study through :
I : The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
[copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution as the catalyst]
II : The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
[using different quantity of manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 as the catalyst]

Experiment I :
 The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid [CuSO4 as the catalyst]

(a) Chemical equation for the reaction :

Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2

(b) Volume of hydrogen gas collected in a burette are recorded at every 30 seconds.
(c) This experiment is repeated by adding 2 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution.
(d) In this reaction, mass of zinc, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid and temperature
are remain constant.

(e) Graph of volume of hydrogen gas produced against time are obtained :

Volume of
H2 gas /cm3

With catalyst

Without catalyst

Time/s

Chapter 10 12 Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

• From the graph above :

 The gradient of the curve with catalyst is …. than the curve without catalyst.
 At the end of this reaction, the total volume of H2 gas in both reactions is the same because
the … .. of zinc and the of sulphuric acid is the same.

• Copper(II) sulphate as catalyst lowered the ………………...………, Ea for the reaction.

 therefore, more particles will reach the same or more than the ………………………, Ea of
the reaction.
 the frequency of collision between particles ……………………………..

 the frequency of effective collision ………………………………………

 the rate of reaction ..………………………………………..

Experiment II :
(a) In this reaction, all other conditions such as volume and concentration of hydrogen
peroxide, temperature are remain constant.

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

(f) Graph of volume of oxygen gas produced againts time are obtained :

Volume of
O2 gas (cm3)

V
1 spatula of  An increase in the quantity of
MnO2 catalyst used will increase the rate
of reaction.
 The quantity of catalyst does not
affect the total volume of gas
½ spatula of produced.
MnO2

Time (s)
t1 t2
• From the graph :
 The gradient of the curve using 1 spatula of MnO2 is ……. than using ½ spatula
of MnO2.
 At the end of this reaction, the total volume of O2 gas in both reactions is the same because
the … and ………… of hydrogen peroxide is same.

• Manganese(VI) oxide as catalyst lowered the ………………………...…, Ea for the

decomposition of H2O2.

Chapter 10 13 Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

 therefore, more particles will reach the same or more than the ……………………….., Ea
of the reaction.
 the frequency of collision between particles ……………………………..
 the frequency of effective collision … …………………………
 the rate of reaction . ………………………..

5. Pressure
• Only for reactions involving reactants in gaseous state.
• When the pressure of a reaction (involving gaseous reactants) increases, the rate of reaction
increases.
• When the pressure of the gaseous reactants increases, the particles of the gaseous reactants are
compressed to occupy a smaller volume.
 Thus, the number of gas particles per unit volume increases.
 the frequency of collision between particles … ………..
 the frequency of effective collision … …………………………
 the rate of reaction . ………………………..

10.5 : Application of factors that affect the Rate of Reaction

 Daily lives :
 Cooking of solid food in smaller size
 The total surface area on a smaller cut pieces of food is larger. The food can absorbed
more heat. Hence, the time taken for the food to be cooked is lower/decrease.
 Storage of food in a refrigerator
 When the food kept in refrigerator, the food lasts longer. The low temperature in the
refrigerator slows down the activity of the bacteria. The bacteria produce less toxin,
the rate of decomposition of food lower.

 Cooking in a pressure cooker

 The high pressure in pressure cooker increases the boiling point of water to a
temperature above 100 C. The kinetic energy of the particles in the food is
increase/higher. Hence time taken for the food to be cooked is lower/decrease.
Thus the food cooked faster at a higher temperature in a pressure cooker.

 In Industry :
 Haber process; manufacture of ammonia :
Optimum conditions :
Temperature : 400 - 500 oC
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 Pressure : 200 – 400 atm
Catalyst : Iron/ferum, Fe

 Contact process; manufacture of sulphuric acid [ catalyst : Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 ]

 Ostwald process; manufacture of nitric acid [ catalyst : platinum, Pt ]

Chapter 10 14 Rate of Reaction

 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

10.6 : The Collision Theory

• For a reaction to occur, the reactant’s particles must collide.
• Not all collisions result in chemical reactions.
• For a reaction to occur, the collisions must satisfy two conditions :
(i) The colliding particles must also have the right orientation of collision.
(ii) The colliding particle must have enough energy; i.e equal or more than a minimum
amount of energy known as Activation Energy, Ea

• The collisions that lead to a chemical reaction are known as effective collisions.

10.6 : Energy Profile Diagram and Activation Energy, Ea

Energy

Ea = Activation Energy without a catalyst

Ea’ = Activation Energy with a catalyst
Ea ’ Ea ΔH = Heat of reaction
reactants (The energy diffence in the reactants
and in the products)
ΔH products

Progress of reaction

Ea  The minimum energy the reactant particles must possessed before collision between them
can result in a chemical reaction.
Ea’ The lower activation energy in the presence of a catalyst.

Activity 5 :-

Zinc powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. The temperature of the mixture increases.
(a) Draw an Energy Profile Diagram for the reaction. On the diagram, show the :
 Heat of reaction, ΔH Energy



Activation energy without a catalyst, Ea
Activation energy with a catalyst, Ea’

(b) Explain the Energy Profile Diagram.

Ea

Ea’

Reaction between Zn and HCl is an exothermic reaction.
Zn + 2HCl

The reactants contains more energy than products.
ΔH is the energy difference in the reactants and in the products. ΔH

ZnCl2 + H2
Heat given out during bonds formation is greater than heat absorbed during

 Activation Energy, Ea must be overcome in order for the reaction to take place.
bonds breaking.

 The use of a catalyst reduces the Activation Energy, Ea.

 The use of a catalyst increases the frequency of collisions between zinc atoms
and H+  the frequency of effective collisions increases  rate of the reaction
increases.
Chapter 10 15 Rate of Reaction
 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

Frequency of Effective Collision and Rate of Reaction

 When the frequency of collision between particles of reactants increases, the frequency of
effective collisions between particles will also increase.

 The effective collisions will result in chemical reaction. When frequency of effective
collision increases, the rate of reaction will also increase.

 Collision Theory and Factors Influencing The Rate of Reaction

SIZE OF CONCENTRATION TEMPERATURE OF CATALYST

REACTANTS / OF REACTANTS REACTION MIXTURE Catalyst provides an
TOTAL SURFACE alternative path of
AREA The higher the The higher the reaction which needs
concentration of reactants, temperature, the higher is lower Activation
The smaller the size of
the higher is the number the kinetic energy of Energy, (Ea’).
reactant, the larger of particles in a unit reacting particles. The
is the total surface More particles are
volume. reacting particles move
area exposed to able to overcome the
faster.
collision. new Activation
Energy, (Ea’)

The frequency of collision between particles increases.

The frequency of effective collision between particles increases.

The rate of reaction increases.

Chapter 10 16 Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

Activity 6 :-

Four experiments are carried out to study the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
The table below shows the details of each experiment.

/ C
Temperature of HCl
Experiment Reactants

Excess of magnesium ribbon and

I 30
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm–3
Excess of magnesium powder and
II 30
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm–3
Excess of magnesium powder and
III 40
50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm–3
Excess of magnesium powder and
IV 40
50 cm3 sulphuric acid 1.0 mol dm–3

(a) Write the chemical equation of the reaction occurred in Experiment I and IV

Experiment I : …….…………………………………………………………………………………..

Experiment IV : ………………………………………………………………………………………..
+ H

(b) Calculate the maximum volume of gas released at room condition in :

[ Molar volume of gas at room condition = 24.0 dm3 ]

(i) Experiment II

ol

From the equation in (a) :

2 mol of HCl produce 1 mol of H2

Therefore :
0.05 mol of HCl produce 0.05 × 1 mol of H2
2
Number of mole of H2 = 0.025 mol

Volume of H2 gas = 0.025 × 24.0

= 0.6 dm3 @ 600 cm3

Chapter 10 17 Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

(ii) Experiment IV
1.0 × 50
Number of mole of H2SO4 =
1000
= 0.05 mol

From the equation in (a) :

1 mol of H2SO4 produce 1 mol of H2

Therefore :
0.05 mol of HCl produce 0.05 mol of H2

Number of mole of H2 = 0.05 mol

Volume of H2 gas = 0.05 × 24.0

= 1.2 dm3 @ 1200 cm3

(c) Sketch the graph of the volume of gas released against time for each Experiment I, II, III and IV on
the axes provided below.

Volume of H2 gas / cm3

1200

IV

600
III II

Time / s

(d) Explain the difference in the rate of reaction in the experiments below.
Use the Collision Theory in your explanation.

(i) I and II

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

…...

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4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

……………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(ii) II and III

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

(iii) III and IV

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

… …...

…...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

Chapter 10 19 Rate of Reaction

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Activity 7 :-
Interpretation of graph. SPM 2008 : Q5 (c)
Study the graphs below and complete the following :

The gradient of graph I is … …. than graph II.

Same maximum quantity of product  The rate of reaction for reaction I is than reaction II.
 Possibilities :
Quantity of product
Reaction I used …………. size of reactants than reaction II.
 Reaction I : …………. pieces of CaCO3 ;
 Reaction II : …
V
pieces of CaCO 3.
II
Temperature of reaction I is than reaction II.
I Concentration of the reactants for reaction I is … than
reaction II.
Presence of catalyst :
 Reaction I
Time
. t
 Reaction II : …
t1 t2
st
GRAPH 4.1
Final quantity of product for reaction I and II are the same.
 Quantity of the reactants (number of moles) for reaction I and II must be
II  Higher gradient
 higher initial rate of reaction
e
……….
Mass of the reactants used in reaction I and II is … e
………
Number of moles [ n = MV ] of the reactants used in reaction I and
II is … e…

Maximum quantity of
product is higher (2X)
The gradient of graph I and graph II are e
……..
Quantity of product  The rate of reaction for both reactions are e
……..
 Possibilities :
2V Size of reactant for both reactions are e
II
Temperature for both reactions are e.

V I Concentration of the reactants for both reaction are e..

Final quantity of product for reaction II is twice than reaction I.

Time  Quantity of the reactants (number of moles) for reaction I must be
t1 t2 than reaction II because the concentration of the reactants are
GRAPH 4.2 the same in both reactions.

 Same gradient
Example :

 Same initial rate of reaction

Reaction I : 250 cm3 of HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Reaction II : 500 cm3 of HCl 1.0 mol dm-3

Chapter 10 20 Rate of Reaction

 4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

The gradient of graph I is …… … than graph II.

 The rate of reaction for reaction I is
Maximum quantity of
…… . than reaction II.
product is higher
 Possibilities :
Quantity of product Size of reactants for reaction I is …. than reaction II.
Reaction I : …………. pieces of CaCO3 ;
II Reaction II pieces of CaCO 3.
2V
Temperature of reaction I is than reaction II.
I Presence of catalyst :
V
 Reaction I
..

…….t
 Reaction II : ……………………………..st
Time Concentration of the reactants for reaction I is … than
reaction II
GRAPH 4.3
II  Higher gradient Final quantity of product for reaction II is twice than reaction I.
 higher initial rate of reaction  Quantity of the reactants for reaction II must be … than reaction I.
Mass of the reactants used in reaction II is …… ……than
Example :
reaction I.
Reaction I : 25 cm3 of HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Number of moles [ n = MV ] of the reactants used in reaction II is
Reaction II : 25 cm3 of HCl 2.0 mol dm-3
…………………than reaction I.

The gradient of graph I is … …. than graph II.

 The rate of reaction for reaction I is ……. than reaction II.
Maximum quantity of  Possibilities :
product is higher
Quantity of product Size of reactants for reaction I is …. than reaction II.
Reaction I : …………. pieces of CaCO3 ;
Reaction II ……. pieces of CaCO 3.
2V II
Temperature of reaction I is than reaction II.
V I Presence of catalyst :
 Reaction I : ………………………. …….
st
 Reaction II t
……..
Time Concentration of the reactants for reaction I is … than
t1 t2 reaction II.

GRAPH 4.4 Final quantity of product for reaction II is twice than reaction I.
 Quantity of the reactant for reaction II must be … than reaction I.
II  Lower gradient
 lower initial rate of reaction
Mass of the reactants used in reaction II is …than
reaction I.
Number of moles [ n = MV ] of the reactants used in reaction II is
……………than reaction I.
Example :
Reaction I : 250 cm3 of HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Reaction II : 1000 cm3 of HCl 0.5 mol dm-3

Chapter 10 21 Rate of Reaction

4541 CHEMISTRY Chapter 10

Activity 8 :-
Rate of Reaction and Thermochemistry (Conclusion)

1. The minimum energy of a reaction is …………………………., Ea.

2. Ea must be overcome in order for the reaction to take place.

3. Particles of reactants must achieve ……………………………… and with ………………………..
to make the chemical reaction occurs.
4. The use of a …… …………. reduces the Ea.

5. ΔH is ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
ts

6. The ……………… the size of particles, the ……………… the total surface area.

7. Magnesium ribbon will react … with warm sulphuric acid than cool sulphuric acid.

8. The ……………… the concentration of a solution, the ……………… rate of chemical reaction.

9. A ……………… is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. It ………………

undergo any chemical change.

10. ……………………… is a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler
substances.

Activity 9 :-
Complete the table below :

Industry process Reactants Catalyst

Haber process

e
Contact process er

Ostwald process

END OF CHAPTER 10

Chapter 10 22 Rate of Reaction