_,w-•-•-..-....

Regmi Rese13.rch (Private) 1td. ISSN: 0034-3481

Regmi Research Series

Year 18, No.6 ·
Kathmandu: June, 1986
Edited by
Mi:.:.hesh C. Regmi

Contents �

1• A Note On The Concept Of Economic Surplus ••• 81.

2. K8.!Ili, Sarki, Da.ma.i, Gnine ••• 84.
3. Roy4l Orders of Kartik 1867 Samvat ••• 86.
4. Minting and Coinage ••• 90.
5. More Documents From Jumla ••• 92.

**** lt...-********

Regmi Research (Private) Ltd.

La.zimpat, Ke.thmandu, Nepal
Telephone: 4-11927

(For private study and research only; not meant for public
sale, distribution, 01· d:i.splay).
 81

A l:Jote on The '.��onceot o+- Economic 2urulus

The con c::-:-p t of economic surplus, in the sense u.::0d in

r1y recent book: ':'h8 State a.nd Economic Surplus :Prodt.ction
Trade, 8nd Res'.)urce Mcbilizatj_on in �arly Nineteenth Century
Nepal (Varanasi: Nath Publi��hir:.g House, 1984), has been the
subject of sorn,: confusion. At least one reviewer (Dr. M.K. Df.thal
in The Bconori:ic Journal· of .Nenal, a quarterly publi0ation of
the Department of Economics, 'I'ribhuwan University, Vol. B"J.S P
no. 39 July-September 1985� p. 84) has shown no hesitation in
maintaining that "th6 author seemf to have been susceptible
to the MarxiRn theory of SUY/•l"J.S -ralue in the selection of the
title." However, no thing coul be f c.rther from the truth. The
CO!Ilfilon use of the term surplus sho�ld by no means be construed
to imply a corn..:11on connotation.
The concept of econo�ic surplus, as used in The State and
Economic Surolus, has been bcrrowed from Barririgton Moore anti
Paul A. Baran. :,1ocre does not :.:,xplain it in dc�tail, but Baran1
has uiad.e a distinction betvrnm: actt�l economic surplus, that
is, the <iiff eronce between so,�ir3ty 's actual current output and
its act'...al cur::-ent consu::�ti'.)n, gncl potential economic surplus,
or the difference betwe-:m the ou'tput that could be produced in
a given"J.SnatU:!'8.l and teGhnological environment with the help of
employable productive reso11r-�G3, and what might be regarded as
essential cons;.imption. 2 AnQther s tuay, co-au"J.S thored by Baran,
s.ta.tes: 11
The economic .surplus, in the briefest possil:He definition,
is the di:f'ferC)nce between what a society produces c•n0 the costs
11 '3
of producing it. Baran stresses the concept in.its aggregate
soc ietal asp1?-ct. He regards actual economic surplus as "identical
with current saving or accumulation, (which finds i.ts embodiment
s
in assets of various kinds e.dded to society• weal th during
the period in question: rroduetive facilities and equipment,
inventories, foreign balances, a.nf gold hoa.rds") � On the other
hand, the concept of economic surplus is used in the State 3.Dd
Rconomic Surplus at the mic:r:-o-level of the. individual producer
and trader to denote the net economic gain that he makes from
his activi �y after deducting cor:,ts. t11oreover, economic surplus
is treated as a resource which is available for mobilization·
by the state for meeting its military and other needs.

My concept of economic surplus is differen_t _from the Marxist

ooncept of surplus value. Ac�ording to Marx, iri a capitalist
system,labor iB 8- commodity which is purchased by the capitalist
at a rate corresponding to the reqllire�enta for essential goods
necessary for the maintenance ani r·eproduction of labor. In
return, the (!apitulist acquirr�s th0 use ....value of labor. The-·
difference between this use-vD.lue and the wage-rate constitutes.
surplus value, which constitutes the profit of the capit�list.
That is to sa.y, "surplus vaiue. is the value created by tbe
labor of a wage-worker over am�. above the value of his
labour-p(?Wer and appropria�ed without payment by the cap�tali�t."J.S 5
The Ma.TICist concept of su�lu.S va1�J.e ,.is thus applicable only in
conditions of' capitalistic product:.:._on where 'labor has assu,med
the form of a commodity nrid is available for w�ge-employment.
 82

I t cannot be us e d as a t � o l of e c onomi c. analys is in pre-indus"J.S

tria l
I

condi tion s of prod uction and �:ix change, where peas ant-farming
is larg q ly a subs is tence o c cu:J ation , and trading the commercial
equivalent of peasant farming , and where nei ther th e peasant
nor the trader ac counts f o r -r,he cos t of his own labor .
• .• I •

�lucidating t�.e dis tin c ti on between"J.S . e conomi c sur-9lus and

surplus va Lle i�, the . Nar.x i s t �3 2ns e , Baran wri tos : 6

( E c onomi c s urp lus ) co r.ip r i2 •3 s obviousl;i a les3 e r share

o f t o tal out;; ut th2n the.t enc ompassed by Marx ' :::; notion
of s1irplus v,� lue . The la t t er , it w i l l be r� cG.12.ed , cons is t;.:,
o f the entire differen c e b e tween aggre ga te ne t output
and the re a l income of labour. Th e �1. ,� cua l e conomic
su r9lu.s as defined above i s me rely that part o f surp lus
va lue tha t is b eing a c cu.:mlate d ; it does n o t in clud e "J.S 1 in
other w ords , th e c ons ir :ip t:L on o f the cap i talis t clas ·s· ,
the gove rn�ent ' s spenciin 6 on adminis tration , mili tary
es tab lishrr.':-i n t , and the l ike .

I t shcu ld a ls o b e n o ted that su rplus va lue i n th e 1viarxis t

c on cep t is derived from production , where"l s our con cep t o f
e conoi:ni c surp lus i s bas ed. o n b o th producti on a.nd trade , The
latter , accoro.ing to Marxist theory , is unp roducstive , because
" n o new v�lues srt": crea ted i n it; instead , only capital in
the f orm of coi:... t,ocii ti es is c onve r ted i n to money . 7 In Marx ' s
own word s "J.S
�8

�in �e w� have ass umed that com.'iioai ties are bough t and
sold at thc i. r values , the s e a cts co ns titute meroly the
convers ion, of a ce r tain value from one form i nto an o ther ,
from th e commod ity-form in to the money-form or from the
money-form into the commodity-form-a change in th e s tate
ofs_be ing . If ·"J.S
c o :TunoQ.i ties are s o ld at their values , th en
th� magni tua.es 01' vA.lue in the hands of the buyer and-
so ller remai n unchange d . Only the for!Il o f existe n c � of
value 1s· changed • • • To e ffe c t a ch3nge in th o statA of ·
being cor, ts t ime and la b ou r-p ower not f or the p ur pos e of
crea ting va_lues; ho wEJ ver , bu t in order to ac complish the
convers ion, of valu0 from one form i nt o another. The
mutual at temp t to appropriate an ex tra slice of . this
va lue on this o ccasi on"J.S ."J.S
changes nothing . This labour ,
increased 'by the evil designs on e i ther sid e , creates n o
value , an y more than the work performe d i n a j udicia l"J.S .
· proce eding in creas es the va lue o f the sub j e ct-J;Lat ter of
the sui t-.·

I t may. be suffi cien t t o s tress in the present con text tha t

traders Yould hardly engage themse lves in"J.S · the buying and selling
of coII11nodi ties if they did no t derive an _ e conomic gai n from the · ·
activity . The net gain mades.by them from trade after deduc ting"J.S·
e xpenses , . as meri.ti one d above, may be regarded as their e conomi c
. The que s tion· of _whe the r or not trade is a productive
s urp lus"J.S
activi ty generating surplus va lue in the Marxist sense is"J.S ,
therefore , irrelevant .
 One other th eore ti ca l -p o int :nade in Chap ter 2 o f The S tate
and Bconomi c S ur o lus , whieh d:i.ffe rs f rom Marxis t theory , may
als o be exp lained in this con tex t . I have us e d the te rm commodi ty
t o deno te _ c3,ny rna. te::.· ial pro duc t , bu t .?l!a.rxist the ory refi1se s
t o regard as com.1.odi ties the pi-·ociucts of human labor whi ch we re
c or.swne d by the p�od .1cer hims e l .£ or e lse t ransferred to o thers
1

wi thou t invo
. lving the pro ce ss ##o_. -f 8Xchangee. I n the words o f Marx : 9
A thing can b e us e ful , and the pro du ct of human labor ,
w i th out being a com.mo di ty . Whoever dire ctly s atis fies. his
Kan ts with the pro du ce of his own lab our , creates , indeed ,
us e-value s , but not commodi tiese. I n o rder to produce the
la t t er , he mus t n o t on ly p ro duce use -values , but use -values
for o thers , so cial use -va lues . ( And no t or1 ly fo r o th ers ,
wi thout moree. The mediaeva l p easant pro d.uced qui t-ren t-c orn
for his feudal lo rd and ti the -corn for his p ars on . B ut
ne i ther the qui t-ren t-c o rn nor the ti the -corn be came
commodi tie s by reas on of th e fac t that they had been produce d
for o therse. To be comP. a c o mi.:odi ty a procluct mus t be
transfe rred to ano ther , who::1 i t wi ll se rve as a use -value ,
by me811S of an e x change )e.
Thi s Gle ans that the portion -ete- materiaieproduc ti on that the produc e r
transfers to the s tate wi �hou t ge t ting an y payme n t in re turn
through taxa ti on or o ther ro.Aans repre s en ts the p roduc ts of his
labor rather than comr4odi tiese. ;rhis dis tin c tion be twe en products
and cominodi tic s , although indis pensable for an analys i,s of the
mod e of a.pproprj_ation of surp lus valu2 , has been ignored in !h2,
S ta te and ,.-:conomi c 3urylus , wbi ch is � on ce rned s o lely with the
app ropriatic-m by the s t.ate of a share in the e conomi c surp lus
gene ra ted from the pro ce s s e s of ma terial p roduction and exchange .
P rodu c ts may b :� come commodities on ly when they are ac tually
exchange d , but the loss of e conomi c s urp lus suffered by the
p roducer is none the les s real when his p ro ducts are transferre d
to the s tate wi thout any paymen t .

No tes
1 • Barrington Moore , J r . e9 S o c ial Origins of ficta tor ship and
Domoc r-acy ( Middlesex : Penguin Books , � 966 , pp . 354-5 5 .
2. Paul A . R::.:.ran , The P o lttical B conomy o f Grow th ( Middlesex :
Penguin B o oks , 1 973 ) , pp . 1 3 2-34.
3. Paul A . Ba.ran and Paul M . S 1·l ee zy , Monopo ly Capital : AD,
Essa on the Aoeri ccn g conomi c and Social Order (New Yorke. :
Monthly Revi ew P ress , 1 9 6 , p . 9 .
4. Baran , :Poli tical Econom.y , op . ci t . p . 1 3 2 .
5 . , s . Vygodsky , Capi talis t Economy , · ( Mos cow : Progress Publishers ,
1 966 ) , P � 45 � . .
6. B aran , P o li ti cal Econom.y � op . ci t . p . - 1 32 . ·
 84

7. Karl Chris tian Behrens and Berta Backe-Dietri ch , " Trade " "J.S ,
in Marxism , Communism s.n d .J_§ste rn socie"J.S
ty : A Comparative
Enc,vclope dia ( New York : H.::irde:· and Herder, 1 97 3 ) , vo l . 8 ,
p . 204 .

8. Karl Marx , C n.oi t::i.l C'1os ccw : P-rogres s Publishers, 1 9 6 7 )", •

vol . 2 , pp . 1 32-33 .

9. I bi d � vo l . 1 , pps. 40-4 1"J.S

.

May 30 , 1986 Mahesh C. Regmi

Kami"J.S
1 Sa.rki , Dama.i"J.S
1 and Ga.ine

--
1 . Kami.

· The Kathmandu Muni tions Ft.� tory ( Jangi Megj in ) used to

s end peons to dif fe ren t p arts c. f the hill region ·to collect the
]llegJin levy"J.S
.

.· Kaj i . • · .Basnyat comp lained"J.S

· tha t such peons had· be en r,ent
to colle ct the levy on Kami .househplds - in lands owed"J.S
by him
. He maintain9 d that there was no pre cedent
under bekh tenu.t·'a"J.S
for"J.S
. suaii"ac tion .
An ord.e:r was accor dingly issue a on W ednesday , Bhadra. Badi
6 , 1 907 ( Augus t 1 850 ) directi ng the p eons n o t to collec t the
meg,i in levy from Kami house-ho lds in the bekh ho ldinbJ"S of the
Ke.ji in Lamj ung- if it had no t bef.:m cus tomarily co llected there ,
and to refund �o·l lecti.ons - that r1ad already been made , i:f any .

W ednesday , Bhadra Badi 6 , 1 907 (Augus

· t 1 850 )
Regmi Research Colle c tion � ·
Vol . 64 , pp . 755 �6 .

--�-=-' ·2·. sark1

I·
-
In the ye r:. r 1 899 Se.mvat ( A ; D •.. 1 c14t? } , a royal order had been
i s sue d apointing Jasya $arki and ___f,i f"teen other pers ons as
chi efs ( mi j har )' of the Sa.rki comm.uni"J.S ty 1n the region eas t of
the Dho'bikho ln. river and T,,, es t of the M�c,�i rive r . The Mi. j hars
were granted authori ty to adj udi cats in cases re lating · to
cos tomary s anctions in the community re lating t o boi led rice ,
water , and s exual relations , and co lle ct the chandrayan and
other levies"J.S. In cosideration o f s uch authority , they were
p laced under the ob li � tion of �orki ng in the Kathmandu Munitions
Factory ( Jangi Megj in ) s .
 85

Kulbi_r , Gangar9lll , and 20 o ther M:i j hars s ubsequently

comp lain e d to Kn thmP...n du th E, t Sc°. rkis in s ome areas were not
obeying their authority a c c 0 rding to the order of 1 89 9 Samvat .
A n orde r W3.S issue d on Thru.s day , Bhadra Badi 1 4 , 1 907
( Augus t 1 85 0 ) re � onfirming the _ Snmvat 1 89 9 arrangements .
Rcgmi Rc• s o n rcl1 Colle c tion ,"J.S
.
Vol . 64 , p p . 75 6-7 .

II

Royal ora.e r t o Kumbh0d .m Indr� Simha Adhikari ; We had

deputed IVI8.iS i gyr-t , Jiune , and Rama.chandra on behalf of the
22 Sarki Mi j h[�:-s of tho J e.n gi r,�egj in and the Rnni-Pokhnri
Mogj in to co llect fine s 2.nd p en :1 1 ties from members of the
Sarki comnnmi ty i n Gorkh?.. w"1 0 we 1�a involve d in ca.sos con cerni ng
the v:tolntion of cus tomD.ry s , .�n c tions in the · community re lati ng
to wate r 811 d s r::, xual r0 latio"ls . The Mi jhar who h..'l d b,3 0n earlie r
sen t the re for that purpos e imp os e d an una�thorized payment
of four 'lr:nt-.s ( on each Sarki house-hold-) and made co lle ction s
accordingly"J.S. The Sr.irki t•li j hR.rs have now comp lai ned that ho
is not pe rmi tting colle c tions ( in Gorkha ) un til arrears . -of
paymfmt . due to him a.re c loare d off . They have also complaine d
thn t he has taken in to his cu..15 tody all rpyal orders and
othe r do cumcn ts concerning :--� uthori ty to adj udica ti in cases
re lating to watGr nnd · sexual re lations in the Sark.icommunity.
I f their comp laints are truo , a r!'8.nge to have those dpouments
handed over to l•his igya, Jiune , qn d Ra.mc'lchandra. , and impos e
a. ban en unauthori z ed co llc , �ti onB , if any . I f the .facts are
diffe ren t , submi t rl!l n. ccura ce ·ro:p o rt . "

Friday , Ch�itra Sudi 2 , 1 906

( March 1 85 0 )
Ragmi Ro s e!lrch Colle c tion , V o l . 64, pp . 641 -3

3. Damai

Th o following publi c notification was issuod in the

region eas t of the DhnlJikhola rive r an.�
was t of the Me chi
river o n M() nday , Aswin Badi 1 0-, 1 907- �saptember 1 850 ) •
..
" A royq l o rdcn· had be en issued appoin ting Naga.rchi
Bh:i j yc.. Damai as Mij har of the Dr?.ma.i communi ty , -lfl:.Ui..: ...authori ty
to co lle c t tho Chandraynn and o th �r levies from Damai
house-ho lds eve -ry year and ndj udicate · 1n : cases c0n cerning · ·
vio lati on 0f customary san c tio ns in the communi ty relating
to water"J.S ,. a.s W:'311 as in sezua.l nnd other crime s such as
i n�est ; inf'Ulti cide , s exual re lations be i
twe en cres s c_o usins. ,
or wi th pers ,-;ns be longing tn tho Gaine"J.S ,, Bnand ,··/ Chya.niekha.lak ,
or Mus lim o omrnuni ty .
 86

" These arnmgements nave now be en .re newed in th0 nam0s

•·of Agatya Damai and Talya lJana.i .

ltl n Tilpung , Man tha li , A lam.pur , · Chaurasi , a nd o the r are as ,

attemp ts a.l'·e be ing mad e t o s e t u:p indep endent Mi j hars of the
Damru. oommuni ty in contravGn t�_ on of · the royal orde r. Tho� e
who m,.'lkG such r:.t temp ts , ,me cc lll·c t the Chnndrayan and other
l0vies , shr;.11 be s evere ly p unish(. d. "

·. Regmi Re s earch Co lle ction ,

64 , pp . 764-6
Val.."J.S

4 . GDine

Public no ti fication to tho �a.inc community throughout

tho"J.S
· Kingdom :

" A roy1:1l crd.e r had b oen is sued in the names of Kh.qnari

GS:ine gran ting him l authority to adj udi cate in cases concerning
violation of cus tomary s an ctions in the communi ty reslatin,g
to boi led rice , "' a to r , s exu..'l·l re la.tions , untouchabi lity ,
infanticide , anµ matrimon5.a l relf! tions with a l::i.ves �

" Kb.annri Gaine"J.S

• s sons , Bhil'.lJ..':1.senya. Gaino and Shyamnsundar
Gaine , have 'c o.:rp l�n0 d thP..t I:1.'cl ny m0mbors of the uaine
· o ommuni ty nro !1ctir.g in· c on trrwen ti on of_ the royal ordei--- these
days .
"W e hn. rcby reconfirm the authori ty mention.ad above in
the nat1es of Bhirll2.s enya G!!in� ':l.Ild Shya.ma.sundar Gaines. Cases
of the catego ries men tioned �bove , involving members o f tho
Gaine aommuni ty , .s hall be ho � rd n.nd disp os ed o f by them , not
by the lq cal Am,:tl . Wo als c hereby order tha t no Gaine shall
be evictGd frc� his lnnds and home s tead . "
Sa turda.ys, �hgh Badi 7 , 1 906 ,
(January 1 850 ) .
Regmi Research Coll e ction"J.S
, Vol. 64 , pp . 552-3s.

· Royal · Orders of Kq.rtik 1 867 - Samvat

. tions )
( Abs trect Trf1!1S 1'"J.S

; ', ' Qonten ts

1. Status of Chi ldren of Freed Slave-Girl.

-.,,
2. CcJ.lection oi R_-3venue Arrears in Bara and Parsa . �- ·
3. Jl;tqal Offerings. • _

4. Cbhap Grant.
5. Ban on Fo rced labors
.
6. Cha.ndrabir Thapa. Summone d . to Kathmandu .
7. Subedars Summone d to Ka thmandu .
8. Res toration of Confis cated Property .
9. Hunting of Tigers"J.S
.
 87

.
1 . S tatus of Chi ldren of Freed Slave Girl
'
To Padmava.ti B rahman5- : '' In the presence o f your
bro the rs , Jou had free d y :mr s lave girl , Durgi , and given
her the _ $ta tus of a Gha.rt i s
. Ycu have now comp lanied to us
tha t Durgi ha.3 alre ady ha d. th re e sons , and tha.t your bro thers
say that she a.Jone hnd bee:. n fre ed, not the children from her
womb . · C'n c0 a s lave girl is freed"J.S
; her children too mus t be
considere d to be free . W e , th a ref ores, endorse the good deed
pe rformed by ;vou. Ras t assure d that any one who oppos es this
act will be severe ly punishe d . "

Monday ; J.fa r tik Badi 1 0 , 1 867

Regmi Res earch Colloctions9 V i l . 38 , p . 576 .

2 . · Co lle gtion of Rorn-JL!rrears in Bara and Parsa

To Subba Balabha.-ri jan Pn'1de : "From 1 85 7 to 1 863 Samvat ,

rev,:muos wc ro c�) llectf, d i n B-1 ra ?.nd Pars a by Subba Sh..4kti
Ballabh P�1tlhy·e."J.S
. I ou arv Ler ;by orde ro d to' realiz e a.11 arrears
of reve nu,; f or thi s p GrioC. aad hand o ver the proce eds f o rth­
with through Vaiyak:iro.n Pndh:>'9.."J.S"

Mondays, .Kartik Badi 1 0 , 1 867

Regmi Rosear·ch Co llection , Vo l. 38 , : p. 576 �

3 . Ri tua l Offerings

To Kaj i :aaria dur Bhr-u1dari and Bakshi Dasha.rath Khatri :

" On the occf-l.s ion of Moshe 3ankrn.n ti (Ba.isa.kh 1 , 1867 ) , we
had made ri tua l o ffe rings as f o llows from revenues co llocto d
from all s o urces in �he z-+ngci o m , ex cep t in the region be tween
the Bheri river and Garh , and pro ce eds of the darshan-bhest
levy c o llectad from diffe ren t comp anies of the army .

1 0 1 j ars .-j f water fr0 m Gango tri offered"J.S

. to · s � Sa'.tabe.ndha ·
Ra.moshwara , at Rs . 66 eR-ch ••• • • • ••• Rs : 6 , 666 .

20 d,, • � t · Rs • 5 1- 1 2 each .. . . < . ·�· Rs. 1 , 035 .

Ri tua l gif ts ( dakshina ) tc the f o llowing five Bra.hmens
1• Kamalp ati Tiwari Rs . 70 1
2• S.ri Krishna Jaisi Es . 700
. .
3 . . JayA-de,v Tiwari Rs . 700

· 4. Ramaba.llabh Pantha Rs. 700 ··•

5. Vidyapati P �nde P.s"J.S

. 700

T o"tal Rs .3,50 1
 88

Since thu · ritunl gifts tc tall.ing Rs . 3 , 50 1 have not been

p4id in full , you qre he r0by orde re d to disburs e the unpaid
amounts P..S fo llows to th':': fo llowing pe rsons : �

1 .. Kama.lpati Tiwa�i ••• . 440-3¼

Rs"J.S

2. Sri Krishna JB :'...S i ••• Rss. 4 3 9 --ei

3. Jay':ld.GV Tiwari •• • Rss. 439 --Si

4. R�..l.!ar1ballflbh Pa...'1 thf: .. ,,. .. Rss. 439-Bi

5. Vid.yap �.ti Panda •• • Rs . 43 9 -ei

..... . ·•
TfJ tn.l Rs. 2 , 1 98-6

Mon:la.y , Kartik 1 0 , 1 867 .

Rossarch Collec tion , Vo l .
Regmi ."J.S 38 r pp . 577-8 .

4 . Cht'lp· Gran t

On Mcn da.y , Kar tik 1 0 , 1 867 , a · p lot of • • • { b lank )

rop8..."'1 iGS of lan� in the 1-1ulci'1 0k area , s i tun ted enst of the
Chhap hc- lding o f Birabhad ra .Kanwar e was granted on Chhap
tenure to Do lwar Khn.was .

Rt3gmi Re sac1x:ch Co llc qti_on , Vo l . 38 r p"J.S

. 578 .

5.. Ban on Force(� Iia.bor

R.oye.l nrd:er ·tc• sn ldi ers ( Sipahi , ti langa ) t�ave lling

through Bis r;,.ngaun : "Hula:'..{i :::, orters a.re living in B isa.ngaun
Village•• . , s ,, we M.ve gran ted th0ra :..;xemption from all forms
.of forced"J.S · labor ( begar:) and �?ro e supp lies of p rovis ions
( baikar ) , excep t hulak s e r-vi .!0S"J.S
. You are , therefore , ordere d
1

not to exact begar o r b�ika:.."' f·r0m tho inhabitants of that

village"J.S ."
. . .. . .. .
Monday , lvi. rtik 1 0 , 1 867 .
• - ,

Regmi Res e arch Co llocti�n , V i l . 38"J.S � p . 578 . ·

The s.a.'Il e day , S f\ ldiers tre.velling - thro ugh villages

under the j urisdicti<:n of ·padm!lllidhi Upreti , as well as the
, Dhllrr'.l')ga.un , and Bherung , we re s imi larly
vill ages of Chali spali"J.S
ordered not to exact begar �.nd btp.ka.r from the lo cal inhabi tan ts"J.S ,.
oxcep t for th,� transp ortation of arms and ammuni tion � and
s ick pers ons .

Regmi Res earch Collectt"on , · Vo l . 38 , pp_ . 578-9 .

 89

6 . ChandTI'.bir Thap 9 Sur:1Inoned to Kathwm du

Royal order to Chan•J rabir Thap a : "Blessings . The

cc.m:pany undG r your c 0rnrn.9.nd ha� 11 , ' "' beon placed un der .Aima.n
B ogn.ti. You are"J.S, the refn :!"o , orc.c,red to hand 0ver to him
the colo rs •J f that c·'Hnpai:.�' , as we ll as arms and aroIDJmition ,
3Ild. G ther .s upplies , to hiu , H.nd pre�e n t yours-e lf befo re us."J.S"

Mi)nday , Kartik 1 o , 1 867"J.S

.
Rogmi Res earch Collecticn � V ') l . 38 , p . 579.

7. Sube dnrs Sum..-:1:"" ne .:·� to Kath.IrL.qn du

Royal order t :; Subcd,:.rs u p er.:c.ra Simha Kanw0.r , B ahadur

Khadka , and Kris�?, Upre ti : " Y0u. are hareby ordered to hand
over to Ka.j i Amarn S i mha Thr1pa. a ll co lle cti ons made in Ga.rh ,
whe th;:;r ip oash o r in kiri �: , o btain re ceip ts from him , a.nd
appear b ef or0 us as s o on as v c u re oeive this order . "

i'tfonday , Kartik 1 0 , 1 867

Regmi Res earch Colle c � i0n . Vc- 1. 38 , p . 579 .·
. . .

8 . Res torati on .o f Q•;nfis cated ·P roperty

Royal order t o L"3.Xmi B allr-..bh Va.iclya : "In the year

1 866 Samvct , charg0 s were frr-.mo d agains t you whi le y ou were
on the fron t , and your l�n us ancl o ther property w.ere confisca te d �
Subsequently , ir.ves tigati,.ns re ve a.Lad that there was no truth
in thns o chr:\rgc c . W e , thci-- efo ro , restore y our lands . and"J.S
·
o the r p ro pe rty. Rom in faita.ful to us and use your lands .11 .

Monday , . I'..a rtik 1 0 , 1 867 .

Ragmi Res earch c·o 1le c ti0n , Vo l . 38 , p . 580

Simi lar o rde rs wore is sw3 c1. s epnrately on the same· ;da te
to the fe llowing pers ons as wq ll : Deva Kadyal , Bhawarii
Shankar Pantha , and P.adma.nidh:t 'Jpreti .

Regmi Research Collecti o n "J.S

� Vo l . 38 , p . 580 .

9. Hunting of Tigers

. orde r was 1.SS ,.h3 d on Kartik Ba dl 1 0 , ·1 867 dirl-3cting

A :rnya.l"J.S
Bhin:uµ-aj Suriuwa.r and G�.j eh<lra Sunuw,ar to hunt tige rs , or .trap
them in snares and lti ll_ them, - in the Bagmati..Rosi area. ot .
Pana uti ; . · They were permitted:. _to accept vo luntary oontri�t.ions
from the lo cal people , and wero ordered not to co llec t
anything · by for ce . · � ..

Regmi Res earch Collac �ion , Vo l . 38 , p. 580

.( To be Con tinued)
 90

Minting '.'.l.Ild Coing,ge

Qon tents

1• Royal OrJer tc, KuUu� anda Jha .

2. The Cha.nc"'.ighiss. Ta x.

3. Expe rt· of Cc±ns"J.S

.

4. P o rterag0 Servi oo s f ;1r Min ts"J.S

.

5. Minting cf Gc- rakhpuri C o i ns"J.S

.

1• H.cya.l . Ordor tn Kuli:.m andn. Jha

. ·" An ij f'.ra fc;r �� llecti'"'n of the nirkhi tax has be en
gran t ad tc Hanumanta Simh'l for th e"J.S perin d Shrawan Sudi 1 3 ,
1 873 thr<)Ugh Shrawan Sudi 1 2 , 1 87 4 ·. w t his mon collect
the nirkhi tnx at the cus tcm.�ry rate on each lo ad of copper
s upp lied to the mints at B eni i:inc� Baglung Chaur .tt

T11e s day , Bh.fldra , Badi 5 , 1 873 ( August 1 8 1 6 ) •

Regmi Research C� llo cti on , Vn ll 36 , p . 308.

2. Tho ChP..n din::1isa Tax

R0ylil c rci.er t,o Bepa.ri-Naikes · Buddha.raj , Padmadhwaj , and
Cha.kre.dh::,.r in·"J.S
tutin : "W e ;:1�ve re ceived"J.S
·"J.S
reports that the
'anejy is rlemc'lliding the Ql:rmdighi s a tax at the rate of one­
ourth of."J.S s i lve r supp lied by the Chines e whi ch p asses thro ugh
Lutin . - Nn s uch tax }\as be:: tn cn lLJ ct•� d there ; s o it shall
no t bo collo ctG d in tho f1ltu.re . Dis chq rge yaur tra.di ticna.l
obligations as usun. l unde r.- the authrity of Kapardhar Bhotu
Pando . "
Sunday , P ou.sh Sudi 4 ? "J.S
. 1 873 ( DecembEr 1 81 6 )"J.S
.
Regmi Resen.rch Collection , Vc l . 36 , p . 345 .

3. Export of - <;oins

Separa te royal orders were issued on Fulgun Badi 30 ,

1_f?7l ( F� bruary · 1_8 17 ) tQ e-fficia.ls s tationed at Chis apani­
'. ·Qf\dhi' Rng Sintlhuµ-Gadhi dil'E1cting . them_ to parmi t traders
:_ to tak� ·_awey wi th them to tho,. s outh goods as wall as mohar
�d �Effl, coins : o:f .silv:e r , asharfi coins ( of ge ld) arid · paisa
-ooins J,o f' copper) . H9wevGr , exports of s ilve r and Patna
S_icca. ·at1c1 o the r ( Indian ) c 0 ins we re b3Il?led . "

Rcgmi Resear·ch Co llection , Vo l . 36 , pp . 407-6 .

 4 . Porter�ge S0rvices for Mints

Royal cr,J er to the L:hr-i bi tants ·of Galkot : " You have
complained that porterage services are being exact3d from
you for t ransporting both ?�is a coins and storo s . W e,
therefo re , order that the inhabitants of Galkc t shall provide
porterage s ervices for tr<J.nsp nrting pa.is a c0ins minted at
Baglung Chaur , while th•-:: .s o of Isma. and Musiko t sho.11
transpo rt s tenoss. Ysu no ad not provide porterage servi ces
f_or .coppor anu paisa ccins bo longing to traders . "
Satur4,ay , Falgun Sudi , 6 , 1 6 73 ( March 1 87 4 ) •
H.'ogmi ilesa!?.roh Collecti on , Vo l . 36, p . 409 •

. 5 . Minting o f Gorakhpuri Coins

Royal c rdor t0 H9.numan ta Simha : "W e h0roby gr-ant y-oa

dies for minting Gorn.khar>suri paisq, coins at tho Nagro mines
· with s<n-ap ( patru) copper , subj e ct to a limi t o� . 1 2 ,000
rupees • . a�ter that limit is reached , return the dies to uss.
Do not le t Gorakhpuri paisa coins be used hero . Hand over
suc,h cci.p.ss: t.? . traders foi' supp ly to the s outh ( madhas ) � "
Sundqy, Fnlgun Sudi, 1 4 , 1 673 ( March 1 81 7)s.
· R.;gmi - Rese:irch Series , Vo l . 3 6 , p . 4 1 0 .

( To be · con tinued )

********�*
 92

More Do cuments From Jumla

( Sunday ; Bhadra Sudi 9 , 1 903 )

Previous References
' .
.. 1. " Ad�inis tra tiva Regula ti ons for JtUnla. Dis trict , - 1 794" �
Regmi Rcs ee.rcJi Series RRS . , Ye a,i-_! , ,. No . 2 ; December
1 9 9 , , p • 4;0 •
..
2.
\

" Mis cellan�_ous .Documents on J umla , 1834-1 846 A . D . " ,

� ' Year 3 � Nd . 3 , March 1 971 pp . 5 3-67 .
3. "Regula! icns fo t: ; J�la Dis tri ct , _ !844 A . D . , " Bfil!, year 3 ,
N o . 9 , .::»ep tember_ t971 ·;· pp . 2 1 1 -2 1 4 .
4. "Pric·:; s in Jumla , � 8J6 A . p . , •�, -!Ul§., Year · 3 ,: , No,. 9 , pp . 21 8-21 9
� - . . ' .: .� .

5. "P rivi legc•s of Q-umba in Mugu. ," -_ �-' Xea:r, 6 , No . 1 1 ,

Ncvombor 1 974 , pp. 20 1 -203,.
6. ,i MUkhiyas and _Jimmawals in the Bheri-Ma.hakali Region , "
RRS -, !ear a , No . 1 0 , Octobor 1 976 , p . 200 .
7. 11 The Northorn, BO fdEf r T ra de in Humla, " HRS , 'Yea.r ... 10 , No .
_ 12
De comb -:1r 1 978 , pp . 1 77- 1 80 .
8. "Hovenuc: Co lle c tion in Jumla" , RE§ , ,_ Year 1 1 , No • .1 ,
January 1 979 , p . 1 6 ,.
9. " «1iII1Imwa.l in the Bais i Region" , l:ill§. , Year 1 1 , No . 5 , May
1 979 , pp . 76-77 .
10. 11.A D0 btor ' s End in Jumla". , -
RRS , Y ear 1 1 , No,. , 9 , Septembe r
1 979 , p • 1 29 •
11•
•o . 3 , pp . 33-4 1 ,.
. , RRS , Year 1 2 ,
" Trade and Commercial Taxa tion in Jumla"s -
12. " Mis co llarw ous Cases in Jumla" , Bfil!, Year 1 2 , Bo . 9 ,
Sep tember 1 980 , pp,. 1 4 2-1 43. ._

13. �ForcG d lll.bor in Jumla , A . D . 1 850" , EE§. , �{-ear 1 5 , N o . 5 ,

M�y 1 983 , pp . 77-80 .
14. "Regulations for J umla , A . D . 1 850"s, Im§., Y ear 1 5 , N o . 6 ,
June 1 983 , pp . 89-9 2 .
1 5 ,. "Regulations for the Bhori-.M...'Ulakali Region "' , Rm!, Year 1 5 ,
No,. 7 , J.uly 1 983 , p p . 1 1 0-1 1 ,1 .
16. " Revenue Ass essmen ts in Jumla'! , lY!§, Year 1 5 , No . 9 ,
Sep tembe r 1 983 , pp,. 1 2 9- 1 30 .
II
1 7. " Go ld-r.Iining in Jumla , .RE§. , 'Jear 1 6 , No . 6 , J�e 1 984 .
p . 93 .
 93

18. " Jum.la Affairs , March-June 1 844" , !ill:§. , Year 1 6 , .Nos. 7 ,

July 1 984 , pp . 1 1 1 -1 1 2 .

1 9. " Jumla A.ffairs , A . D . 1 8t-L..:..15 n , llli§. , Year 1 6 . No . 8 ,

Augus t 1 984 , p . 1 1 5 - 1 s1 4 .

20 . "·R evenue S0 ttloment in the Bheri-ltfahakali Region" , � '

.- _:, Year 1 6 , Nos. 8 , Augus t 1 984 9 pp. 1 2 1 -1 25s.

Appointment of Jimmawa.1 in Jeragaun

Royal o rde r to Badri Shr:1...l-i. i � " You have raprosen tad to us

tha t your p revious offi ce has new be en wi thhe ld from you . W e ,
there fore , he rGby o rder that the amoun t of revenue 3.SSas s ed
from th,0 vi llage of Teragaun shall be colle cted by you and
tro.ns mi 1i te d to tho Jimmawal of tho � of Palata. . W e als o
order; that you ma.y appropriate a sum � s1x 1 6-ga.nda -rupe es
from tho pro ceeds of asmani paym<:mts co lle cted in that vi llage
as your emo lumen ts f-or ·dis chA rging the functions of Jimmawal .s"

Sunday , Bhadra Sv.di 9 , 1 90 3 ( Augus t 1 846 ) s.

Regmi RGS G 8 rch Co lle cti on , Vc ls , 80, p . 5 10 •
.Appointment of Jinm1awal in · Kh4tYad
Royal ord9r to Dbaula Shab.i : ''You are he ro by authorized
to nppriopri 1::. tG your emo lumen ts n.s Jimmawal of th1;1 dara of
Kh� tyad , amoun ting to 5¼ rupe u s o:f 1 6 gandaS eac� from the
asmapi revonuci of tha vi J.lago o f • Ro ls l lkot. - Co�leat �
and sirto taxes , us as s ess ed during tho - revenue se t tl ement.sof
the Sa.mva t y_e c.=-..r 1 903 , through Mukhiya.s , and p ers onally hand over
revenue for tho entire dara . "
Sunday , B.h.9-dra Sudi 9 , 1 903 , ( Augus t 1 846 )s.
Regmi Research Colle ction , Vn l. 80, pp . 5 1 0-5 1 1 .

Unauthorized Ran t Co llection in Sij a

Jaladhar Hokaya , a res idont of the vi llngo of Molpa in

the darn. of S i j a in Jumla dis t ri c t , submi tted the following
p e ti ti on t o Kathmandu : " Du.ring tho time. of the Kalyal .Kings ,
· Mani Rnj h�d given our grand-f-atho-r ; · Mmli _Rolaqa , 1 2 muris of
ri ca lands at IB�kim;.;;kh.•1.ra , as · we 11 a.s a homos i te at Gaj apa ta.l .
W o have beon us ing those lands s.in ce th.eh � Tho land.a are now
regis tered in my n�me and I · am- . paying Sirto trutas . on_ th8IIl .,
However , Mani Prasad , Narib�an , and Birchham Shahi are · now · . .· .··
demA.P-ding that I pay ren ts on thos e lands . s"
Royals. Order: "W e hereby order that s ince the laild.ss. f',o r111e.rly
� ven by Mnni Raj aro now rogis to :red in yo.u.r n�e ns . · 1an@o lder a
( raiyat), ynu need · no t pay ren ts on thoses
.s' land
s . "_ ·

Sunday , Bhadra Sudi 9 , 1 903 ( Augus t 1 846 }.

Regmi Rese�rch C o lle c tion , Vo l :. ·0O , p . :51 1 •
 94

Land H-J cl.,mat:. on in Barhabis

Akbn.r Ruwnl of"J.S · Baris�.ti Vi llage in the d�ra of BA.rhabis

in Jumla off ered · to r°eclaim 80 muri s of rice-lands in case he
was granted the right t0 emp loy the lo cal p eo p le on Jhara
basis . A royal o-rde r· va.s '.,l C C '. rdin g ly issued 0n Sunday , B}1adra
, 1 903 ( ii.ugus t 1 846 ) grantin g him the ri gh t to e mp loy
Sudi 9"J.S
the inhabi tan ts of Barisati Vi llage on .Jhara bas is fo r the
co nstruction 0f dams and chann els t o . irrigate 80 muris of
lands at Piligaun and o the r vi llage s "J.S . The rcy A.l order added,
"You are -pe rr;u t ted to ap pr<: p riatc bo th the landlord ' s sh�re
and the"J.S
· cultiv�t::> r' s .share of crops rais �d on th�s 8 lands for
the firs t three y mirs after t h'Jy. are crmverte d int J rice -fie lds"J.S .
From the fourth yoar , y o u may us e 20 muris as y :� ur � chamnl
( on a tax--free basis ) . · On th0 rernc�inin g 60 muris"J.S , p o ta. tax
shall be p a.i� s. t th1.� curre n t rn. tc t o the lima li , in addition t o
the � amount s ti p ulate d f o r thP..t dara . 11

Re gmi Res earch Collection , Vn l . 80 , p . 5 1 2 .

-Ban on Fo rce d · labor in Pans a.y a
Royal or4e:t-· to govGrnrricr� t e mp loy o os a.nu mi li ta. :cy p e rs onne l
trave lli ng th.r o u gh the � of Pnnsay a in Jumla : " Tho thanis of
.
th$-'i-� 4�.::ra ht=i.vff· c0 mp lained t c,"J.Sus . thn.t . yo u harass th em gra a t ly
by .oxac'tfng · p o rte rage s e ri Yoe s and p ro vis i ons wi thout any p ayme n t .
W e · hG�°l?Y p rf,mul g_e.t.e ·tn,is order di re ctin g that in the future
thE.1 . pe o ple of"J.S · · tha't dr:ir:1 Shall no t b0 forced to p rovide -1'ro e
porte:rage ser7.lsces t o any ones, E:xce p t for mi li tary supp liess,
· . sic.k p e 09 le , �ind. supp lios me ant fo r the roy al palace . They
shall als o n (; t be co rnp a lle d to s upp ly p rovi s ions wi thou t any
payment . In c:1 ;:; o y ou l)eed p rovis i ons"J.S , pay ,for them at reasonable
rates . In ca.s o ._ n.try . 6n0 fro <ti,b l,y ex4cts p orte M.go ·se rvice s · 6r
p rovisions wi 'ihout payment , thereby harassing the lo cal pe op le ,
he s hall oc ho .
l�i res p onsible . "
-� . :°. . ., , .•..
- . .-

Sundays, Bhadra SuAi 9 , 1 903 ( Augus t 1 846 ) .

Re gm:i Ressarch Collo ction"J.S, Vol . 80 , p . 5 1 3 .
�· . ,· . ;

&
- tua1· . G; f t f or Re ci tati o n · "J.S Jedas
. of _"J.S
�
'

A.. �oya.i ord� r had been issued in the n ames o f Thani

..: ·.
\ . .. ' -

Dertde.S . - A �rya;. � d ��i Harihar i�che.rj7.a eptitling them to

· :rl tual paymant-,of Rs . 30 from revenue �sse ssed for
a ye �"t ;:t.y"J.S
the village of P aj_re gaun · 1n the dar� of Chandhn.bis in J umla
dis tri ct in cons ideration of rescI'iation of the Ve das at the
. . " te� le o f, ,�and.ma.na.tha . Ano ther royal order was iSsued on
· ;s,�,.. 9 ,!'. 1 901 b�ugwit 1 846 ) re confi rmin g this .: ·. . ·
llliadra �u4t , "J.S
al't'Mgeme n t . I t s tated� -"'"A s before· , re cite the Ve das 1 5 -times
eve ry day thro ughout the ye ar , and appropri ate 30 rup ees of 1 6
gande.S � each from the rsvenue ass essment of the vill age 0£ Pairegaun
in th e of Chandhab-1-s . as rit.ual gift . Rece ive the balance
of the revenue f rom Mukhiyas and hand it o ver pers onal ly to
the J immawal of Chandhabis . "
Re gmi Research Collection, Vol . 80 , p . 5 1 4 .
 95

Mo ra to:rium . on · :l!laJlq,deva .faAA,ya • sI Jean§

Mahadova Pad.hy :J. o f B oh:ca gaun in Jumla s ubmi t ted the
f o llowin g p e ti tion to Ka thm.rmdu : " 11 t the timo when Jumla was
con qua ro d ( by Go rkha ) , my f9 th0 r , Siru Pad hy a. , accompaniGd
the Than.is to the ro y al p al.r,.ce · ( iri KathmR.ndu ) 2.e we ll as the
tho dis tri c t h(, '-J douarters ( raunda j , For thi s , he had to borrow
. large s u..rn.s of rwn ey . My fo ther is now dead , and the cre di tors
have S :J iz ed evor.; thin g , inc luding ::.ands and hou,s eh o ld utens i lse.
The y a ls o char g e in te res t a t more than 1 0 · p e rcen t a. y e ar . How
· thon can !. s �s tain �r s_e elf i:-i Jumlr-...?''

.A. ro y al -a rder was then iss uGd on Sunday , Bhadra Sudi 9 ,

1 903 ( A ugus t 1 84-6e) dira c tin c M9.hac.,3 v� Padhy a • s credi tors no t
t -) de!Ila.Ild any re p cyment for s. p o ri o d of ten y ears , �d s tart
co llecting thf:, i r duo s in inr, tnllmen ts on ly thereaf te r. Mahadeva
pgdhy a· was o r(�er,3 d to p a y t�.x:(:is on his lands an d remain ir,,
Jumlae.

Rc grli. Re,s e �:rch Co lle c t icne, -{ c l . 80 , pp ;; 5 1 4-5 1 5 .

Comn laint Agains t Exacti on of Unpai d Labor S ervi ces

Shankar Bhandari , Poumale Bhtc4':"idarie, Bharmale Bhandari

and Ka lu Ka thayat , residenet.c:: of Mo p nla Vi llage in the dara of
Si j a in Jumla , submietted the fo llowi ng pe titis on to Kathmandu :
"Rakal 9.nd o thers are clai ming th?,t we were their p lowhands
durin g the ti me o f the Ki;l. ly r.l King s . They demand that ei.the r
w e vaca te the ir J.ands or obe y the ir orde rse. They have thus
g :::-ee.tly haras s e d us . Ra.lml has even evi cted us f rom 30 muris
of ri ce-fie lds . "

The fo llowin g ro yal o rt e r was �hen issue d on Sunday ,

Bhadra Sudi 9 , 1 90 3 ( .trngus t 1 846e) : a 0nce the landownership ri gh ts
of the cul tivato r have been confirmG de, . no one is en ti tled to
compel him to work . The c·:, l tivator· shall be given back the
30 muris of rice-fie ldss, an�. he shall p ay the p res cribed sirto
tax there on . "
Regmi Re s e arch C o lle c tion , Vo l . 80 , p . 50 9 .

Land Re c lamati on in Khaty ad

Ga j adhar Jais i and Day a.ram ,Jai s i offere d to reclaim

200 muri.s c f land as ri c e-fi e ld in the Up allo-Khatyad are a of
J umla in cas e the y were grante d au thori ty to exac t Jhara labor
f rom the inhab � tants of a few vi llag ase.

A royal order issue d on Sunday , Bhadra Sudi 9 , 1 903

( A uguset 1 846 ) granted them authori ty to exact Jhara labor for
that purpose from the inhabietants of Up allo-Kh.atyade. The order
a.dde de, " App ro p riate bo th the landlo rd • s share an d the cultivator• a
share of the produce of thes e lands for the firs t three years .
From the fourth y ear , y ou may use 1 00 muris of the re claimed
l ands as y our ™ ch amal . On th� remaining 1 oo murise, p ay the
p o ta tax at rates curren t in the Wa,ra to the Amali wa ry year . "

Regmi Research Co lle c ti on Vo l . 80 , pp . 5 1 5-5 1 e6 .

 96

..
..... "'.'; .� ... . . . . · .• rrigation · in .. J·utiila .

Mandhir Padhya. and Ge lya Rokaya · submistted a p eti tion

to Kathmandu offereing to c onvert 300 muris -of land at
Jhimri chaur in to ri ce -fi :. le. by c cns truc ting an · irrigation
channel from Cha lne Khar·,,;.:a if they were gran ted authority
to exact Jhara la bor fro ,11 the ir1habi tan ts of the dara of
Si j a in Jumla . A royal or<.i er wa.::' then issu3 d on Sunday ,
Bhadra Sudi 9 , 1 903 ( A u.gus t 1 846s) granting them such authority .
tt warned the than is , th8.TiS , JL_i.mmawals , m1.tlmiyas , and ryo ts
of Si j a that po ta tax fo r 300 muris of ri ce-fields would be
reali�ed fr.)m any one wh.J did no t p rovide Jhara lab or for
the consst ruction of the irri gati on channe l.
Regmi' Res �arch Colle ction , Vo l . 80 , p . 5 16 .

Thek-Chha:p Gran t in Gam

. . On Sundays, :ah,adra Sudi 9 , 1 903 ( Augus t 1 846s) , Mu.kti

.Ohhatyal wa8 gr-a.n ted a rE-ike.r homesi te in Papugaun in the
� of Grun on Thek- Chhap tenures. He was enti tl ed to receive
a. s um of nine 1 6� d·a rup e es evse: ry y ear as emoluments '.from the
lo cal mukhiyas in his ca p aci t y c : Jimmawals, and transmi t
th� balan ce o f the revemie as ses sment to th-3 Amali eve ry
year.
Re gmi Researcll Collections, Vo l. 80 , p . 517 .

************