Sudah-Buku Panduan Grammar

Daftar Isi
CHAPTER 1..............................................................................................................................................................2
Rumus Tenses.....................................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2..............................................................................................................................................................3
Tenses dan Sentences.......................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 3..............................................................................................................................................................4
Sentences.............................................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 4..............................................................................................................................................................5
Fungsi Tenses......................................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 5..............................................................................................................................................................7
16 Tenses Nominal..............................................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 6............................................................................................................................................................13
Time Signal for 16 Tenses................................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER 7............................................................................................................................................................15
Passive Voice.....................................................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 8............................................................................................................................................................18
Modal Auxiliary...................................................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 9............................................................................................................................................................19
Similar Modal......................................................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 10.........................................................................................................................................................20
Conditional Sentences......................................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 11.........................................................................................................................................................22
Question Tags....................................................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 12.........................................................................................................................................................25
Causative Verbs.................................................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 13.........................................................................................................................................................27
Adjective Clause................................................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER 14.........................................................................................................................................................31
Noun Clause.......................................................................................................................................................31
CHAPTER 15.........................................................................................................................................................33
Adverbial Clause................................................................................................................................................33
CHAPTER 17.........................................................................................................................................................37
Degree of Comparison......................................................................................................................................37
CHAPTER 18.........................................................................................................................................................39
Kind of Sentences..............................................................................................................................................39
CHAPTER 19.........................................................................................................................................................40
Present Participle...............................................................................................................................................40
CHAPTER 20.........................................................................................................................................................41
Past Participle.....................................................................................................................................................41
CHAPTER 21.........................................................................................................................................................43
Eliptical Sructures..............................................................................................................................................43
CHAPTER 22.........................................................................................................................................................48
Reading...............................................................................................................................................................48
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CHAPTER 1
Rumus Tenses
16 TENSES VERBAL
TENSES
PATTERNS AUXILIARY VERBS
PRESENT TENSE
Do = I, you, they, we
Simple Present Do/does + V1
Does = He, she, it, john
Is = He, she, it, john
Present Continuous Is/am/are +V ing Am= I
Are= you, they, we
Have= I, you, they, we
Present Perfect Have/has +V3
Has = He, she, it, john
Present Perfect
Have/has+been+Ving Idem
Continuous
PAST TENSE
Simple past V2+did+V1 Did = All subject
Was = He, she, it, john, plus “I”
Past Continuous Was/were +Ving
Were = You, they, we
Past Perfect Had+V3 Had = All subject
Past Perfect
Had+been+Ving Had = All subject
Continuous
FUTURE TENSE
Simple Future Will/shall+V1 Will =All subject / Shall = I, we
Future Continuous Will/shall+be+Ving Idem
Future Perfect Will/shall+have+V3 Idem
Future Perfect
Will/shall+have+been+Ving Idem
Continuous
PAST FUTURE TENSE
Simple past Future Would/should+V1 Would = All subject / Should = I, we
Past Future
Would/should +be+Ving Idem
Continuous
Past Future Perfect Would/should +have+V3 Idem
Past Future Perfect
Would/should +have+been+Ving Idem
Continuous
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CHAPTER 2
Tenses dan Sentences
TENS VERBAL
ES PATTERNS SENTENCES SENTENCES
PRESENT TENSE
SP Do/does + V1 I speak English He speaks English
PC Is/am/are +V ing I am speaking English He is speaking English
PP Have/has +V3 I have spoken English Ha has spoken English
PPC Have/has+been+Ving I have been speaking English He has been speaking English
PAST TENSE
SP V2+did+V1 I spoke English He spoke English
PC Was/were +Ving I was speaking English He was speaking English
PP Had+V3 I had spoken English He had spoken English
PPC Had+been+Ving I had been speaking English He had been speaking English
FUTURE TENSE
SF Will/shall+V1 I will speak English He will speak English
FC Will/shall+be+Ving I will be speaking English He will be speaking English
FP Will/shall+have+V3 I will have spoken English He will have spoken English
Will/shall+have+been+Ving I will have been speaking He will have been speaking

FPC
English English
PAST FUTURE TENSE
SPF Would/should+V1 I would speak English He would speak English
PFC Would/should +be+Ving I would be speaking English He would be speaking English
PFP Would/should +have+V3 I would have spoken English He would have spoken English
I would have been speaking He would have been speaking

PFPC Would/should +have+been+Ving
English English
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CHAPTER 3
Sentences
VERBAL SENTENCE (POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, INTROGATIVE)

TENSES
PATTERNS SENTENCES SENTENCES
I speak English He speaks English
SP Do/does + V1 I don’t speak English He doesn’t speak English
Do I speak English? Does he speak English?
I am speaking English He is speaking English
PC Is/am/are +V ing I am not speaking English He is not speaking English
Am I speaking English? Is he speaking English?
I have spoken English He has spoken English
PP Have/has +V3 I haven’t spoken English He hasn’t spoken English
Have I spoken English? Has he spoken English?
I have been speaking English He has been speaking English
PPC Have/has+been+Ving I haven’t been speaking English He hasn’t been speaking English
Have I been speaking English? Has he been speaking English?
PAST TENSE
I spoke English He spoke English
SP V2+did+V1 I didn’t speak English He didn’t speak English
Did I speak English? Did he speak English?
I was speaking English He was speaking English
PC Was/were +Ving I wasn’t speaking English He wasn’t speaking English
Was I speaking English? Was he speaking English?
I had spoken English He had spoken English
PP Had+V3 I hadn’t spoken English He hadn’t spoken English
Had I spoken English? Had he spoken English?
I had been speaking English He had been speaking English
PPC Had+been+Ving I hadn’t been speaking English He hadn’t been speaking English
Had I been speaking English? Had he been speaking English?
FUTURE TENSE
I will speak English He will speak English
SF Will/shall+V1 I will not speak English He will not speak English
Will I speak English? Will he speak English?
I will be speaking English He will be speaking English
FC Will/shall+be+Ving I will not be speaking English He will not be speaking English
Will I be speaking English? Will he be speaking English?
I will have spoken English He will have spoken English
FP Will/shall+have+V3 I will not have spoken English He will not have spoken English
Will I Have spoken English? Will he have spoken English?
I will have been speaking English He will have been speaking Eng
Will/shall+have+been+
FPC I will not have been speaking English He will not have been speaking E.
Ving
Will I Have been speaking English? Will he have been speaking Eng?
PAST FUTURE TENSE
I would speak English He would speak English
SPF Would/should+V1 I would not speak English He would not speak English
Would I speak English? Would he speak English?
I would be speaking English He would be speaking English
PFC Would/should +be+Ving I would not be speaking English He would not be speaking English
Would I be speaking English? Would he be speaking English?
I would have spoken English He would have spoken English
PFP Would/should +have+V3 I would not have spoken English He would not have spoken Eng
Would I Have spoken English? Would he have spoken English?
PFPC Would/should I would have been speaking English He would have been speaking E.
+have+been+Ving I would not have been speaking English He would not have been speaking E.
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Would I Have been speaking English? Would he have been speaking E?
CHAPTER 4
Fungsi Tenses
Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja dalam sebuah kalimat yang di pengaruhi oleh waktu dan
sifat kejadian.
A. WAKTU
TENSES KETERANGAN WAKTU

Present Sekarang/saat ini
Past Kemarin/dulu/lampau
Future Besuk/nanti/masa depan
Past future Kemarin sebetulnya/dulu sebetulnya
B. SIFAT KEJADIAN
TENSES KETERANGAN WAKTU KETERANGAN

Sederhana, tidak ada sedang atau
Simple Sekilas Info
sudah
Continuous Sedang Sedang terjadi
Sudah selesai dilakukan
Perfect Sudah/telah
(sempurna)
Menghitung durasi kegiatan
Perfect Selama .......
(berapa lama kegiatan itu
continuous hari/jam/minggu/bulan/tahun
dilakukan)
Contoh :
1. Sekarang, saya sedang makan nasi. (Analisa: sekarang itu present, sedang itu
continuous. Maka, tensesnya adalah present continuous).
2. Kemarin, aku sudah sarapan sebelum berangkat ke sekolah. (Analisa: Kemarin itu past,
sudah itu perfect. Maka, tensesnya adalah past perfect).
3. Besuk sore, aku sudah mengumpulkan tugasku, pak!
(Analisa: Besuk sore/akan itu future, sudah itu perfect. Maka, tensesnya adalah future
perfect).
C. EXERCISE : Translate into English!

1. Setiap bulan, mereka datang ke Bukit Jamur.
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2. Sekarang, aku sedang tidur di kamarku.
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3. Sampai sekarang, aku sudah mengendarai mobil selama 2 jam.
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4. Tahun lalu, aku pergi ke Bandung dengan keluargaku.
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5. Saat ini, aku sudah membeli 3 rumah.
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6. Aku sebetulnya akan mampir di rumahmu minggu lalu.
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7. Besuk sore, aku pasti akan sudah hafal rumus tenses.
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8. Tadi malam, dia (pr) sudah makan sebelum tidur.
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9. Nanti malam jam 7, ibuku akan sedang membaca alquran.
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10. Sampai tahun lalu, bapakku sudah bekerja di PT Semen Gresik selama 3 tahun.
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CHAPTER 5
16 Tenses Nominal
NOMINAL TENSES
FUNGSI TENSES NOMINAL
PATTERNS SENTENCES
TENSES
Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
PRESENT TENSE
atau STATUS, TEMPAT, SIFAT
I am a student Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
SP Is/am/are+O I am not a student seseorang yang asli/sebenar-benarnya
Am I a student? sekarang/saat ini
I am being a student Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
PC Is/am/are+being+O I am not being a student seseorang yang tidak asli/sebenar-benarnya
Am I being a student? sekarang/saat ini
I have been a student MENGHITUNG lamanya PROFESI, POSISI,
PP Have/has+been+O I have not been a student KONDISI seseorang yang asli/sebenar-
Have I been a student? benarnya sekarang/saat ini
I have been being a student MENGHITUNG lamanya PROFESI, POSISI,
PPC Have/has+been+being+O I have not been being a student KONDISI seseorang yang tidak asli/sebenar-
Have I been being a student? benarnya sekarang/saat ini
PAST TENSE
I was a student Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
SP Was/were+ O I was not a student seseorang yang asli/sebenar-benarnya pada
Was I a student? masa lalu
I was being a student Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
PC Was/were + being+ O I was not being a student seseorang yang tidak asli/sebenar-benarnya
Was I being a student? pada masa lalu
I had been a student MENGHITUNG lamanya PROFESI, POSISI,
PP Had+ been+ O I had not been a student KONDISI seseorang yang asli/sebenar-
Had I been a student? benarnya pada masa lalu
I had been being a student MENGHITUNG lamanya PROFESI, POSISI,
PPC Had+ been+being+O I had not been being a student KONDISI seseorang yang tidak asli/sebenar-
Had I been being a student? benarnya pada masa lalu
FUTURE TENSE
I will be a student Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
SF Will/shall+be+O I will not be a student seseorang yang asli/sebenar-benarnya pada
Will I be a student? masa depan/mendatang
I will be being a student Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
FC Will/shall+be+being+O I will not be being a student seseorang yang tidak asli/sebenar-benarnya
Will I be being a student? pada masa depan/mendatang
I will have been a student MENGHITUNG lamanya PROFESI, POSISI,
FP Will/shall+have+been+O I will not have been a student KONDISI seseorang yang asli/sebenar-
Will I have been a student? benarnya pada masa depan/mendatang
I will have been being a student MENGHITUNG lamanya PROFESI, POSISI,
FPC Will/shall+have+been+being+O I will not have been being a student KONDISI seseorang yang tidak asli/sebenar-
Will I have been being a student? benarnya pada masa depan/mendatang
PAST FUTURE TENSE
I would be a student Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
I would not be a student seseorang yang asli/sebenar-benarnya yang
SPF Would/should+be+O
Would I be a student? sebetulnya bisa wujudkan pada masa lalu (tapi
tidak terwujud)
I would be being a student Mengungkapkan PROFESI, POSISI, KONDISI
I would not be being a student seseorang yang tidak asli/sebenar-benarnya
PFC Would/should +be+being+O
Would I be being a student? yang sebetulnya bisa wujudkan pada masa lalu
(tapi tidak terwujud)
I would have been a student MENGHITUNG lamanya PROFESI, POSISI,
I would not have been a student KONDISI seseorang yang asli/sebenar-
PFP Would/should +have+been+O
Would I have been a student? benarnya yang sebetulnya bisa wujudkan pada
masa lalu (tapi tidak terwujud)
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I would have been being a student MENGHITUNG lamanya PROFESI, POSISI,
Would/should I would not have been being a student KONDISI seseorang yang tidak asli/sebenar-
PFPC
+have+been+being+O Would I have been being a student? benarnya yang sebetulnya bisa wujudkan pada
masa lalu (tapi tidak terwujud)
Do some exercises below!

A. Please, identify the tenses and translate into Indonesia!
Hello, my name is Mike. I am from London. Now, I am studying at London University. I have got one
brother and one sister. My brother is studying in high school. My sister is studying in junior school. We
have grandparents. We always visit our grandparents once a year. They live in Manchester. They have
been living there for almost 50 years.
Last year, we went to Liverpool. We arrived there at 7 pm. Then we went to hotel. I had ordered the
ticket of the room a week before. In the morning, we visited some tourism places. In the afternoon, we
backed to London. When I arrived home, my father and my mother were watching TV. I was very happy.
Tomorrow, I will go travelling with my friend. We will go to Oxford City. We will depart at 7 am, and by
noon we will have arrived there. I will visit the best water park there. I hope I can enjoy my life.
B. Translate the text above into Indonesia!

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C. Translate into English!
TRAVEL KE BALI
Namaku adalah Mike. Aku tinggal di Bandung. Usiaku 20 tahun. Sekarang aku sedang belajar di
Universitas Pajajaran Bandung. Aku sudah belajar di sana selama 2 tahun. Aku sudah mempunyai
pacar. Namanya Jennifer. Dia berasal dari Bogor. Dia sangat cantik sekali. Dia selalu pergi ke salon
setiap hari minggu untuk merawat wajahnya. Aku sudah bersama dia selam 3 tahun. Kita akan menikah
tahun depan. Sebetulnya kita akan menikah tahun kemarin, tapi orangtuanya tidak setuju. Tapi aku
yakin menjelang akhir tahun ini, orang tuanya pasti sudah setuju dengan rencana kita.
Tahun lalu aku pergi ke Bali untuk menghabiskan liburanku. Aku pergi kesana bersama dia. Aku
tiba di Bali tengah malam. Hari sudah gelap ketika aku sampai di bandara. Kemudian aku pergi ke hotel
untuk beristirahat. Aku tidur nyenyak sekali. Aku terkejut ketika aku bangun tidur. “Ini sudah jam 7 pagi”
pacarku mengirimku pesan WA. Aku kira aku kebablasan tidur. Aku segera bangun tidur kemudian aku
mandi. Setelah mandi aku nonton TV sebentar. Aku menonton TV selama 30 menit sebelum akhirnya
sarapanku datang. Aku segera menjemput pacarku untuk sarapan bersama dan bersiap siap untuk pergi
ke Pantai Kuta. Jam 09 pagi, kita sampai di Pantai Kuta. Kemudian kita berjalan jalan dan menikmati
pemandangan di sana. Jam 3 sore, kita kembali ke bandara. Kemudian kita terbang ke Bandung.
Itu adalah pengalamanku yang sangat luar biasa sekali. Aku senang sekali. Aku sudah tahu
tentang Pantai Kuta sebelum aku pergi kesana tahun lalu, dari salah seorang temanku. Sehingga aku
dapat menikmati secara total. Aku berharap aku akan bisa kembali kesana lagi, suatu saat nanti,
dengan pacarku yang lainnya.
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D. Translate into English!!!
No Indonesian English
1 Dia adalah teman lamaku
2 Tahun lalu kamu berada di Palu
3 Bapakku sudah menjadi polisi selama 3 tahun
Tiga tahun yang lalu, ibukku menjadi sekretaris
4
selama 2 tahun
Sekarang aku harus menghafalkan kosakata karena
5
aku adalah siswa yang baik
Tadi malam, keluargaku dapat kenjaga rumahku
6
dengan baik
Aku harus dapat mengatasi masalahku karena aku
7
adalah orang yang jujur
8 Siapa yang tidur disana?
9 Siapa yang menyapu lantai disini?
10 Siapa yang sudah mencuri uangku?
11 Siapa yang sudah mengajar BI selama 2 jam?
12 Siapa yang pergi ke Surabaya kemarin?
13 Siapa yang menulis surat tadi malam?
14 Siapa yang akan mengundangku besuk?
Siapa yang sebetulnya akan memberiku uang
15
minggu lalu?
Dimana teman temanmu bermain sepak bola
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kmarin?
Mengapa kamu akan pergi ke Malang minggu
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depan?
18 Dengan siapa mereka sedang berkelahi tadi malam?
19 Jam berapa dia mandi tadi malam?
Berapa lama kamu sudah belajar bahasa Inggris di
20
elfata?
Berapa kali adikmu perempuan itu sudah mencari
21
kerja?
Bagaimana kita dapat mengerti pelajaran ini kalau
22
kita selalu tidur di kelas?
Adikku laki laki sakit, sekarang dia sedang tidur di
kamar. Kapan kita akan membawa dia ke rumah
23
sakit? Aku tidak tahu, karena aku sekarang berada di
Australia.
24 Berapa harga kamu membeli mobil kemarin?
Berapa kali kamu boleh datang ke pesta itu tahun
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lalu?
26 Siapa yang harus datang tepat waktu?
27 Siapa yang dapat membantuku tahun lalu?
Siapa yang harus menginap dirumahku 3 tahun yang
28
lalu
29 Apa yang harus kamu lakukan besuk?
30 Apa yang sedang kamu lakukan?
31 Apa yang sudah kamu berikan untuk negaramu?
32 Aku malu karena aku tidak dapat menjawab
pertanyaan guruku dengan baik, tapi aku berjanji
bahwa aku akan belajar dengan giat agar aku bisa
10
menjadi presiden
Kemarin aku pergi ke Jogjakarta, aku sangat bahagia
sekali karena aku dapat melihat banyak tempat yang
33
indah disana. Aku tiba dirumah jam 4 pagi dan aku
sangat capek sekali.
E. Translate into English!!!
NO SENTENCE TRANSLATION
1 Mereka sudah tidur makanya mereka tidak
mengantuk
2 Ibuku sedang membantu nenekku di sawah
3 Ani pergi ke rumah pamannya setiap bulan
4 Ani mencuri emas kemarin dan dia tidak sedih
sama sekali
5 Aku di harapkan menjadi generasi terbaik
dikeluargaku
6 Materi yang penting ini harus bisa di kuasai oleh
kita, dan kamu harus menjadi yang terbaik
7 Hidup itu indah, tapi menyelesaikan masalah
dalam kehidupan itu lebih penting
8 Tadi malam aku di beri uang oleh seseorang
9 Bule itu harus di laporkan ke polisi
10 Kita sudah tidak di panggil Mr. Bloon lagi oleh
teman sekelas kita
11 Hari ini panas sekali, tapi aku sudah bekerja
keras oleh karena itu saya akan pulang saja
duluan
12 Bahasa inggris itu sulit, tapi jika kita tidak
meremehkannya kita akan bisa memahaminya.
13 Silahkan berbicara dengan keras, aku tidak
sedang belajar koq
14 Lihatlah!!! Gadis itu sedang digoda oleh pemuda
yang pemalas itu.
15 Kasihan dech gue!!! Udak enggak dianggap lagi
sebagai pacar oleh dia, tapi saya tidak boleh
berputus asa.
16 Apakah kamu selalu datang ke pesta pernikahan
mantan pacarmu?
17 Apakah kita sedang di tipu oleh klien kita?
18 Apakah guru guruku di denda oleh kepala
sekolah minggu lalu?
19 Dimana kamu sudah bertemu adik kecilku?
20 Mengapa kamu tidak memberItahu aku kemarin?
“HE”
Salah satu temanku yang nakal itu adalah Vicky. Dia berasal dari
Banyuwangi. Sebetulnya, dia sangat pandai, mungkin siswa
terpandai dikelas. Tapi kita semua tahu bahwa dia agak sombong,
makanya dia tidak mempunyai banyak teman disekolah. Dia sudah
dinasehati oleh wali kelas berkali kali, tapi dia tidak berubah.
Kemarin dia di kunjungi oleh orang tuanya di kostnya. Dia sangat

terkejut. Dia dibawakan oleh oleh dari banyuwangi. Aku tidak tahu
apa nama jajan itu. Aku juga tidak tahu dimana ortunya membelinya.
Jajan itu dimakan sendiri oleh dia. Kita tidak diberi jajan itu meskipun
hanya satu. Ah, betapa pelitnya dia!!!
Waktu berlalu. Kita sekarang sudah dikelas 9. Sebentar lagi aku

akan berpisah dengan dia. Aku tidak tahu mengapa aku selalu
mengingat dia. Mungkin karena dia mempunyai banyak kasus
11
disekolah makanya aku kasihan pada dia. Aku berharap dia akan
berubah, suatu saat nanti. Entah kapan. Karena aku benar benar
ingin menjadi sahabatnya... menjadi sahabat sejatinya. Sekarang,
selamanya ... dan selamanya. (bersambung)
Hati ini, kadang berubah... selalu berubah ...
F. Translate into Indonesia!

Aku pikir setiap orang akan selalu menganggapku bodoh karena sejauh ini aku tidak pernah
mengapload prestasiku. Padahal, aku telah menulis banyak buku dan saat inipun aku sedang menulis
sebuah artikel yang dipesan oleh salah seorang temanku yang sedang belajar di Amerika.
Tahun lalu, aku diundang sebagai pembicara di Amerika. Tempatnya disalah satu gedung
terbesar disana. Aku datang terlambat. Ketika aku tiba, kebanyakan pengunjung sudah duduk di atas
kursi dengan teratur. Ketika aku melewati panggung, beberapa penari sedang menampilkan sebuah
tarian tradisional dengan indah sekali. Aku sangat terkejut ketika salah seorang panitianya bilang ke aku
bahwa mereka sudah menungguku selama 2 jam. Besuk, aku akan pulang ke Indonesia. Menjelang
Maghrib, aku yakin aku pasti sudah tiba dirumah imutku.
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CHAPTER 6
Time Signal for 16 Tenses
TENSES TIME SIGNAL
Present tense
Simple present Always, usually, sometimes, sometime, occasionally, every
day ,every week, every….., once a day, twice a day, etc.
Present continuous Now, right now, at present, at the moment, etc.
Present perfect Just, already, completely, ever, never, so far,
Present perfect continuous For …, since … , recently, lately, up to now.
Past tense
Simple past Yesterday, this morning, last night, last week, last year, last….,
two week ago, two years ago, many years ago,….ago, in 1945,
(when+simple past,) etc…
Past continuous At 5 pm last night, at 8 am yesterday, at the same time
yesterday ( when+ simple past, while+past continuous)
Past perfect Already, completely, ever, never,, (when+simple past,
before+simple past)
Past perfect continuous For……, since … ,up to yesterday, when+simple past,
before+simple past.
Future tense
Simple future Tomorrow, tonight, next week, next month, next year, next 2
. years, when + simple present, as soon as + simple present, etc.
Future continuous By this time tomorrow, by 9 pm tonight, at this time tomorrow, at
8 pm tonight, at 9 am tomorrow, (when + simple present, as
soon as + simple present) etc
Future perfect By next December, by next July, by the end of this week, by the
end of this year, , (when + simple present, as soon as + simple
present), etc.
13
Future perfect continuous For …, by……, For 2 week by the end of this month, for 3
months by the end of this year, (when + simple present, as soon
as + simple present)
Past future tense
“SAMA DENGAN PAST TENSE”
Exercise : Complete the sentences below!
A. Choose the correct answer!

1. Once in a month, she ……………………….. (make) a chat with foreigner in Bromo.
2. Five years ago, he ….. (be) a seller and he ……… (be) a seller for 2 years. Now he ……… (be) a
manager and up to now he ……. (be) a manager for 3 months. Next year, I am sure that he ….. (be) a
director and by next 2015, he ……….(be ) a teacher for 3 years.
3. Up to now, my brother ……………………………….. (build) his house for 2 years.
4. My uncle ……… ………… (be) in London for 2 months.
5. He ………………………. (just, buy) a new motorcycle in Gresik Mall.
6. Last night, we ………. … (go) to Bali. At around 9 pm, we …….. ………… (eat) dinner at the Sanur
Beach.
7. The floor is clean now. My sister (just, sweep)………………………………… it.
8. Oh my god, look at that. A boy (fight) ……………………………………..with his friends now.
9. When I arrived home, my young brother (sleep) …………………………….. for 3 hours in front of TV.
10. There is a home assignment from my teacher, but no problem I believe that I (already, finish)
…………………. it by the end of this week.
11. Please don’t drop in my house at 8 pm tonight. My family (discuss) ………………….
12. Please don’t drop in my house at 8 pm tonight. My family (discuss) …………………. for 30 minutes.
13. Today Indonesia (be)……… very hot, but yesterday it (be) ……. very cold.
14. My father (work)……. In the factory for many years. Now he (be) …… sick. He (be) ………in the
hospital for 2 weeks.
15. She (never, see) …………… the ghost.
16. I (just, see)..........................the ghost when you walked to me.
B. Choose the INCORRECT answer!
16. When I was in Junior High School, I can run as fast as the flash.
A B C D
17. They are watching television when my parents came.
A B C D
18. All of the teachers must explain about the new materials last semester.
A B C D
19. I don’t know that he is here for 3 hours. I really do not know that.
A B C D
20. Last week Tom went to Bali but he didn’t visited any tourism places there.
A B C D
21. The workers have painted the wall for 2 days, but it hasn’t finished yet.
14
A B C D
22. You must can speak English fluently after joining English Celebration Day.
A B C D
23. Keep silent! My funny pets sleep in its lair now.
A B C D
24. The government must giving the assistance to the victim of Mount Merapi.
A B C D
25. Believe or not! I ever help the immigrant from Africa once in my life.
A B C D
CHAPTER 7
Passive Voice
PATTERNS SENTENCES
PRESENT TENSE
Is/am/are+V3+O A song is sung by me
Is/am/are+being+V3+O A song is being sung by me
Have/has+been+V3+O A song has been sung by me
Have/has+been+being+V3+O A song has been being sung by me
PAST TENSE
was/were+V3+ O A song was sung by me
was/were + being+ V3+O A song was being sung by me
Had+ been+ V3+O A song had been sung by me
Had+ been+being+V3+O A song had been being sung by me
FUTURE TENSE
Will/shall+be+V3+O A song will be sung by me
Will/shall+be+being+V3+O A song will be being sung by me
Will/shall+have+been+V3+O A song will have been sung by me
Will/shall+have+been+being+V3+O A song will have been being sung by me
PAST FUTURE TENSE
would/should+be+V3+O A song will be sung by me
would/should +be+being+V3+O A song will be being sung by me
would/should +have+been+V3+O A song will have been sung by me
would/should+have+been+being+V3+O A song will have been being sung by me
KETENTUAN:
1. Umumnya, yang bisa di rubah ke bentuk passive adalah jika kalimat tersebut menggunakan kata
kerja transitif (kata kerja yang memerlukan object)
15
2. Yang dirubah ke bentuk passive adalah kalimat verbal
3. Cara merubahnya memakai rumus nominal plus V3 (sebelum object)
4. Subject dalam kalimat verbal menjadi object dalam kalimat passive di dahului “by”
5. Object dalam kalimat verbal menjadi subject dalam kalimat passive
6. Kata kerja dirubah menjadi V3
7. Auxiliary verbs (tobe) menyesuaikan jenis tenses
8. Kata ”by” bisa digunakan bisa tidak tergantung kebutuhan (ada objectnya tidak)
9. Jadi, rumus umumnya adalah TOBE+V3 ( dalam bahasa Indonesia di artikan di/ter)
EXERCISE: ACTIVE TO ACTIVE
1. A: You eat rice every day.

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
2. A: She is losing money in the garden.

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
3. A: We had not already brought a bag.

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
4. A: My father was not fixing the cycle last night

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
5. A: We have not been looking at TV for 2 hours

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
6. A: He doesn’t not meet Tom and Bob

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
7. A: Can he understand this material?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
8. A: Did he feed his pet last week?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
9. A: Must you promote your product?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
10. A: Do you do your home assignments?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
11. A: Does it do its?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
12. A: Did it do it?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
13. A: Have you been writing a letter?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
14. A: Will I be visiting my girl friend?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
16
15. A: Was she helping her parents?
P: ……………………………………………..............................................
16. A: Would he have been burning the fire?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
17. A: Will we have held the meeting?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
18. A: They are going to take long vacation

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
19. A: She has to put the flower?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
20. A: You are able to throw the rubbish

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
21. A: Did Marry explain the lesson?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
22. A: We could buy a pencil

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
23. A: Is she allowed to miss her friends?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
24. A: The singer must not sing a song in the bath room.
P: ……………………………………………..............................................
25. A: Had we permitted you yesterday?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
26. A: People will have joined the seminar.

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
27. A: Must we export the wild animal to Japan?

P: ……………………………………………..............................................
17
CHAPTER 8
Modal Auxiliary
Modal auxiliary adalah kata kerja bantu yang lainnya yang digunakan untuk membantu
pembentukan sebuah kalimat. Seperti halnya tenses, ada tiga jenis kalimat yang bisa di bentuk
dengan modal auxiliary, yaitu modal verbal, modal nominal, dan modal passive.
PRESENT/FUTURE PAST MEANING

Will Would Akan
Shall Should Akan, seharusnya
Can Could Dapat,bisa, mampu
May Might Mungkin, boleh, semoga
Must Had to Harus, pasti
Jika dalam bentuk modal verbal, maka rumus yang dipakai adalah: MODAL + VERB 1
Contoh:
1. She will study hard now/tomorrow.
2. My father can drive a car.
3. You must visit your family next week
4. Yesterday, they had to sleep under the bridge
5. Last month, we could do the job well
6. We should go to the movie theatre
Jika dalam bentuk nominal, maka modal auxiliary menggunakan pola : MODAL + BE+
OBJECT.
Contoh:
1. You must be patient, brother.
2. I can be at your school at 9 pm.
3. We had to be in time last meeting.
4. Jack may be sick now.
5. Merry could be angry last night.
6. You must be Jimmy, right?
18
Jika dalam bentuk Passive, maka modal auxiliary menggunakan pola : MODAL + BE + V3 +
OBJECT.
Contoh:
1. Mike can be punished by his teacher.
2. We may be colonized by American.
3. Our president will be visited be his civilians.
4. I must be received at state university next July.
5. This duty had to be done well.
6. The poor could be given money by the rich.
CHAPTER 9
Similar Modal
Similar modal adalah sekelompok kata yang menyerupai modal secara fungsi dan arti.
Seperti halnya tenses dan modal auxiliary sebelumnya, ada tiga jenis kalimat yang bisa di
bentuk dengan similar modal, yaitu verbal, nominal, dan passive.
PRESENT/FUTURE/PAST SIMILAR MODAL MEANING

Will/would Be going to Akan
Shall/sould Be supposed to Akan, seharusnya
Can/could Be able to Dapat,bisa, mampu
May/might Be allowed to Mungkin, boleh, semoga
Must/had to Have to/has to Harus, pasti
*Be dalam hal ini adalah tobe (is am are/was were/be)
Jika dalam bentuk verbal, maka pola yang dipakai adalah:
SIMILAR MODAL + VERB 1

Contoh:
1. Marry is going to take her vacation next week (pengganti will)
2. My neighbor was able to arrest the criminals last night. (pengganti could)
3. Our head master has to give motivation to the students (pengganti must).
4. Last year, we were allowed to create an experiment at our campus. (pengganti might)
5. You have to study hard (pengganti must)
Jika dalam bentuk nominal, maka modal auxiliary menggunakan pola :
SIMILAR MODAL + BE+ OBJECT

Contoh:
1. Every student is going to be clever if they study continuously.
2. Your best friend is able to be crazy to know this job.
3. You have to be in Surabaya at 7 pm tomorrow.
4. Your sister was allowed to be a doctor 3 years ago.
5. Jimmy is supposed to be a good boy.
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Jika dalam bentuk Passive, maka modal auxiliary menggunakan pola :
SIMILAR MODAL + BE + V3 + OBJECT

Contoh:
1. The seminar has to be attended by the lecturers.
2. The bad girl was able to be advised by her parents.
3. The best bird in the world is going to be sold in the exhibition.
4. This job is supposed to be done carefully.
5. The regulation had to be obeyed by all participants.
CHAPTER 10
Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian yang berfungsi untuk mengandaikan

sesuatu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia kita biasanya menggunakan kata seandainya, andaikata,
seumpama, jikalau, jika, dan lain lain. Pengandaian dalam bahasa Inggris terbagi menjadi 3,
yaitu pengandaian dimasa depan, pengandaian dimasa sekarang, dan pengandaian dimasa
lampau (penyesalan).
1. TYPE 1 : REAL FUTURE (bisa saja terwujud dimasa depan/ jika nanti.....)
If + Simple Present + Simple future
Examples:
A. If I have money, I will treat you
B. If you give me money, I will thank to you day and night
C. If she is received to be a secretary, she will make a thanksgiving party
D. If I become a president, I will give you a tender
E. If you school is selected to be the best school in Gresik, you will be proud.
2. TYPE 2 : UNREAL PRESENT (tidak mungkin terjadi dimasa sekarang/ jika sekarang....)
If + Simple Past + Simple Past future
Examples:
1. If I had money, I would treat you
2. If I were You, I would leave her
3. If she were my darling, I would invite her to go around the world
4. If the president of Indonesia were Donald Trump, the businessman would run to
another country
5. If the president gave me that project, I would give him 20% of its profit.
20
3. TYPE 3 : UNREAL PAST (penyesalan dimasa lampau/ jika dulu...)
If + Past perfect + Past future Prefect
Examples:
1. If I had had money, I would have treated you
2. If I had been chosen as a president last year, I would have visited many countries.
3. If she had listened to my advice, she wouldn’t have felt regret now.
4. If the boss had not joined the Lion Air flight, he would not have got a terrible accident.
5. If my father had been silent, he would not have been dismissed.
Exercise! Translate into English!
1. Jika nanti aku mendapatkan rangking satu di kelasku, aku akan mentraktir teman
temanku sekelas.
2. Jika sekarang dia datang, aku akan memberinya uang
3. Jika tahun lalu aku tidak pergi ke Palu, aku tidak akan mendapatkan musibah ini
4. Jika saat ini aku berada di Inggris, aku akn membeli kamus bahasa Inggris terbesar di
Asia.
5. Jika tadi malam aku begadang denganmu, aku akan sudah tahu kejadian penculikan itu.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
21
CHAPTER 11
Question Tags
Adalah pertanyaan ekor yang bertujuan memastikan/mengklarifikasi kebenaran sebuah berita.

Dalam bahasa Indonesia kita biasa mengucapkan dengan “ bukan? atau kan?” dan lain lain.
Rumus umum :
Jika kalimat nya positif, maka ekor nya negative

Jika kalimatnya negative, maka ekor nya positive
A. Beberapa peraturan tentang Question Taqs adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Jika statement positive, maka taq nya negative.
Contoh :
a. She is you sister, isn’t she?
b. You will go abroad, won’t you?
c. He spent the night in hotel, didn’t he?
d. The teachers give an extra time, don’t they?
Catatan : I am a student, aren’t I? (Karena am not tidak biasa disingkat, maka subject I
menggunakan aren’t)
2. Jika statement negative, maka taqnya positive.

Contoh :
a. Today is not hot, is it?
b. They don’t go travelling, do they?
c. We must not smoke in the office, must we?
d. Jim was not climbing Semeru, was he?
e. I am not the best singer, am I?
22
3. Jika dalam sebuah kalimat terdapat kata kata semi negative (never, little, few, scarcely, seldom,
rarely, dll), maka kalimat tersebut di anggap negative (meskipun kalimatnya positive) dan oleh
karenanya taqs nya harus berbentuk positive.
Example :
- I never make a trouble, do I?
- We rarely make a chat, don’t we?
- Mr. Mark seldom gives me money, doesn’t he?
Catatan : jika a little dan a few, maka statement di anggap positive dan menggunakan taq
negative.
Example :
- A few students are in the classroom, aren’t they?

- A little water is good idea, is it?
- A little progress must be appreciated, mustn’t it?
- A few people can speak English well, can’t they?
4. Jika kalimat tersebut mempunya makna negative (meskipun kalimatnya positive), maka dianggap
negative dan taqsnya harus positive.
Example :
- No one is perfect, are they?
- Tommy is absent, is he?
- This duty is impossible, is it?
- Their opinion is nonsense, is it?
- I got nothing on my journey, didn’t I?
5. Jika statement berupa kalimat perintah dan larangan, maka menggunakan will you atau can you.
Example :
- Open the door, will you?
- Don’t disturb me, will you?
- Sweep the floor, can you? (untuk lebih menyangatkan)
- Don’t sleep here, can you?
6. Jika kita mengajak seseorang dengan menggunakan let’s, maka taq nya berupa shall we.
Example:
- Let’s make a joke, shall we?
- Let’s go to the theater, shall we?
- Let’s go shopping, shall we?
B. Beberapa perubahan subject pada ekor/taqs:
1. Jika subject statement berbentuk orang, maka subject taqs harus he, she, atau they jika plural.
Example :
- They boy is very smart, isn’t he?
- The girls were told to give up smoking, weren’t they?
- Tom must be busy right now, mustn’t he?
- Janet keeps the house alone, doesn’t she?
23
2. Jika subject statement berbentuk benda atau binatang, maka subject taqs harus berbentuk it.
Example :
- The chicken is fed by the owner, isn’t it?
- The computer in the room will be fixed soon, won’t it?
- The plane got an iccident, didn’t it?
3. Jika subject statement menggunakan adjective pronoun, maka subject taqs merujuk pada kata
benda setelah pronoun.
Contoh :
- My father : He (My father is getting sick, isn’t he?
- My friends : They (My friends have been there, haven’t they?
- Your darling : He/she (Your darling misses you so much, doesn’t she/he?
- His dog : It (His dog barks every night, doesn’t it?
4. Jika subject berbentuk I atau we dan (you, they, he, she, john), maka subject taqs menjadi we.
Contoh :
- You and I are the best friends, aren’t we?
- I and she went to Bali last week, didn’t we?
5. Jika subject berbentuk you dan (they, he, she, john), maka subject taqs menjadi you.
Contoh :
- You and they were panic, weren’t you?
- You and john haven’t got door prize, have you?
6. Jika subject berbentuk he/she dan (they, he, she, john), maka subject taqs menjadi they.
Contoh:
- He and she work hard every day, don’t they?
- They and he had admitted, hadn’t they?
7. Jika subject berupa no one, nobody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody maka subject
taqs nya menjadi THEY.
Example :
- Someone is coming, aren’t they?
- Everybody has taken the job, haven’t they?
- Nobody believed you story, did they?
8. Jika subject berupa nothing, something, everything, this, that maka subject tagnya menggunakan
IT.
Example :
- Something can happen today, can’t it?
- Everything is possible, isn’t it?
- This is bad idea, isn’t it?
CATATAN : jika these dan those maka menggunakan subject tags THEY.
These are your doing, aren’t they?
Those have caused trouble, haven’t they?
24
CHAPTER 12
Causative Verbs
Causative verb adalah sekelompok kata kerja yang menyebabkan seseorang melakukan
sesuatu. Ada 3 formula yang bisa dipakai dalam pokok bahasan ini, yaitu dengan
memasangkan kata kerja dengan to infinitive, bare infinitive dan past participle.
1. Active Causative (active objet)
a. Using bare infinitive (have, make, help, let)
S + have/make/let/help + Object 1 + bare infinitive + Object 2
Example:
- My mother has me drink milk every morning.

- Had I had you send a letter to the post office?
- The teacher had the student do homework.
- Her parents make her marry to a rich man.
- The police makes the thief admit that he stole the money in a Bank.
- John makes her girl go home, because tonight is too night for the girl.
- My brother helps me wash my car.
25
b. Using “to infinitive” (get, allow, help)
S + Get/Allow/Help + Object 1 + to infinitive + Object 2
Examples:
- The skipper gets the servant to arrange the chair that will be to his party.
- Her sister got her brother to take her home.
- Siska has got Anton to do her homework.
- My brother helps me to wash my car.
2. Passive Causative (passive object)
S + Causative Verbs + Object + Verb 3
Example:
- The director has the letter typed.

- I got my room cleaned.
- He got his car washed.
- The girl makes her parents visited.
- The president had this country respected.
26
CHAPTER 13
Adjective Clause
Adjective clause adalah sebuah clause yang berfungsi untuk menjelaskan

kata benda di depannya. (it is a clause to explain a noun). Ada beberapa macam
adjective clause, sebagai subject, object, kepemilikan (possessive), tempat dan
waktu.
a. As subject ( who: orang, which: benda dan binatang, that : orang, benda dan
binatang)
The boy will go to Pare (main clause)

He wants to master English (sub clause)
Menjadi : The boy who wants to master English will go to Pare
The boy that wants to master English will go to Pare
Penjelasan : the boy adalah main noun, He adalah pronoun (kata ganti). Karena main
noun di depan makan adjective clause membelah ditengah. Posisi HE adalah sebagai
subject (pada sub clause), maka dari itu disebut adjective clause as subject.
I know the boy

He can speak English very well
Menjadi : I know the boy who can speak English very well
I know the boy that can speak English very well
Penjelasan : The boy adalah main noun. Karena bertempat dibelakang maka adjective
clause tinggal di sambungkan saja. Posisi HE adalah sebagai subject (pada sub clause),
maka dari itu disebut adjective clause as subject.
b. As object ( whom: orang, which: benda dan binatang, that : orang, benda dan
binatang)
27
- The girl is my sister
- My teacher loves her very much
Menjadi : The girl whom my teacher loves very much is my sister
The girl that my teacher loves very much is my sister
The girl ----- my teacher loves very much is my sister
Penjelasan : The girl adalah main noun,dan her adalah pronoun (kata ganti the girl).
Karena main noun di depan makan adjective clause membelah ditengah. Posisi her
adalah sebagai object (pada sub clause), maka dari itu disebut adjective clause as
object.
- I will buy the book

- My lecturer copied it yesterday
Menjadi : I will buy the book which my lecturer copied yesterday
I will buy the book that my lecturer copied yesterday
I will buy the book ------ my lecturer copied yesterday
Penjelasan : The book adalah main noun. Karena bertempat dibelakang maka adjective
clause tinggal di sambungkan saja. Posisi IT adalah sebagai object (pada sub clause),
maka dari itu disebut adjective clause as object.
c. As possessive ( menggunakan whose)

1. As subject
- The man is my uncle
- His family is living in Japan
Menjadi : The man whose family is living in Japan is my uncle
Penjelasan : His family = whose family ( as subject karena posisinya sebagai
subject pada sub clause)
2. As object
- The tiger eats three kids
- Everybody likes its skin
Menjadi : The tiger whose skin everybody likes eats three kids
Penjelasan : Its skin= whose skin ( as object karena posisinya sebagai object
pada sub clause)
d. As place (menggunakan where)

- The street is Hayam Wuruk No. 17 Surabaya
- She got an accident there
Menjadi : The street where she got an accident is Hayam Wuruk No. 17 Surabaya
The street in which she got an accident is Hayam Wuruk No. 17 Surabaya
The street that she got an accident is Hayam Wuruk No. 17 Surabaya
The street ---- she got an accident is Hayam Wuruk No. 17 Surabaya
- I always remember the museum

- I visited there last year
Menjadi : I always remember the museum where I visited last year
I always remember the museum in which I visited last year
I always remember the museum that I visited last year
I always remember the museum ----- I visited last year
28
e. As time (menggunakan when)
- The day is unforgettable
- I expressed my feeling then
Menjadi : The day when I expressed my feeling is unforgettable
The day on which I expressed my feeling is unforgettable
The da that I expressed my feeling is unforgettable
The day ---- I expressed my feeling is unforgettable
- She will never forget the year

- She got married then
Menjadi : She will never forget the year when she got married.
She will never forget the year on which she got married.
She will never forget the year that she got married.
She will never forget the year ----- she got married.
EXERCISE 1 : Please combine the two sentences!
1. The boy is very handsome. He will become the policeman.

.................................................................................................................................
2. The girl is very beautiful. She must get married next week.
.................................................................................................................................
3. I like the teacher. He never gives homework in the class.
.................................................................................................................................
4. I dislike the headmaster. He always gives punishment to the student.
.................................................................................................................................
5. You always debate about the topic. It becomes the hot issue in Indonesia.
.................................................................................................................................
6. The politician is Mr. Jokowi. Everybody likes him.
.................................................................................................................................
7. The honor person is Mr. Prabowo. Every person hopes him to be a president.
.................................................................................................................................
8. I met Agnes Maunikah. My brother visited her last week.
.................................................................................................................................
9. The scenario is very brilliant. All people are proud of it.
.................................................................................................................................
10. You will not forget your mother. Your family misses her very much.
.................................................................................................................................
11. The professor is very smart. His thought makes people surprised.
.................................................................................................................................
12. The kidnapper is very cruel. The people have known his identity.
.................................................................................................................................
13. We will never respect to the person. His moral is broken.
.................................................................................................................................
14. I have sold the dog. You admire its color.
.................................................................................................................................
15. The river is located in Solo. I sought for the fish there.
.................................................................................................................................
16. The morning is very beautiful. I got a special gift from my darling then.
29
................................................................................................................................
ECERCISE 2: Translate into Indonesia!
1. The man who can show me the world will be my priority for my husband.
2. The teacher who is teaching in the classroom will be my uncle.
3. The officer that we are waiting for is Ms. Een.
4. Everybody knows the director who always gives motivation to everyone.
5. The best student in my class is the boy whom the school sent to Usa.
6. Marry stole the printer which is put on the table.
7. The crocodile which was sold yesterday will be given to the winner that joined the
competition last week.
8. Tom is a leader of organization in Indonesia. He likes to discuss about the case which all
Indonesian are talking about.
9. The best president candidate is that the presidents who can down the price of the
product which the civilians need every day.
10. The box that has been fixed by a man who usually visits my father is the rubbish box
which was imported from Singapore.
EXERCISE 3: Translate into English!!!

1. Aku harus bisa mengalahkan rasa yang selalu membuat ku malas untuk belajar.
2. Orang yang mereka nasihati tahun lalu itu adalah orang yang akan kita bantu minggu
depan.
3. Menghadapi anak yang selalu melaporkan kesalahan kita kepada ibunya itu tidaklah
menyenangkan.
4. Mereka mendownload music yang di nyanyikan oleh Agnes Maunikah tahun lalu.
5. Orangtua itu sangat bangga kepada anaknya yang mendpatkan rangking tertinggi
disekolahnya.
6. We wajib menghadap kepala desa yang akan di demo oleh warganya itu.
7. Kehidupan yang akan kita hadapi ini adalah kehidupan yang sangat indah dan
menyenangkan.
8. Cinta yang kamu puja puja itu tidak akan membuatmu kenyang jika perutmu lapar.
9. Hewan hewan yang president lindungi itu adalah hewan langka yang di impor dari Italia.
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10. Mengapa kamu harus menunggu orang yang tidak punya perasaan sama sekali?
CHAPTER 14
Noun Clause
Noun clause adalah clause as noun, dan noun biasanya bertempat sebagai subjet dan
object dalam sebuah kalimat. Oleh karena itu bisa dikatakan bahwa noun clause adalah clause
yang bertempat sebagai subject atau sebagai object dalam sebuah kalimat.
A. AS OBJECT
1. Menggunakan QUESTION WORDS (where, when, what, how, why, how long, what
time, dll)
a. I do not know where she lives.
b. I remember where she told me about that.
c. You think what you are.
d. I don’t care with whom she went to Bandung yesterday.
2. Menggunakan WHETHER/IF.
a. She does not care whether you permit her (or not).
b. I don’t know if I can use this way (not).
c. You don’t understand whether she will come (or not).
3. Menggunakan THAT
a. I do not think that English is difficult.
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b. I know that you are beautiful.
c. I have predicted that you will pass the test.
B. AS SUBJECT
1. Menggunakan QUESTION WORDS (where, when, what, how, why, how long, what
time, dll)
a. What you said yesterday will not influence him.
b. Where you stay is not my business.
c. What your profession is is not my interest.
d. Why you buy me an account really show your true color.
2. Menggunakan WHETHER/IF
a. Whether you understand or not is not my problem.
b. Whether you go or not will not give me any attention.
c. Whether she asks apologies or not is my internal business.
d. Whether they come or not doesn’t worry me.
3. Menggunakan THAT
a. That you will visit three countries is sensational.
b. That she is very beautiful is reality, right?
c. That English is important is a fact.
d. That she is still alive really confuses many analysts.
EXERCISE: Which one is as object or subject?

1. I don’t think that she is happy.
2. If she knows is good news.
3. We will discuss what teachers want.
4. They can ask them whether he understands or not.
5. I will tell you just what I know.
6. With whom she goes to a movie is not important.
7. That you will buy me a car is good and I will give what you need.
8. I forget how many meetings we still have.
9. I cannot remember how often she goes travelling.
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10. Where she lives makes everyone confused.
CHAPTER 15
Adverbial Clause
Adverbial clause adalah sebuah clause yang bertempat sebagai kata keterangan
(adverb) dalam sebuah kalimat. Adverbial clause biasanya menjelaskan kata kerja yang
diikutinya. Kadang kala bertempat setelah object, sebelum subject, atau setelah kata kerja
intransitive.
Berikut perbedaan adverb bisa, adverbial phrase dan adverbial clause:

- I was reading a book seriously (adverb biasa)
- I was reading a book at 7 pm last night (adverbial phrase)
- I was reading a book when you called me last night (adverbial clause)
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CHAPTER 16
GERUND
Definition: A noun made from V-ing (and take position as noun)
1. Gerund as subject
Example:
- Writing gives me a lot of fun.
- Fishing is my hobby
- Drinking alcohol is bad habit
2. Gerung as object
Example:
- I like reading
- She cannot enjoy travelling
- Her bad habit is stealing money.
3. Gerung as noun modifier
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(Swimming pool/meeting hall/ meeting room/ dining room/ leaving room/parking
area/smoking area/waiting room/gathering party, etc)
Examples:
- The smoking room in the air port is dirty.
- The porter is building the waiting room.
4. Gerung as short prohibition
(No smoking/ no cheating/ no climbing/ no speaking/ no scratching/ no parking/ no
sleeping, no eating, no drinking alcohol, Etc)
Examples:
- The headmaster put the notice “No Cheating” in every classroom’s door.
- “No climbing” notice is the thing that I always read in Borobudur Temple.
5. Gerund after preposition
A. Free preposition (after/before/without/beside/on/in/by/etc)
- After working along day, he gets tired.
- Without praying to your god, your effort is nothing.
- Beside learning English, I try to learn Arabic.
B. Bond/connected preposition
1. Verbs + preposition + gerund
(Accuse of/approve of/confess to/count on/depend on/dream about/give up/go
on/keep on/put off/etc.)
- My sister has been accused of corrupting money in her company.
- Never give up working hard to get a better future.
- My daily routine is dreaming about attending oversees college.
2. Adjective + preposition + gerund
(Accustomed to/afraid of/capable of/fond of/interested in/sorry for/tired
of/successful in/intent on.etc.)
- She is afraid of speaking English
- I am interested in participating debate contest
3. Nouns +preposition + gerund
(Art of/chance of/choice of/habit of/excuse for/importance of/method of/reason
for/right of/opportunity of, etc.)
- I do enjoy the art of loving you.
- There are many methods of teaching English for young children.
6. Gerund after adjective
(Beautiful meeting/unforgettable travelling/ good speaking/etc)
- I will always remember my unforgettable travelling)
7. Gerung after possessive adjective
(Our meeting, your giving, Mike’s understanding, his listening, etc)
- Thanks for your giving.
8. Gerund after demonstrative pronoun and article
(That building, this painting, those trainings, the building, etc)
- This painting interacts many visitors
9. Gerund after question words (what/which/whose/how many)
(How many meetings, what painting, which feeling, etc)
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- How many meetings do you still have?
10. Gerund after time ( day/week/month/year/o’clock, etc)
(Sunday meeting, annual travelling, January gathering, etc)
- I miss my annual travelling with my family.
11. Gerund after numbers
a. Cardinal number (one meeting/two meetings/three paintings.etc)
b. Ordinal number ( first meeting/second feeling/third hunting/etc)
12. Gerund after special verbs
1. Special verbs + gerund = they have passive meaning
(Need/want/deserve/require)
- My house need renovating (not to be renovated)
- She deserves admiring by all boys.
2. Verbs + gerund = they have active meaning
(Admit/advise/anticipate/avoid/appreciate/consider/delay/denay/like/dislike/enjoy/
keep/suggest/tolerate/practice/finish/mind,etc.)
- The spunky student always practices speaking every day.
- I have finished reading this novel, thanks god.
3. Verbs + to infinitive = they have active meaning
(Effort, agree-disagree/appear/ask/arrange/beg/claim/decide/expect/hope/
learn/plan/offer/prepare/promise/struggle/wish.etc.)
- I will effort to make my family happy.
- She plans to take revenge next competition.
- You must struggle to be the best in your class.
4. Verbs + either gerund nor to infinitive = they have different meaning
(Forget/go on/like/remember/regret/stop/try,etc.)
- I think, you forget teaching us gerund as subject, Sir. Yesterday, you did it.
(forget something you had already done in the past time)
Oh my god, I forget to give you money. Now I will give it. (forget something that
you will do)
- Teacher goes on teaching Gerund even though the students look confused.
(continue the on going activity)
I quit studying mathematic class, I go on to study Biology. (you stop the previous
activity and do the new one)
5. Verbs + either gerund nor to infinitive = they have same meaning
(Begin-start-continue-hate-love-prefer, etc.)
- I begin falling in love again
I begin to fall in love again
- I love watching Harry Porter
I love to watch Harry Porter
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CHAPTER 17
Degree of Comparison
Degree Comparison adalah tingkatan atau derajat perbandingan. Yang bisa di pakai perbandingan
dalam bahasa Inggris adalah kata sifat (adjective) dan kata keterangan (adverb).
1. Kata sifat (adjective); beautiful, long, tall, diligent, handsome, etc.
2. Kata keterangan (adverb); quickly, fluently, lazily, slowly, beautifully, etc.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, terdapat tiga bentuk tingkatan perbandingan, yaitu:

1. Positive degree (tingkat biasa)
2. Comparative degree (tingkat lebih)
3. Superlative degree (tingkat paling)
Aturan perubahan dan penambahan –er dan –est pada kata sifat (adjective)
1. Kata sifat yang memiliki satu suku kata (one syllable)
37
- Cheap Cheaper Cheapest
- Short Shorter Shortest
- Rich Richer Richest
- Great Greater Greatest
- Young Younger Youngest
- Sad Sadder Saddest
- Big Bigger Biggest
- Fat Fatter Fattest
2. Kata sifat (adjective) yang terdiri lebih dari 2 suku kata (more than two syllables)
- Patient More patient Most patient
- Serious More serious Most serious
- Expensive More expensive Most expensive
- Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
- Diligent More diligent Most diligent
- Careful More careful Most careful
- Difficult More difficult Most difficult
3. Jika kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata (two syllables) dan berakhiran dengan: er, ow, le,
some, dan y (dibelakang huruf mati), maka menguunakan –er, dan –est.
- Clever Cleverer Cleverest
- Narrow Narrower Narrowest
- Simple Simpler Simplest
- Handsome Handsomer Handsomest
- Pretty Prettier Prettiest
4. Degree comparison kata sifat yang tak beraturan, maksudnya tidak menggunakan penambahan –
er / -est maupun more dan most
- Good Better Best
- Bad Worse Worst
- Little Less Least
- Late Later, latter Latest, last
- Old Elder, older Eldest, oldest
- Near Nearer Nearest, next
- Much/many More Most, dll.
*Penggunaan degree comparison dalam kalimat:
1. Positive degree
FORMULA: Subject + Verb + As + Positive Degree + Noun/Pronoun
Contoh :
- Gresik is as hot as Surabaya
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- The man is as tall as I am
- Your job is as difficult as my job
- English is as easy as mathematic
- My girl is as honest as my sister
2. Comparative degree
FORMULA : Subject + Verb + Comprative Degree + Than + Noun/Pronoun
Contoh :
- My mother is more beautiful than your mother is.
- She worked harder than he did (him)
- You are more diligent than I am
- We are better than they
- This year travelling is more interesting that last year travelling
3. Superlative degree
FORMULA : Subject + Verb + The + Superlative Degree + In (place)/ Of (plular noun.
Contoh:
- My brother is the handsomest person in my family

- My english teacher is the cleverest man in my school
- Rhoma Irama is the best singer in Indonesia
- This is the craziest moment of all.
- My classmate becomes the best students in the school.
CHAPTER 18
Kind of Sentences
1. Simple sentence
Asimple sentence adalah kalimat sederhana, hanya terdiri dari satu main clause.
Contoh :
- I steal money
- Tomorrow, they will go to Bandung
- Yesterday, we were having breakfast at restaurant
2. Compound sentence
Compound sentence adalah kalimat majemuk setara, terdiri dari dua main klause dan di
sambung dengan coordinate conjunctions ; FAND BOYS (for, nor, and, but, or, yet, so).
39
Contoh :
- I sing a song, and you watch television
- We went to Bandung, but we we didn’t buy any T-shirt
- She must work hard, or I will leave her
3. Complex sentences
Complex sentence adalah kalimat majemuk bertingkat, terdiri dari satu main clause dan
satu sub clause, dan di sambungkan dengan subordinate conjunctions, seperti when,
before, after, because, so that, since, as soon as, if, dan lain sebagainya.
Contoh :
- I was watching TV when my father arrived home.
- After he had got the parcel, he went home.
- I study English because I want to work abroad.
4. Compound complex sentence

Compound complex sentence adalah penggabungan dari compound dan complex
sentence, terdiri dari minimal dua main clause dan minimal SATU sub clause.
Contoh :
- I went to market but I didn’t buy anything because I didn’t have much money.
- After she had lunch, she backed home but she forgot to buy parcel for her mother.
- Because my family is rich, I plan to study in Jakarta and my sister plan to study
abroad.
CHAPTER 19
Present Participle
Present participle adalah kata yang di bentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran –ing pada
bentuk dasarnya (bare infinitive), atau dalam bahasa yang lebih sederhana di sebut V-ing.
Contoh :
- Read menjadi reading
- Write menjadi writing
- Advise menjadi advising
Fungsi present participle:
1. Di gunakan sebagai pembentukan kalimat dalam tenses.
40
Contoh :
- She is playing badminton (present continuous)
- They were making a joke ( past continuos)
- We will have been sweeping the floor for 2 hours (future perfect continuous)
2. Di gunakan sebagai pembentukan adjective.

(Contoh: interesting, exciting, boring, tiring, surprising, confusing, shocking, dll)
Contoh:
- The movie is very interesting
- I was boring and tiring
- The program is very exciting
3. Di gunakan untuk menyingkat atau memendekkan adjective clause.
Contoh:
- The boy who sleeps in the room is my brother
MENJADI: The boy sleeping in the room is my brother
- The girl who studied English is my sister
- MENJADI: The girl studying English is my sister
- I know the woman who is cooking rice in the kitchen
- MENJADI: I know the woman cooking rice in kitchen
4. Digunakan untuk menggantikan (as- since- because) dengan subject yang sama pada
dua peristiwa yang berurutan.
Contoh:
- Because I watched TV all night, I knew the incidents of the plane crash.
MENJADI : Watching TV all night, I knew the incidents of the plane crash.
- Since Tom understands his position, he finally can change all of his attitudes
better.
MENJADI : Understanding his position, Tom finally can change all of his attitudes
better.
- Because she was the best student, she got some awards from her school.
- MENJADI : Being the best student, she got some awards from her school.
CHAPTER 20
Past Participle
Past participle adalah kata yang di bentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran –d atau -ed
pada bentuk dasarnya (bare infinitive), atau dalam bahasa yang lebih sederhana di sebut V-3.
Kadang kadang pembentukannya bisa tidak beraturan (irregular verbs).
Contoh :
- Speak menjadi spoken
- Buy menjadi bought
- Bring menjadi brought
41
- Choose menjadi chosen
Fungsi past participle:
1. Di gunakan sebagai pembentukan kalimat dalam tenses.

Contoh :
- I have bought a new car (present perfect)
- They had gone when I arrived ( past perfect)
- We will have understood his identity soon (future perfect)
2. Di gunakan sebagai pembentukan kalimat passive.

Contoh:
- The girl is visited by her boy.
- The program will be administered on August.
- The book was copied by the studtens.
3. Di gunakan sebagai pembentukan adjective.

(Contoh: Bored, tired, experienced, educated, done, gone, surprised, shocked, dll)
Contoh:
- She got tired after studying.
- Studyng makes me bored.
- My brother is an educated man.
4. Di gunakan untuk menyingkat atau memendekkan adjective clause (dengan sub-clause
berbentuk passive).
Contoh:
- The book which was stolen by my roommate yesterday was my teacher’s.
MENJADI: The book stolen by my roommate yesterday was my teacher’s.
- The citizen who was visited by Mr. President yesterday is my uncle.
MENJADI: The citizen visited by Mr. President yesterday is my uncle.
- I must buy the bird which is sold expensively in the market.
- MENJADI: I must buy the bird sold expensively in the market.
5. Digunakan untuk menggantikan (as- since- beause) dengan subject yang sama pada
dua peristiwa yang berurutan.
Contoh:
- Because I was informed by my uncle last night , I became the first person
knowing that incident.
- MENJADI : Informed by my uncle last night, I became the first person knowing
that incident.
42
- Since I was called as lazy boy in my class, I study hard to change the image of
my life.
- MENJADI : Called as lazy boy in my class, I study hard to change the image of
my life.
- Because she was visited by the new president , she became an arrogant
person.
- MENJADI : Visited by the new president, she become an arrogant person.
CHAPTER 21
Eliptical Sructures
a. Penggunaan so...too
43
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat positive, bertenses sama, tapi beda
subject.
Contoh :
1. You are my close friend. She is my sclose friend.
- You are my close friend and so is she.
- You are my close friend and she is too.
2. She went to Malang. They went to Malang.
- She went to Malang and so did they.
- She went to Malang and they did too.
b. Penggunaan neither...either
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat negative, bertenses sama, tapi beda
subject.
Contoh :
1. We don’t understand this lesson. They don’t understand this lesson.
- We don’t understand this lesson and neither do they.
- We don’t understand this lesson and they don’t either.
2. She cannot answer the question. We cannot answer the question.
- She cannot answer the question and neither can we.
- She cannot answer the question and we can’t either.
c. Penggunaan but
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan satu kalimat positive dan satu kalimat negative,
bertenses sama, tapi beda subject.
Contoh :
1. I don’t recornize him. She recognizes him.
Menjadi : I don’t recornize him but she does.
2. We will explain you this material. They won’t exolain you this material.
Menjadi : We will explain you this material but they won’t.
3. The president must report his wealth. The ministers mustn’t report his wealth.
Menjai : The president must report his wealth but the ministers mustn’t.
d. Penggunaan both...and...
subject/object. Ingat, jika menggunakan both... and..., maka harus selalu menggunakan
PLULAR VERB.
Contoh :
1. As subject ( beda subject)
a. The teacher is teaching English. The headmaster is teaching English.
Menjadi : Both the teacher and the head master are teaching English.
b. He was coming late. The bos was coming late.
44
Menjadi : Both he and the bos were coming late.
c. My father has fixed the house. My uncle has fixed the house.
Menjadi : Both my father and my uncle have fixed the house.
2. As object (beda object)

a. I will give you money. I will give you job.
Menjadi : I will give you both money and job.
b. She must forgive her friend. She must forgive her enemy.
Menjadi : She must forgive both her friend and her anemy.
c. The journalist wrote the news. The journalist wrote the report.
Menjadi : The journalist wrote both the news and the report.
e. Penggunaan as well as
subject/object. Ingat, jika menggunakan as well as, maka bentuk VERB harus selalu
mengikuti subject PERTAMA.
Contoh :
a. The student is practicing English. The teachers are preactising English.
Menjadi : The student, as well as the teachers, is practicing English
b. The professionals join race competition. My neighbor joins race competition.
Menjadi : The professionals, as well as my neighbor, join race competition.
c. My house has been renovated. My rooms have been renovated.
Menjadi : My house, as well as my rooms, has been renovated.

a. I will give you money. I will give you a job.
Menjadi : I will give you money as well as a job.
Menjadi : She must forgive her friend as well as her anemy.
Menjadi : The journalist wrote the news as well as the report.
f. Penggunaan not only... but also...

subject/object. Ingat, jika menggunakan not only... but also, maka bentuk VERB harus
selalu mengikuti subject KEDUA.
Contoh :
a. The student is practicing English. The teachers are preactising English.
Menjadi : Not only the student but also the teachers are practicing English
b. The professionals join race competition. My neighbor joins race competition.
45
Menjadi : Not only the professionals but also my neighbor joins race
competition.
c. My house has been renovated. My rooms have been renovated.
Menjadi : Not only my house but also my rooms have been renovated.

a. I will give you money. I will give you a job.
Menjadi : I will give you not only money but also a job.
Menjadi : She must forgive not only her friend but also her anemy.
Menjadi : The journalist wrote not only the news but also the report.
g. Penggunaan either ....or...

subject/object. Ingat, jika menggunakan either...or, maka bentuk VERB harus selalu
mengikuti subject KEDUA.
Contoh :
d. The student is practicing English. The teachers are preactising English.
Menjadi : Either the student or the teachers are practicing English
e. The professionals join race competition. My neighbor joins race competition.
Menjadi : Either the professionals or my neighbor joins race competition.
f. My house has been renovated. My rooms have been renovated.
Menjadi : Either my house or my rooms have been renovated.

d. I will give you money. I will give you a job.
Menjadi : I will give you either money or a job.
e. She must forgive her friend. She must forgive her enemy.
Menjadi : She must forgive either her friend or her anemy.
f. The journalist wrote the news. The journalist wrote the report.
Menjadi : The journalist wrote either the news or the report.
h. Penggunaan neither...nor...
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat negative, bertenses sama, tapi beda
subject/object. Ingat, jika menggunakan neither...nor, maka bentuk VERB harus selalu
mengikuti subject KEDUA.
Contoh:
1. As subject (beda subject)
a. We don’t understand this lesson. She doesn’t understand this lesson.
Menjadi : Neither we nor she understans this lesson.
b. She hasn’t answered the question. All students haven’t answered the question.
46
Menjadi : Neither she nor all students have answered the question.
c. My father is not here. My brothers are not here.
Menjadi : Neither my father nor my brothers are here.

a. I will not give you money. I will not give you a job.
Menjadi : I will give you neither money nor a job.
b. She must not forgive her friend. She must not forgive her enemy.
Menjadi : She must forgive neither her friend nor her anemy.
c. The journalist did not write the news. The journalist did not write the report.
Menjadi : The journalist wrote neither the news nor the report.
d. She is not beautiful. She is not clever.
Menjadi : She is neither beautiful nor clever.
e. Gresik is not big city. Gresik is not modern city.
Menjadi : Gresik is neither big city nor modern city.
Exercise: Join the sentences using Elliptical Structures!
1. The man is riding motorcycle

The woman and her friends are riding motorcycle
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
2. The girl has corrupted money
The boy and his colleagues had corrupted money
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
3. Our president was in Singapore
The ministers were in Singapore
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
4. The director must lead the team to abroad
The secretary must lead the team to abroad
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
5. The guess had complained the guest
The visitors had complained the guest
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
6. The criminal did not attend to the court
The boss did not attend to the court
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
7. The soldier does not attack the enemy
The securities do not attack the enemy
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
8. The crazy may not enjoy his life

The poor may not enjoy his life
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
9. The rector could not rule the campus
The lecturers could rule the campus
47
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
10. The fisherman has not netted the net
The beach boys have netted the net
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
11. My classmates received many dollars
My roommates received many dollars
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
12. My close friends regretted the news
My old friend regretted the news
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
13. They were researching a current issue last night
She was researching a current issue last night
Menjadi : .....................................................................................................
14. My lectures haven’s tolerated my mistakes
Her lecturer hasn’t tolerated my mistakes
Menjadi : ....................................................................................................
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CHAPTER 22
Reading
A Private Conversation
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not
enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very
angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did
not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. ‘I can't hear a word!’ I said
angrily.‘It's none of your business, ’ the young man said rudely. ‘This is a private conversation!’
Breakfast or Lunch?
It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime. Last
Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. ‘What a day!’ I thought. ‘It's
raining again. ’ Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy. ‘I've just arrived by train, ’ she said.
‘I'm coming to see you. ’‘But I'm still having breakfast, ’ I said.‘What are you doing?’ she asked.‘I'm
having breakfast, ’ I repeated.‘Dear me, ’ she said. ‘Do you always get up so late? It's one o'clock!’
Please Send Me A Card
Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in
public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few
lines, but I did not understand a word. Every day I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly,
but I did not send cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought
thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card!
An Exciting Trip
I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six
months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of
different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small
town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has
never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting.
No Wrong Numbers
Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst.
Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he
has just bought twelve pigeons. Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinburst to Silbury.
The bird covered the distance the first three minutes. Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many
requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. In this way, he has
begun his own private telephone service.
49
Percy Buttons
I have just moved to a house in Bridge Street. Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door. He asked
me for a meal and a glass of beer. In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs. I
gave him a meal. He ate the food and drank the beer. Then he put a piece of cheese in his pocket and
went away. Later a neighbour told me about him. Everybody knows him. His name is Percy Buttons. He
calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.
Too Late
The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. They were expecting a
valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that
thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting
inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane
and carried it into the Customs House. While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others
opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!
The Best and The Worst
Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town. Nearly everybody enters for‘The Nicest
Garden Competition’each year, but Joe wins every time. Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's. Bill works
harder than Joe and grows more flowers and vegetables, but Joe's garden is more interesting. He has
made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool. I like gardens too, but I do not like hard
work. Every year I enter for the garden competition too, and I always win a little prize for the worst
garden in the town!
A Cold Welcome
On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall. It was the last day of the year and a large
crowd of people had gathered under the Town Hall clock. It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time.
Fifteen minutes passed and then, at five to twelve, the clock stopped. The big minute hand did not move.
We waited and waited, but nothing happened. Suddenly someone shouted, ‘It's two minutes past twelve!
The clock has stopped!* I looked at my watch. It was true. The big clock refused to welcome the New
Year. At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing.
Not for Jazz
We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord. It was made in Germany in 1681.
Our clavichord is kept in the living room. It has belonged to our family for a long time . The instrument
was bought by my grandfather many years ago . Recently it was damaged by a visitor . She tried to play
jazz on it! She struck the keys too hard and two of the strings were broken. My father was shocked. Now
we are not allowed to touch it . It is being repaired by a friend of my father's.
50
One Good Turn Deserves Another
I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in. Tony worked in a lawyer's office
years ago, but he is now working at a bank. He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from
his friends and never pays it back. Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table. He has never
borrowed money from me. While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds. To my surprise,
he gave me the money immediately. ‘I have never borrowed any money from you, ’ Tony said, ‘so now
you can pay for my dinner!
Goodbye and Good Luck
Our neighbour, Captain Charles Alison, will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow. We'll meet him at the
harbour early in the morning. He will be in his small boat, Topsail. Topsail is a famous little boat. It has
sailed across the Atlantic many times. Captain Alison will set out at eight o'clock, so we'll have plenty of
time. We'll see his boat and then we'll say goodbye to him. He will be away for two months. We are very
proud of him. He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.
The Greenwood Boys
The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers. At present, they are visiting all parts of the
country. They will be arriving here tomorrow. They will be coming by train and most of the young people
in the town will be meeting them at the station. Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers'
Club. The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five
performances. As usual, the police will have a difficult time. They will be trying to keep order. It is always
the same on these occasions.
Do You Speak English?
I had an amusing experience last year. After I had left a small village in the south of France, I
drove on to the next town. On the way, a young man waved to me. I stopped and he asked me for a lift.
As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him 5 in French and he replied in the same
language. Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. Neither of us spoke during the
journey. I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, ‘Do you speak
English?’As I soon learnt, he was English himself!
Good news
The secretary told me that Mr. Harmsworth would see me. I felt very nervous when I went into his
office. He did not look up from his desk when I entered. After I had sat down, he said that business was
very bad. He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. Twenty people had already
left. I knew that my turn had come.‘Mr. Harmsworth, ’I said in a weak voice.‘Don't interrupt, ’he said.Then
he smiled and told me I would receive an extra thousand pounds a year!
51
A Polite Request
If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it. You will be very lucky
if he lets you go without a ticket. However, this does not always happen. Traffic police are sometimes
very polite. During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car:‘Sir, we welcome you to our city. This
is a“No Parking”area. You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs. This note is
only a reminder. ’If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it!
Always Young
My aunt Jennifer is an actress. She must be at least thirty-five years old. In spite of this, she often
appears on the stage as a young girl. Jennifer will have to take part in a new play soon. This time, she
will be a girl of seventeen. In the play, she must appear in a bright red dress and long black stockings.
Last year in another play, she had to wear short socks and a bright, orange-coloured dress. If anyone
ever asks her how old she is, she always answers, ‘Darling, it must be terrible to be grown up!’
He often Does This!
After I had had lunch at a village pub, I looked for my bag. I had left it on a chair beside the door
and now it wasn't there! As I was looking for it, the landlord came in.‘Did you have a good meal?’he
asked.‘Yes, thank you, ’I answered, ‘but I can't pay the bill . I haven't got my bag. ’The landlord smiled
and immediately went out. In a few minutes he returned with my bag and gave it back to me.‘I'm very
sorry, ’he said. ‘My dog had taken it into the garden. He often does this!’
Sold Out
‘The play may begin at any moment, ’ I said.‘It may have begun already, ’ Susan answered.I
hurried to the ticket office. ‘May I have two tickets please?’I asked.‘I'm sorry, we've sold out, ’ the girl
said.‘What a pity!’ Susan exclaimed. Just then, a man hurried to the ticket office.‘Can I return these two
tickets?’ he asked.‘Certainly, ’ the girl said.I went back to the ticket office at once.‘Could I have those two
tickets please?’ I asked.‘Certainly, ’ the girl said, ‘but they're for next Wednesday's performance. Do you
still want them?’‘I might as well have them, ’ I said sadly.
One Man in A Boat
Fishing is my favourite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not
worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. I am
even less lucky. I never catch anything ---- not even old boots. After having spent whole mornings on the
river, I always go home with an empty bag. ‘You must give up fishing!’ my friends say. ‘It's a waste of
time. ’ But they don't realize one important thing. I'm not reallyinterested in fishing. I am only interested in
sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!
52
VOCABULARY
THE LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
V1 V2 V3 V - ing Meaning
Have Had Had Having Mempunyai
Melakukan/
Do Did Done Doing mengerjakan
See Saw Seen Seeing Melihat
Hold Held Held Holding Memegang
Make Made Made Making Membuat
Build Built Built Building Membangun
Eat Ate Eaten Eating Makan
Choose Chose Chosen Choosing Memilih
Fall Fell Fallen Falling Jatuh
Lie Lay Lain Lying Berbaring
Lose Lost Lost Losing Kehilangan
Bring Brought Brought Bringing Membawa
Buy Bought Bought Buying Membeli
Catch Caught Caught Catching Menangkap
Fight Fought Fought Fighting Berkelahi
Seek Sought Sought Seeking Mencari
Teach Taught Taught Teaching Mengajar
Think Thought Thought Thinking Berfikir
Get Got Got Getting Mendapatkan
Shoot Shot Shot Shooting Menembak
Sweep Swept Swept Sweeping Menyapu
Sleep Slept Slept Sleeping Tidur
Oversleep Overslept Overslept Oversleeping Ketiduran
Mean Meant Meant Meaning Berarti
Leave Left Left Leaving Meninggalkan
Dream Dreamt Dreamt Dreaming Bermimpi
Creep Crept Crept Creeping Merangkak
Feel Felt Felt Feeling Merasa
Keep Kept Kept Keeping Menjaga
Lean Leant Leant Leaning Bersandar
Feed Fed Fed Feeding Memberi makan
Breed Bred Bred Breeding Beternak
Flee Fled Fled Fleeing Melarikan diri
Lead Led Led Leading Memimpin
Leap Leapt Leapt Leaping Melompat
Meet Met Met Meeting Bertemu
Read Read Read Reading Membaca
Begin Began Begun Beginning Memulai
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking Minum
Ring Rang Rung Ringing Berbunyi
Sing Sang Sung Singing Menyanyi
Sink Sank Sunk Sinking Teggelam
Swim Swam Swum Swimming Berenang
53
Come Came Come Coming Datang
Become Became Become Becoming Menjadi
Overcome Overcame Overcome Overcoming Mengatasi
Send Sent Sent Sending Mengirim
Spend Spent Spent Spending Menghabiskan
Smell Smelt Smelt Smelling Membau
Break Broke Broken Breaking Memecahkan
Freeze Froze Frozen Freezing Membeku
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking Berbicara
Steal Stole Stolen Stealing Mencuri
Drive Drove Driven Driving Mengendarai
Write Wrote Written Writing Menulis
Bear Bore Born Bearing Melahirkan
Swear Swore Sworn Swearing Bersumpah
Tear Tore Torn Tearing Merobek
Wear Wore Worn Wearing Memakai
Saw Sawed Sawn Sawing Menggergaji
Blow Blew Blown Blowing Meniup
Draw Drew Drawn Drawing Menggambar
Fly Flew Flown Flying Terbang
Grow Grew Grown Growing Tumbuh
Know Knew Known Knowing Mengetahui
Throw Threw Thrown Thrown Melempar
Dig Dug Dug Digging Menggali
Hang Hung Hung Hanging Menggantung
Go Went Gone Going Pergi
Undergo Underwent Undergone Undergoing Menjalankan
Strive Strove Striven Striving Berusaha
Win Won Won Wining Memenangkan
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Forgiving Memaafkan
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Forbidding Melarang
Cut Cut Cut Cutting Memotong
Let Let Let Letting Membiarkan
Hit Hit Hit Hitting Memukul
Put Put Put Putting Meletakkan
Fit Fit Fit Fitting Memasang / cocok
Shut Shut Shut Shutting Menutup
Bind Bound Bound Binding Membalut
Find Found Found Finding Menemukan
Pay Paid Paid Paying Membayar
Say Said Said Saying Berkata
Bend Bent Bent Bending Membengkokkan
Lend Lent Lent Lending Meminjami
Burn Burnt Burnt Burning Membakar
Learn Learnt Learnt Learning Belajar
Bite Bit Bitten Biting Menggigit
Hide Hid Hidden Hiding Bersembunyi
Sit Sat Sat Sitting Duduk
Spit Spat Spat Spiting Meludah
54
Sew Sewed Sewn Sewing Menjahit
Show Showed Shown Showing Menunjukkan
Take Took Taken Taking Mengambil
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Mistaking Salah mengira
Stand Stood Stood Standing Berdiri
Understandin
Understand Understood Understood g Mengerti
VOCABULARY
THE LIST OF REGULAR VERBS
V1 V2 V3 V – ing Arti
Accept Accepted Accepted Accepting Menerima
Act Acted Acted Acting Bertindak
Advise Advised Advised Advising Menasehati
Agree Agreed Agreed Agreeing Menyetujui
Allow Allowed Allowed Allowing Memperbolehkan
Announce Announced Announced Announcing Mengumumkan
Answer Answered Answered Answering Menjawab
Appear Appeared Appeared Appearing Muncul / Nampak
Apply Applied Applied Applying Melamar
Arrange Arranged Arranged Arranging Mengatur
Arrive Arrived Arrived Arriving Tiba / Sampai
Ask Asked Asked Asking Bertanya / Minta
Attack Attacked Attacked Attacking Menyerang
Believe Believed Believed Believing Percaya
Blame Blamed Blamed Blaming Menyalahkan
Boil Boiled Boiled Boiling Merebus
Borrow Borrowed Borrowed Borrowing Meminjam
Bury Buried Buried Burying Mengubur
Call Called Called Calling Memanggil
Cancel Canceled Canceled Canceling Membatalkan
Cause Caused Caused Causing Menyebabkan
Carry Carried Carried Carrying Membawa
Change Changed Changed Changing Menukar
Clean Cleaned Cleaned Cleaning Membersihkan
Climb Climbed Climbed Climbing Memanjat
Close Closed Closed Closing Menutup
Collect Collected Collected Collecting Mengumpulkan
Complain Complained Complained Complaining Mengeluh
Consult Consulted Consulted Consulting Berkonsultasi
Continue Continued Continued Continuing Melanjutkan
Cook Cooked Cooked Cooking Memasak
Copy Copied Copied Copying Menyalin
Correct Corrected Corrected Correcting Memeriksa
Cross Crossed Crossed Crossing Menyebrang
Cure Cured Cured Curing Menyembuhkan
55
Dance Danced Danced Dancing Berdansa / Menari
Delay Delayed Delayed Delaying Menagguhkan
Depend Depended Depended Depending Tergantung
Destroy Destroyed Destroyed Destroying Menghancurkan
Develop Developed Developed Developing Mengembangkan
Decide Decided Decided Deciding Memutuskan
Die Died Died Dying Meninggal
Disappear Disappeared Disappeared Disappearing Menghilang
Discuss Discussed Discussed Discussing Mendiskusikan
Disturb Disturbed Disturbed Disturbing Mengganggu
Divide Divided Divided Dividing Membagi
Dry Dried Dried Drying Menjemur
Earn Earned Earned Earning Menghasilkan
Memberi
Encourage Encouraged Encouraged Encouraging semangat
End Ended Ended Ending Berakhir
Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Enjoying Meyukai
Enter Entered Entered Entering Memasuki
Establish Established Established Establishing Mendirikan
Expect Expected Expected Expecting Mengharapkan
Explain Explained Explained Explaining Menerangkan
Fail Failed Failed Failing Gagal
Fill Filled Filled Filling Mengisi
Finish Finished Finished Finishing Menyelesaikan
Fire Fired Fired Firing Menembak
Fix Fixed Fixed Fixing Memperbaiki
Follow Followed Followed Following Mengikuti
Force Forced Forced Forcing Memaksa
Fulfill Fulfilled Fulfilled Fulfilling Memenuhi
Gather Gathered Gathered Gathering Mengumpulkan
Happen Happened Happened Happening Terjadi
Hate Hated Hated Hating Membenci
Hope Hoped Hoped Hoping Mengharapkan
Improve Improved Improved Improving Memperbaiki
Increase Increased Increased Increasing Meningkatkan
Influence Influenced Influenced Influencing Mempengaruhi
Introduce Introduced Introduced Introducing Mengenalkan
Invite Invited Invited Inviting Mengundang
Join Joined Joined Joining Ikut serta
Jump Jumped Jumped Jumping Melompat
Knock Knocked Knocked Knocking Mengetuk
Kick Kicked Kicked Kicking Menendang
Kill Killed Killed Killing Membunuh
Kiss Kissed Kissed Kissing Mencium
Laugh Laughed Laughed Laughing Tertawa
Lie Lied Lied Lying Berbohong
Lift Lifted Lifted Lifting Mengangkat
Listen Listened Listened Listening Mendengarkan
Live Lived Lived Living Tinggal / Hidup
56
Lock Locked Locked Locking Mengunci
Look at Looked at Looked at Looking at Melihat
Look for Looked for Looked for Looking for Mencari
Love Loved Loved Loving Mencintai
Manage Managed Managed Managing Mengedalikan
Miss Missed Missed Missing Tersesat / Lewat
Mix Mixed Mixed Mixing Mencampur
Obey Obeyed Obeyed Obeying Mematuhi
Offer Offered Offered Offering Menawarkan
Open Opened Opened Opening Membuka
Paint Painted Painted Painting Mengecat
Pass Passed Passed Passing Melewati
Permit Permitted Permitted Permitting Mengijinkan
Persuade Persuaded Persuaded Persuading Membujuk
Plan Planed Planed Planning Merencanakan
Plant Planted Planted Planting Menanam
Play Played Played Playing Bermain
Point Pointed Pointed Pointing Menunjuk
Practice Practiced Practiced Practicing Mempratekkan
Protect Protected Protected Protecting Melindungi
Prove Proved Proved Proving Membuktikan
Provide Provided Provided Providing Melengkapi
Work Worked Worked Working Bekerja
Wrap Wrapped Wrapped Wrapping Membungkus
VOCABULARY
THE LIST OF ADJECTIVE, PROFESSION AND NOUN
Barber Tukang Cukur

ADJECTIVES
Fisherman Nelayan
Beautiful Cantik Blunt Tumpul Blacksmith Pande Besi
Handsome Tampan Kind Baik hati Tailor Penjahit
Ugly Jelek Cruel Kejam News boy Penjual koran
Clever Pintar Brave Berani Servant Pelayan
Stupid Bodoh Afraid Takut Chef Juru masak
Polite Sopan Humble Rendah hati Dentist Dokter gigi
Impolite Tidak sopan Arrogant Sombong Baby sitter Penjaga anak
Expensive Mahal Shy Malu Passenger Penumpang
Cheap Murah Lazy Malas Mechanic Montir
Easy Mudah Great Hebat Butcher Tukang daging
Difficult Sulit Nice Menyenangkan Trader Pedagang
Cool Dingin Delicious Lezat
NOUN
Hot Panas Dizzy Pening
Strong Kuat Confused Bingung Eraser Penghapus
Weak Lemah Tidy Rapi Board Papan
Fat Gemuk Loyal Setia Chair Kursi
Thin Kurus Honest Jujur Table Meja
Fair Adil Important Penting Dictionary Kamus
Unfair Tidak adil Compact Kompak Watch Jam tangan
57
Big Besar Jealous Cemburu Roof Atap
Small Kecil Warm Hangat Cup board Lemari
Happy Bahagia Patient Sabar Mirror Cermin
Sad Sedih Strange Asing Glass Kaca
Rich Kaya Friendly Ramah Chalk Kapur
Poor Miskin Wise Bijaksana Board marker Spidol
Near Dekat Diligent Rajin Fan Kipas angin
Far Jauh Funny Lucu Scissors Gantung
Long Panjang Stingy Pelit Knife Pisau
Short Pendek Sleepy Ngantuk Rope Tali
Bitter Pahit Tired Capek Candle Lilin
Sweet Manis Angry Marah Key Kunci
Broken
Dirty Kotor heart Patah hati Bedroom Kamar tidur
Kamar
Clean Bersih Thirsty Haus Bathroom mandi
Dark Gelap Dumb Dungu Towel Handuk
Light Terang Fool Bodoh Shocks Kaos kaki
Quiet Sepi Shoes Sepatu
PROFESSION
Crowded Ramai Slipper Sandal Slop
Pegawai
Wet Bsah Officer kantor Sandal Sandal
Dry Kering Reporter Wartawan Ring Cincin
Old Tua Student Murid Bracelet Gelang
Young Mudah Teacher Guru Necklace Kalung
Right Benar Typist Juru ketik Earring Anting
Wrong Salah Dancer Penari Veil Jilbab
Silent Diam Singer Penyanyi Comb Sisir
Fussy Cerewet Clown Badut Broom Sapu
Comfortable Nyaman Driver Sopir Yard Lapangan
Uncomfortabl Kondektu
e Tidak nyaman Conductor r Pond Kolam
Bad Jelek Seller Penjual Lake Danau
Pinggiran
Quick Cepat Farmer Petani Bank laut
Tukang
Slow Pelan Carpenter kayu Jungle Hutan
Tukang
Hungry Lapar Bricklayer Batu Mount Gunung
Kenyang/ Tukang
Satisfied puas Plumber Pipa Island Pulau
Penata
Sharp Tajam Hairdresser rambut Overseas Luar negeri
VOCABULARY
ENGLISH IDIOMS
IDIOM MEANING
Take into account Mengingat
Get along Mendapatkan kemajuan
Every once in a while Sekali kali
Bring about Menimbulkan, mendatangkan
58
Wipe out Memberantas
Talk big Menyombong
Through thick and thin Dalam kesulitan apapun
Think little of … Meremehkan
Pass out Pingsan
Hang together Bersatu
Hang by a thread Dalam bahaya
Hand in hand Bergandengan tangan
Go Dutch Membayar sendiri sendiri
Only fish in the sea Bukan satu satunya gadis didunia
By chance Dengan kebetulan
By choice Atas pilihan sendiri
Blind leading the blind Orang bodoh memberi petunjuk orang bodoh
In black and white Secara tertulis
Bankrupt Bangkrut
All in all Pada hakekatnya
Hang out Bersantai santai
Make up Mengada ada, membuat buat
Players on the bench Pemain cadangan
Out of luck Sial
Read between the lines Mengetahui yang tersirat
Sooner and later Lama kelamaan
So what Saya tidak peduli
Take … for granted Menganggap wajar
Take the trouble Merepotkan diri
Turn in Mendengarkan
Trial and error Mencoba coba
Under cover Secara tersembunyi
Walk out Mogok
Walking paper Surat pemecatan
Weigh upon Membebani
In behalf of Atas nama
In line with Sesuai dengan
Keep in touch Tetap berhubungan
Ins and outs Luar dalam
In tune Sesuai, cocok
In vain Sia sia
Kill two birds with one stone Sambil menyelam minum air
Look like a million dollars Tampak sehat dan makmur
Seeing is believing Melihat dulu baru percaya
Snake eats the grass Pagar makan tanaman
There is blessing in disguise Ada hikmah dalam musibah
Never old to learn Tidak ada kata tua untuk belajar
Better late than never Lebih baik terlambat daripada tidak pernah
All roads lead to Roma Banyak jalan menuju Roma
Let by gone be by gone Yang lalu biarlah berlalu
Monkey business Kegiatan yang tidak selayaknya
On sale Di obral
Sick of ... / tired of … Benci
Come across Bertemu
Come along Berpartisipasi/ ikut serta
On purpose Dengan sengaja
59
60

Sudah-Buku Panduan Grammar

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Daftar Isi

Tenses dan Sentences

ES PATTERNS SENTENCES SENTENCES

SP Do/does + V1 I speak English He speaks English

PC Is/am/are +V ing I am speaking English He is speaking English

PP Have/has +V3 I have spoken English Ha has spoken English

SP V2+did+V1 I spoke English He spoke English

PC Was/were +Ving I was speaking English He was speaking English

PP Had+V3 I had spoken English He had spoken English

SF Will/shall+V1 I will speak English He will speak English

FC Will/shall+be+Ving I will be speaking English He will be speaking English

FP Will/shall+have+V3 I will have spoken English He will have spoken English

Will/shall+have+been+Ving I will have been speaking He will have been speaking

PAST FUTURE TENSE

SPF Would/should+V1 I would speak English He would speak English

PFC Would/should +be+Ving I would be speaking English He would be speaking English

I would have been speaking He would have been speaking

VERBAL SENTENCE (POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, INTROGATIVE)

TENSES KETERANGAN WAKTU

TENSES KETERANGAN WAKTU KETERANGAN

C. EXERCISE : Translate into English!

Do some exercises below!

B. Translate the text above into Indonesia!

E. Translate into English!!!

Kemarin dia di kunjungi oleh orang tuanya di kostnya. Dia sangat

Waktu berlalu. Kita sekarang sudah dikelas 9. Sebentar lagi aku

Hati ini, kadang berubah... selalu berubah ...

F. Translate into Indonesia!

Time Signal for 16 Tenses

TENSES TIME SIGNAL

Exercise : Complete the sentences below!

A. Choose the correct answer!

B. Choose the INCORRECT answer!

EXERCISE: ACTIVE TO ACTIVE

1. A: You eat rice every day.

2. A: She is losing money in the garden.

3. A: We had not already brought a bag.

4. A: My father was not fixing the cycle last night

5. A: We have not been looking at TV for 2 hours

6. A: He doesn’t not meet Tom and Bob

7. A: Can he understand this material?

8. A: Did he feed his pet last week?

9. A: Must you promote your product?

10. A: Do you do your home assignments?

11. A: Does it do its?

12. A: Did it do it?

13. A: Have you been writing a letter?

14. A: Will I be visiting my girl friend?

16. A: Would he have been burning the fire?

17. A: Will we have held the meeting?

18. A: They are going to take long vacation

19. A: She has to put the flower?

20. A: You are able to throw the rubbish

21. A: Did Marry explain the lesson?

22. A: We could buy a pencil

23. A: Is she allowed to miss her friends?

25. A: Had we permitted you yesterday?

26. A: People will have joined the seminar.

27. A: Must we export the wild animal to Japan?

PRESENT/FUTURE PAST MEANING

PRESENT/FUTURE/PAST SIMILAR MODAL MEANING

Jika dalam bentuk verbal, maka pola yang dipakai adalah:

SIMILAR MODAL + VERB 1