PEST MANAGEMENT (VEGETBLES) NC II

CONDUCT FIELD ASSESSMENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY 1

PEST-is a destructive insect or other animal that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc.
Kinds of PEST
• Pathogens-includes fungi,bacteria,mollecutes, and viruses.
• Weeds-includes all vascular plants.
• Nematodes-roundworms.
• Mollusks-slugs and snail.
• Vertebrates-includes amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
• Insects-belongs to class insecta a six legged animals which considered as the biggest class among the animal
kingdom.
• Man-is considered as distinct among pests of vegetables because of the potential knowledge of doing what is
right or wrong. He is considered pests when he destruct lives and properties.
• Animals-are considered pest when they are astray and destruct the crops.
• Birds-belongs to class avis among the animal kingdom and considered pests for they feed on the different parts
of the vegetable crops.
• Rats and Rodents-are among the vertebrates and considered as one of the destructive pests of vegetables.
• Slugs and Snail-are mollusks which destruct the vegetable crops in all stage of growth.

Information or data to be collected during field assessment should include:

 Date and time of inspection
 Location
 Signs/Symptoms of diseases and nutrient deficiencies

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usual manifestations of N, P, K, deficiency

N deficiency – stunted plant growth; yellowing of older leaves, generally at the bottom of the plant while remaining
leaves are often pale green in color.
Nitrogen helps stem and leaf growth.
P deficiency - marked discoloration of small leaves into reddish-purple; leaf tips may look burnt while older leaves
are almost black
Potassium helps with fruit formaAon and photosynthesis. Aids in disease
resistance.
K deficiency - development of interveinal chlorosis (yellowing between the leaf veins); older leaves may look
scorched around the edges and/or wilted

Phosphorus helps seedlings and flowering- shoots & roots.

Sulphur deficient

 Plant parts attacked (e.g. leaf, fruit, etc.)

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  Nature of damage (borer, miner, leaf feeder, leaf curling, etc.)
 Extent of damage (number of plants / plots affected / size of area)
 Population counts of natural enemies
 Environment (soil fertility, soil type, weather conditions, topography, water, etc.) and other relevant information
(e.g. crop variety, cropping pattern/system, stage of crop, etc.)

Loamy soil is any soil sample that contains both clay

and sand particles in moderate proportion with organic
Soil fertility is the ability of a soil to sustain plant matter
growth by providing essential plant nutrients and
favorable physical and biological characteristics as a Characteristics of loamy soil:
habitat for plant growth.
It is dark brown in color

It has moderate water holding capacity

SOIL TYPE: sandy soil, clay soil, and loamy soil
It is rich in plant nutrients
Sandy soil is any soil that contains sand particles in
higher proportion than other particles Best soil for agriculture

Topography is a detailed map of the surface feature of

land that includes mountains, hills, creeks and other
type of land and it includes everything natural and man
made- hills, valleys, roads or lakes.
-Characteristics of sandy soil:
Topography affects agriculture as it relates to soil
It is coarse and gritty to feel erosion,difficulty of tillage . it depects landform and
It has low water holding capacity water courses

It has high porosity, easily drained Cropping pattern refers to the proportion of land under
cultivation of different crops at different point of time.
It is poor in nutrient
In order to obtain maximum yields, different patterns of
cropping are practiced which includes;

Clayey soil is a soil sample in which clay fraction is Monocroping- (this practice allows spread of pests
more than 25% of the mixture and other diseases)

Characteristics of clayey soil: Mixed cropping- 2 or more crops are grown on the
same land simultaneously. This is done to minimize risk
It is reddish brown in color of failure of one of the crops.
It has a high water holding capacity

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The crops to be grown together should have different
maturation time and different water requirements. It
should be one tall and one dwarf crop grown together.
One crop should have deep roots while the other
should be shallow.in this type of cropping, pest
infestation is minimized and crop yield increases.
Intercropping is the practice of growing more than one
crop on the same field at the same time in a definite
row pattern. After one row of the main crop, three rows
of intercrop can be grown. This increases productivity..
Advantages in this type of cropping is that the spread of
diseases and pests are controlled, the space and time
of growing more than one crop is saved.
Plant growth stages of vegetable
 Identity of pests and their natural enemies, and beneficial organisms, including life cycle and behavior
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Maize and soybean are examples of crops
intercropped.
Crop rotation are different crops grown on the same
land in preplanned succession. Legumes are included
in the crop rotation to increase soil fertility. Advantages
of this type of cropping is that the growth of weeds and
pests are prevented. A lot of chemical fertilizers are not
required.
Cropping patterns are beneficial in improving the
fertility of the soil which can increase yields of crops
and also ensures crop protection and availability of
nutrients to the crops.
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Why is it important to understand the life
cycle of pests?
Understanding the pest’s life cycle is
necessary to be able to know how and
when to monitor for it, determine its most
destructive stage and know when it is most
susceptible to control measures (i.e. the
best time to apply control measures). It is
also equally important to know where it
starts to develop.
the common problems of vegetables in the
field are:Pests (and diseases) and
Nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
vegetable crop families are:
Crucifers (broccoli, Brussels sprouts,
cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese
cabbage, mustard, radish
They are classified as leafy vegetables.
Cucurbits (e.g. cucumber, squash,
zucchini, chayote, bitter gourd, bottle gourd)
Cucurbits are vegetables that generally
need trellises for they are naturally climbing
crops. This types of vegetables grown in
warm climate, e therefore cucurbits are
planted in warm soils. These crops also
require the three basic needs of the plants,
sunlight, water and consistent water in order
to attain high yield.
Legumes (e.g. beans, peas, peanuts,
soybeans, lentils)
Leguminous vegetables are known as
nitrogen fixing family. They harvest nitrogen
from the air and store it in the soil through
their roots.
Solanaceous (e.g. tomato, eggplant, bell
pepper, potato)
Solanaceous vegetables are classified as
fruit vegetables.
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For crucifiers, the most susceptible
stages to insect pests are seedling and
vegetative stage.
For cucurbits legumes and solanaceous
crops the most susceptible stages to
insect pests are seedling, vegetative and
fruiting stages.
For diseases, the crops are usually most
susceptible at their seedling to
vegetative stages.
Insect damage usually results in leaf cuts,
fruit or stem holes due to insect feeding.
Plant reactions may include curling,
abnormality in size, loss of foliage and
twigs, etc.
Meanwhile, the usual disease
manifestations include wilting, yellowing,
chlorosis, sudden death, foul odor, curling of
leaves, stunted growth
Weeds are unwanted planted plants in a
particular time and place.
Weeds are classified into three types according
to its morphology—Grasses, Sedges, Broadleaf
1. Grasses
 Monocots (with single cotyledon)
 Long narrow leaves
 Parallel veins
 With tubular/ cylindrical stem (Culm)
 With nodes arid internodes
2. SEDGES Common disease of vegetables

What is your understanding of integrated

 Grass-like
pest management (IPM)?
 Flower head is composed of spikelet of non-
showy flowers

3. Broadleaf weeds

 Are dicots (two seed leaf)

 Broad leaf with a network of veins
 With nodes and internodes
 Tap root